Download or read book Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide and Methane in Pulsed Corona Discharge Reactors written by Sanil John and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Natural gas typically contains 70-90% methane (CH4) and 0-5% hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The conversion of CH4 to hydrogen and more valuable unsaturated higher hydrocarbons is of great importance to the petrochemical industry. Direct decomposition of H2S to yield hydrogen and sulfur would be more beneficial than the conventional Claus process which converts H2S into sulfur and water. CH4 and H2S have been separately decomposed in our experiments with a wire-in-tube pulsed corona discharge reactor. The pulsed corona discharge is a good source for generating chemically active species at room temperature, which initiate chemical reactions leading to CH4 and H2S conversion. The effect of capacitance, cathode material, gas flow rate, and specific energy input on conversion, energy efficiency, and product selectivity in the CH4 decomposition process was studied. Ethane and acetylene appear to be formed from dimerization of CH3 radicals and CH radicals, respectively, while ethylene is formed mainly from the dehydrogenation of ethane. Platinum coated stainless steel cathodes slightly enhance CH4 conversion relative to stainless steel cathodes, perhaps due to a weak catalytic effect. As specific energy input increases, energy efficiency for CH4 conversion goes through a minimum, while the selectivity of acetylene has a maximum value. Comparison of CH4 conversion for different types of plasma reactors shows that the pulsed corona discharge reactors may provide an attractive alternative method for low temperature CH4 conversion. H2S was diluted with one of the four balance gases (Ar, He, N2 and H2) to initiate a corona discharge in our reactor. Breakdown voltages are proportional to the partial pressure of H2S and balance gas. H2S conversion rates and energy efficiencies depend on the balance gas and inlet H2S concentrations. H2S conversion in atomic balance gases like Ar and He is more efficient than that in diatomic balance gases like N2 and H2. H2S decomposition in a novel pulsed corona wire-in-tube reactor with quartz view-ports allowed visual observation of the effect of charge voltage and gas composition on the corona distribution. The H2S conversion and energy efficiency of H2S decomposition varied at constant power due to the selected values of the electrical parameters of pulse forming capacitance, charge voltage, and pulse frequency. Low pulse forming capacitance, low charge voltage, and high pulse frequency operation produce the highest energy efficiency for H2S conversion at constant power. H2S conversion is more efficient in Ar-N2 gas mixture than in Ar or N2. These results can be explained by corona discharge observations, the electron attachment reactions of H2S at the streamer energies and the proposed reaction mechanism of H2S dissociation. The lowest energy consumption for H2S decomposition in a plasma reactor at non-vacuum pressures was obtained in an equimolar mixture of Ar and N2 at the lowest value of pulse forming capacitance. The results reveal the potential for energy efficient H2S decomposition in pulsed corona discharge reactors.
Download or read book NOVEL COMPOSITE HYDROGEN PERMEABLE MEMBRANES FOR NON THERMAL PLASMA REACTORS FOR THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of this experimental project is to design and fabricate a reactor and membrane test cell to dissociate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in a non-thermal plasma and recover hydrogen (H2) through a superpermeable multi-layer membrane. Superpermeability of hydrogen atoms (H) has been reported by some researchers using membranes made of Group V transition metals (niobium, tantalum, vanadium, and their alloys), although it has yet to be confirmed in this study. Experiments involving methane conversion reactions were conducted with a preliminary pulsed corona discharge reactor design in order to test and improve the reactor and membrane designs using a non-toxic reactant. This report details the direct methane conversion experiments to produce hydrogen, acetylene, and higher hydrocarbons utilizing a co-axial cylinder (CAC) corona discharge reactor, pulsed with a thyratron switch. The reactor was designed to accommodate relatively high flow rates (655 x 10−6 m3/s) representing a pilot scale easily converted to commercial scale. Parameters expected to influence methane conversion including pulse frequency, charge voltage, capacitance, residence time, and electrode material were investigated. Conversion, selectivity and energy consumption were measured or estimated. C2 and C3 hydrocarbon products were analyzed with a residual gas analyzer (RGA). In order to obtain quantitative results, the complex sample spectra were de-convoluted via a linear least squares method. Methane conversion as high as 51% was achieved. The products are typically 50%-60% acetylene, 20% propane, 10% ethane and ethylene, and 5% propylene. First Law thermodynamic energy efficiencies for the system (electrical and reactor) were estimated to range from 38% to 6%, with the highest efficiencies occurring at short residence time and low power input (low specific energy) where conversion is the lowest (less than 5%). The highest methane conversion of 51% occurred at a residence time of 18.8 s with a flow rate of 39.4 x 10−6 m3/s (5 ft3/h) and a specific energy of 13,000 J/l using niobium and platinum coated stainless steel tubes as cathodes. Under these conditions, the First Law efficiency for the system was 8%. Under similar reaction conditions, methane conversions were (almost equal to)50% higher with niobium and platinum coated stainless steel cathodes than with a stainless steel cathode.
Download or read book Decomposition of Hydrogen Sulfide in an Alternating Current Frequency Tuned Plasma Reactor written by Venkatesh R. Desai and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Non Thermal Plasma Techniques for Pollution Control written by Bernie M. Penetrante and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Acid rain, global warming, ozone depletion, and smog are preeminent environmental problems facing the world today. Non-thermal plasma techniques offer an innovative approach to the solution of some of these problems. There are many types of non-thermal plasma devices that have been developed for environmental applications. The potential of these devices for the destruction of pollutants or toxic molecules has already been demonstrated in many contexts, such as nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in flue gases, heavy metals and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial effluents, and chemical agents such as nerve gases. This book contains a comprehensive account of the latest developments in non-thermal plasma devices and their applications to the disposal of a wide variety of gaseous pollutants.
Download or read book Advances in Energy Science and Equipment Engineering written by Shiquan Zhou and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-11-05 with total page 2914 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Energy Equipment Science and Engineering contains selected papers from the 2015 International Conference on Energy Equipment Science and Engineering (ICEESE 2015, Guangzhou, China, 30-31 May 2015). The topics covered include:- Advanced design technology- Energy and chemical engineering- Energy and environmental engineering- Energy scien
Download or read book Hybrid and Combined Processes for Air Pollution Control written by Aymen Amine Assadi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2022-05-19 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hybrid and Combined Processes for Air Pollution Control: Methodologies, Mechanisms and Effect of Key Parameters provides an exhaustive inventory of hybrid and combined processes in the field of air treatment. The book covers principles, the effect of key parameters, technologies and reactors of the processes and their implementation, from lab-scale to industrial scale, also identifying future trends. Sections discuss effects on the environment and living beings, identify novel techniques and innovations, and offer a thorough assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each. In this well-structured book, chapters are linked to the type of treatment, with a significant part dealing with treatment by transfer processes: (absorption and absorption) and on destruction treatments, such as advanced oxidation processes. - Helps readers select the most appropriate process for air pollution treatment and control - Provides a comprehensive overview of process performance under real conditions, from lab to industrial scale - Identifies future trends in industrial developments and innovation
Download or read book Soot in Combustion Systems and Its Toxic Properties written by J. Lahaye and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our interest in Mulhouse for carbon black and soot began some 30 years ago when J.B. Donnet developed the concept of surface chemistry of carbon and its involvement in interactions with gas, liquid and solid phases. In the late sixties, we began to study soot formation in pyrolytic systems and later on in flames. The idea of organ1z1ng a meeting on soot formation originated some four or five years ago, through discussions among Professor J.B. Howard, Dr. A. D'Alessio and ourselves. At that time the scientific community was becoming aware of the necessity to strictly control soot formation and emission. Being involved in the study of surface properties of carbon black as well as of formation of soot, we realized that the combustion community was not always fully aware of the progress made by the physical-chemists on carbon black. Reciprocally, the carbon specialists were often ignoring the research carried out on soot in flames. One objective of this workshop was to stimulate discussions between these two scientific communities. During the preparation of the meeting, and especially during the review process by the Material Science Committee of the Scientific Affairs Division of N.A.T.O. the toxicological aspect emerged as being an important component to be addressed during the workshop. To reflect these preoccupations we invited biologists, physical chemists and engineers, all leaders in their field. The final programme is a compromise of the different aspects of the subject and was divided in five sessions.
Download or read book The Engineering Index Annual written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 2264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its creation in 1884, Engineering Index has covered virtually every major engineering innovation from around the world. It serves as the historical record of virtually every major engineering innovation of the 20th century. Recent content is a vital resource for current awareness, new production information, technological forecasting and competitive intelligence. The world?s most comprehensive interdisciplinary engineering database, Engineering Index contains over 10.7 million records. Each year, over 500,000 new abstracts are added from over 5,000 scholarly journals, trade magazines, and conference proceedings. Coverage spans over 175 engineering disciplines from over 80 countries. Updated weekly.
Download or read book High Energy Chemistry written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hydrogen Science and Engineering 2 Volume Set written by Detlef Stolten and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-03-21 with total page 1185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authored by 50 top academic, government and industry researchers, this handbook explores mature, evolving technologies for a clean, economically viable alternative to non-renewable energy. In so doing, it also discusses such broader topics as the environmental impact, education, safety and regulatory developments. The text is all-encompassing, covering a wide range that includes hydrogen as an energy carrier, hydrogen for storage of renewable energy, and incorporating hydrogen technologies into existing technologies.
Download or read book IAS 94 written by IEEE Industry Applications Society. Meeting and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 858 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Sustainable Hydrogen Production written by Ibrahim Dincer and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2016-08-05 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable Hydrogen Production provides readers with an introduction to the processes and technologies used in major hydrogen production methods. This book serves as a unique source for information on advanced hydrogen generation systems and applications (including integrated systems, hybrid systems, and multigeneration systems with hydrogen production). Advanced and clean technologies are linked to environmental impact issues, and methods for sustainable development are thoroughly discussed. With Earth's fast-growing populations, we face the challenge of rapidly rising energy needs. To balance these we must explore more sustainable methods of energy production. Hydrogen is one key sustainable method because of its versatility. It is a constituent of a large palette of essential materials, chemicals, and fuels. It is a source of power and a source of heat. Because of this versatility, the demand for hydrogen is sure to increase as we aim to explore more sustainable methods of energy. Furthermore, Sustainable Hydrogen Production provides methodologies, models, and analysis techniques to help achieve better use of resources, efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability. The book is intellectually rich and interesting as well as practical. The fundamental methods of hydrogen production are categorized based on type of energy source: electrical, thermal, photonic, and biochemical. Where appropriate, historical context is introduced. Thermodynamic concepts, illustrative examples, and case studies are used to solve concrete power engineering problems. - Addresses the fundamentals of hydrogen production using electrical, thermal, photonic, and biochemical energies - Presents new models, methods, and parameters for performance assessment - Provides historical background where appropriate - Outlines key connections between hydrogen production methods and environmental impact/sustainable development - Provides illustrative examples, case studies, and study problems within each chapter
Download or read book Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment written by Simon Parsons and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-03-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The suitability of Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for pollutant degradation was recognised in the early 1970s and much research and development work has been undertaken to commercialise some of these processes. AOPs have shown great potential in treating pollutants at both low and high concentrations and have found applications as diverse as ground water treatment, municipal wastewater sludge destruction and VOCs control. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment is an overview of the advanced oxidation processes currently used or proposed for the remediation of water, wastewater, odours and sludge. The book contains two opening chapters which present introductions to advanced oxidation processes and a background to UV photolysis, seven chapters focusing on individual advanced oxidation processes and, finally, three chapters concentrating on selected applications of advanced oxidation processes. Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Treatment will be invaluable to readers interested in water and wastewater treatment processes, including professionals and suppliers, as well as students and academics studying in this area. Dr Simon Parsons is a Senior Lecturer in Water Sciences at Cranfield University with ten years' experience of industrial and academic research and development.
Download or read book Plasma Catalysis written by Annemie Bogaerts and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plasma catalysis is gaining increasing interest for various gas conversion applications, such as CO2 conversion into value-added chemicals and fuels, N2 fixation for the synthesis of NH3 or NOx, methane conversion into higher hydrocarbons or oxygenates. It is also widely used for air pollution control (e.g., VOC remediation). Plasma catalysis allows thermodynamically difficult reactions to proceed at ambient pressure and temperature, due to activation of the gas molecules by energetic electrons created in the plasma. However, plasma is very reactive but not selective, and thus a catalyst is needed to improve the selectivity. In spite of the growing interest in plasma catalysis, the underlying mechanisms of the (possible) synergy between plasma and catalyst are not yet fully understood. Indeed, plasma catalysis is quite complicated, as the plasma will affect the catalyst and vice versa. Moreover, due to the reactive plasma environment, the most suitable catalysts will probably be different from thermal catalysts. More research is needed to better understand the plasma–catalyst interactions, in order to further improve the applications.
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Processes in Partially Ionized Gases written by M. Capitelli and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The NATO . Advanced Research Insti tute on Nonequilibrium Processes in Partially Ionized Gases was held at Acquafredda di Maratea during 4-17 June 1989. The Institute considered the interconnections between scattering and transport theories and modeling of nonequilibrium systems generated by electrical discharges, emphasizing the importance of microscopic processes in affecting the bulk properties of plasmas. The book tries to reproduce these lines. In particular several contributions describe scattering cross sections involving electrons interacting with atoms and molecules in both ground and excited states (from theoretical and experimental point of view), of energy transfer processes as well as reactive ones involving excited molecules colliding with atoms and molecules as well as with metallic surfaces. Other contributions deal with the basis of transport theories (Boltzmann and Monte Carlo methods) for describing the bulk properties of non equilibrium plasmas as well as with the modeling of complicated systems emphasizing in particular the strong coupling between the Boltzmann equation and excited state kinetics. Finally the book contains several contributions describing applications in different fields such as Excimer Lasers, Negative Ion Production, RF Discharges, Plasma Chemistry, Atmospheric Processes and Physics of Lamps. The Organizing Committee gratefully acknowledges the generous financial support provided by the NATO Science Committee as well as by Azienda Autonoma di Soggiorno e Turismo of Maratea, by University of Bari, by C. N. R. (Centro di Studio per la Chimica dei Plasmi and Comitato per la Chimica), by ENEA, by Lawrence Livermore Laboratory and by US Army Research Office.
Download or read book Odours in Wastewater Treatment written by Richard M. Stuetz and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2001-03-01 with total page 468 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wastewater treatment works have the potential to generate unpleasant odours, which can results in annoyance and consequently have a detrimental effect on a local population. As a result 'odour control and prevention' has become an important consideration both in the management of existing facilities and in the design and gaining of planning consent for new works. Odours in Wastewater Treatment provides readers with a detailed discussion on the basic principles involved in the formation of volatile compounds in wastewater treatment. Accounts are given of recent developments in the sampling and measurement of odours, practical examples in the prediction and dispersion of odorous emissions are offered and an overview of the technologies currently used to contain and treat odorous compounds presented. Contents Introduction Odours associated with wastewater treatment Odour sampling and measurement Assessment and prediction of nuisance odours Odour control and treatment
Download or read book Hydrogen Production Technologies written by Mehmet Sankir and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive practical review of the new technologies used to obtain hydrogen more efficiently via catalytic, electrochemical, bio- and photohydrogen production. Hydrogen has been gaining more attention in both transportation and stationary power applications. Fuel cell-powered cars are on the roads and the automotive industry is demanding feasible and efficient technologies to produce hydrogen. The principles and methods described herein lead to reasonable mitigation of the great majority of problems associated with hydrogen production technologies. The chapters in this book are written by distinguished authors who have extensive experience in their fields, and readers will have a chance to compare the fundamental production techniques and learn about the pros and cons of these technologies. The book is organized into three parts. Part I shows the catalytic and electrochemical principles involved in hydrogen production technologies. Part II addresses hydrogen production from electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) by decomposing organic compound into hydrogen in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The final part of the book is concerned with photohydrogen generation. Recent developments in the area of semiconductor-based nanomaterials, specifically semiconductor oxides, nitrides and metal free semiconductor-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production are extensively discussed.
