Download or read book Employee Stock Option Valuation with Repricing Features written by Kwai Sun Leung and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Repricing of an employee stock option refers to the practice of lowering the strike price and /or extending the maturity date of a previously granted employee stock option. Normally, firms reprice after a period of significant stock price decline that renders the employee stock options deeply out-of-the-money. By modeling various repricing mechanisms based on some form of Brownian functional of the stock price process, we investigate the impact of the embedded repricing flexibility on the market value of the employee stock options. We manage to derive analytic representation of the price functions of the repriceable options. We also construct the lattice tree type option valuation algorithms by applying the forward shooting grid technique to incorporate the path dependent feature of the Brownian functional in the repriceable option models. Our calculations show that the repricing flexibility may have varying degrees of impact on the option values and their comparative statics. The option delta (option vega) values of the repriceable options are seen to be lower (higher) than those of the vanilla options.

Download or read book Employee Stock Options Exercise Timing Hedging And Valuation written by Tim Siu-tang Leung and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2021-07-29 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Employee stock options (ESOs) are an integral component of compensation in the US. In fact, almost all S&P 500 companies grant options to their top executives, and the total value accounts for almost half of the total pay for their CEOs. In view of the extensive use and significant cost of ESOs to firms, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) has mandated expensing ESOs since 2004. This gives rise to the need to create a reasonable valuation method for these options for most firms that grant ESOs to their employees. The valuation of ESOs involves a number of challenging issues, and is thus an important active research area in Accounting, Corporate Finance, and Financial Mathematics.In this exciting book, the author discusses the practical and challenging problems surrounding ESOs from a financial mathematician's perspective. This book provides a systematic overview of the contractual features of ESOs and thoughtful discussions of different valuation approaches, with emphasis on three major aspects: (i) hedging strategies; (ii) exercise timing; and (iii) valuation methodologies. In addition to addressing each of these categories, this book also highlights their connections and combined effects of the cost of ESOs to firms, as well as examines the implications to modeling and valuation approaches. The book features a unique approach that combines stochastic modeling and control techniques with option pricing theory, and provides formulas and numerical schemes for fast implementation and clear illustration.

Download or read book Repricing and Employee Stock Option Valuation written by Charles J. Corrado and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The academic literature generally concludes that the Black-Scholes model overstates the value of employee stock options (ESOs). In particular, because ESOs cannot be traded, employee risk aversion often elicits premature exercise. As a result, the ESO is less valuable than a traded option. An important factor affecting ESO values has been overlooked in reaching this conclusion. This is the implicit repricing provision in ESOs, whereby the ESO exercise price resets to a lower level if the stock price falls.We develop a new valuation model for pricing ESOs. Our valuation model incorporates explicit repricing rules. Simulations based on various repricing rules suggest that the Black-Scholes model typically understates ESO value. Without a repricing provision, the Black-Scholes model will overstate ESO value, because risk aversion still has a significant effect on ESO value.

Download or read book Leveraged ESOPs and Employee Buyouts written by Scott S. Rodrick and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Complete Guide to Employee Stock Options written by Frederick D. Lipman and published by Prima Lifestyles. This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Numerous private and public companies offer stock option plans every year to motivate, retain, and reward employees. But implementing the right stock option plan can be a complex and daunting undertaking, without the proper guidance.The Complete Guide to Employee Stock Optionsunravels the mystery of creating a meaningful equity compensation plan for employees that is favorable for the business. Author and attorney Frederick D. Lipman describes in complete detail the legal, operational, and motivational aspects of developing a stock option program, whether it's for the new start-up looking to attract top talent or the venerable company looking for ways to reward its best performing employees. Readers will discover how to: * Understand the pros and cons of different option plans* Implement the right plan to meet the company's future plans* Motivate key employees with equity compensation* Minimize the risk of losing equity in a volatile market* And much moreThis book also includes useful information for employees who want to understand what their stock options mean and how to maximize their profitability. Complete wi

Download or read book Accounting for Employee Stock Options written by Judith S. Ruud and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-05 with total page 541 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In March 2003, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) began reconsidering the accounting standard for equity-based compensation. The Board released an exposure draft for a revised standard on Mar. 31, 2004. That revised standard would require firms to recognize the fair value of employee stock options (ESO) as an expense, as was first proposed by FASB more than 10 years ago. This paper assesses whether, under the current accounting standard, firms that grant ESO without recognizing an expense overstate their income. Presents the relevant issues, describes the current standard for ESO, compares the intrinsic value & fair value methods of measure., & weighs the potential economic effects of revising the standard. Ill.

Download or read book IFRS 2 written by International Accounting Standards Board and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Costs and Incentive Effects of Stock Option Repricing written by Ulrike Neubauer and published by Peter Lang Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Does repricing of executive stock options, i.e. the practice of lowering the exercise price when options are out-of-the-money unfairly reward managers for poor performance and thereby undermine incentives set by the compensation contract? In a study that compares the pay package containing repriced option with an otherwise adjusted package it is shown that repricing is not more expensive to shareholders than otherwise adjusting non-option compensation components. However, the package containing repriced options provides significantly stronger incentives. Furthermore, a policy that constrains the board of directors from repricing does not have significant effects on shareholders' returns."

Download or read book Structure of Option Repricings written by Fabrizio Ferri and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I present a novel dataset of over 4,000 firm-level repricings of executives and employees' stock options over the period 1987-2002. For a sub-sample of 587 repricings characterized by a homogeneous institutional environment, I investigate determinants and consequences of the structure of the repricing offer, defined in terms of: i) eligibility criteria (i.e. who is eligible to participate?), ii) economic terms (e.g. new exercise price, number of new options granted in replacement of each underwater option), and iii) exerciseability conditions (e.g. restarted vesting schedule, other retention-enhancing features).Overall, I find significant evidence of managerial self-serving behavior in certain aspects of the design of the repricing offer. In particular: i) more visible firms, with stronger corporate governance, are more likely to exclude executives from the repricing offer; ii) retention-enhancing features (which reduce the value of the options) are significantly less likely when executives' options are repriced than in employee-only repricings; iii) repricings are timed just before significant price run-ups when the CEO participates in the repricing, but not in employee-only repricings; iv) higher institutional ownership is associated with economic terms less favorable to executives and stricter exerciseability conditions. The choice of economic terms and exerciseability conditions seems to mostly depend on economic determinants. In particular, firms are more likely to offer a partial repricing when there is a deeper underwater problem, while retention-enhancing features are more frequent when there is a higher perceived retention risk and better outside employment opportunities. Finally, I find weak evidence of a decrease in employee turnover after the repricing, but the extent of such decrease does not seem to depend on the structure of the repricing offer.Beside contributing to the literature on option repricings, these results may be of interest to investors called to vote upon repricing proposals by recent NYSE and NASDAQ rules requiring mandatory shareholder approval for all repricings - unless explicitly authorized by the stock option plan.

Download or read book Employee Stock Option Compensation written by Florian Wolff and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Florian Wolff analyses how executives perceive their stock options and how their personal expectations and risk preferences affect the value they assign to them. He shows that stock options may be worth their money because people behave irrationally.

Download or read book Getting Started In Employee Stock Options written by John Olagues and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-01-14 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An A to Z guide for understanding employee stock options (ESOs). In Getting Started In Employee Stock Optionsauthors John Olagues and John Summa provide a full understanding of ESOs and demonstrate how to make the most of them. Page by page this author team, a highly experienced options market maker and a professional trader, share essential information that you're probably not hearing anywhere else. This book contains the keys to managing and hedging ESO opportunities in addition to important tax and valuation guidance appropriate for the highest executives to the non-officer managers and the newly arrived employee. Examines essential ESO issues, including tax consequences, risks, and industry pitfalls Written by an experienced pair of stock option experts Enables employees and executives to make more informed decisions regarding their stock options grants Written in a straightforward and accessible style, Getting Started In Employee Stock Options will help protect the value of your options, help you avoid costly mistakes, and allow you to take advantage of certain friendly tax rules. Some of the world's foremost authorities on options have endorsed Getting Started inEmployee Stock Options.

Download or read book International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards written by and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2004 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Six month one day Employee Stock Option Repricing written by Liu Zheng and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Cost of Employee Stock Options written by J. Carr Bettis and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Employee stock options (ESOs) are nontransferable and employees are generally not well diversified compared to outside shareholders. These features of ESOs imply that employee option holders may optimally exercise their options significantly early relative to what would be expected for ordinary tradable options. Consequently, accounting for the cost of granting ESOs requires understanding how long employees hold the options. We use a unique database on observed option exercise patterns to document important characteristics of exercise behavior and how early exercise affects the cost of granting ESOs. We find that employees exercise their options nearly five years prior to expiration, and that there is significant predictable cross-sectional variation in exercise behavior. For example, employees in high volatility firms exercise their options more than a year and a half earlier compared to employees in firms with low volatility. We calibrate a utility-based model of option valuation to match the observed exercise behavior, and use the model to generate estimates of the cost of granting ESOs. Our estimates indicate that the cost of the option to the firm is significantly below the value of a tradable American option with a fixed 10-year (or 7-year) expiration. Importantly, we also find the bias is not uniform. Option values computed from the American valuation model with a fixed expiration overestimate the cost of ESOs more in high volatility firms compared to low volatility firms. In addition, adjusting the expiration to reflect the expected life of the option, as recommended by the FASB, still produces systematic biases in the option valuations. The FASB adjustment overstates the cost of granting ESOs in high volatility firms and understates the costs for low volatility firms, which is perhaps one reason that many technology-oriented companies (which are likely associated with high stock-price volatility) have been the most vocal in opposing the expensing of stock options. Our research suggests that modeling the exercise behavior of employees who hold stock options and how exercise patterns vary based on different firm and individual characteristics is important in understanding and accounting for the costs of granting stock-based compensation to employees.

Download or read book Too Much Is Not Enough written by Robert W. Kolb and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-08-02 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The scholarly literature on executive compensation is vast. As such, this literature provides an unparalleled resource for studying the interaction between the setting of incentives (or the attempted setting of incentives) and the behavior that is actually adduced. From this literature, there are several reasons for believing that one can set incentives in executive compensation with a high rate of success in guiding CEO behavior, and one might expect CEO compensation to be a textbook example of the successful use of incentives. Also, as executive compensation has been studied intensively in the academic literature, we might also expect the success of incentive compensation to be well-documented. Historically, however, this has been very far from the case. In Too Much Is Not Enough, Robert W. Kolb studies the performance of incentives in executive compensation across many dimensions of CEO performance. The book begins with an overview of incentives and unintended consequences. Then it focuses on the theory of incentives as applied to compensation generally, and as applied to executive compensation particularly. Subsequent chapters explore different facets of executive compensation and assess the evidence on how well incentive compensation performs in each arena. The book concludes with a final chapter that provides an overall assessment of the value of incentives in guiding executive behavior. In it, Kolb argues that incentive compensation for executives is so problematic and so prone to error that the social value of giving huge incentive compensation packages is likely to be negative on balance. In focusing on incentives, the book provides a much sought-after resource, for while there are a number of books on executive compensation, none focuses specifically on incentives. Given the recent fervor over executive compensation, this unique but logical perspective will garner much interest. And while the literature being considered and evaluated is technical, the book is written in a non-mathematical way accessible to any college-educated reader.

Download or read book Executive Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights written by Herbert Kraus and published by Law Journal Press. This book was released on 2023-12-28 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Executive Stock Options and Stock Appreciation Rights will guide you through such vital topics as: types of stock options available, including nonqualified and incentive stock options.

Download or read book Characteristics of Firms Responding to Underwater Employee Stock Options written by Valentina L. Zamora and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I examine the characteristics of firms choosing to respond to underwater employee stock options using one of three stock option-based responses. A traditional repricing offers a new and lower exercise price to restore the incentive alignment and retention power lost in underwater options but is subject to potential expense recognition. A 6amp;1 exchange likewise restores what was lost in underwater options but avoids potential expense recognition by delaying the issuance of replacement options until six months and one day later. A makeup grant potentially increases the total option value lost and avoids potential expense recognition, but is more dilutive since old underwater options are not cancelled. Results indicate that makeup grant firms have relatively deeper underwater options with shorter expected remaining lives. Makeup grant firms also issue these options to more non-executives compared to traditional repricing firms. I also find that while both makeup grant and 6amp;1 exchange firms have less insider ownership and historically report positive income than traditional repricings, 6amp;1 exchange firms have greater overhang than makeup grant firms. Taken together, a possible explanation for these results is that firms that have more incentive alignment and/or retention power lost in underwater options prefer makeup grants that potentially increase total option value for its non-executive optionholders. However, when dilution from options is also a concern, it appears these firms may opt for a 6amp;1 exchange. In addition, it is possible that the choice of response is associated more with the desire to avoid recognizing option expense, rather than with potential rent extraction opportunities, as critics claim.