Download or read book Cytokines Cholera and the Gut written by Gerald T. Keusch and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the role of peptide mediators in the intestinal responses to infectious and inflammatory challenges presented by diverse disease states, including inflammatory bowel disease and infectious diarrheas and dysenteries, and the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cholera and related diarrheal diseases. The more than 40 papers included in the volume are written by leading researchers working on cytokines and mucosal responses. The papers are the results of interactive scientific research between investigators from the U.S. and Japan, through a group of panels focusing on the following specific areas of interest: Malnutrition, which recognizes the role of nutrition in human health and disease; and Cholera and Related Diarrheal Diseases, which includes scientific approaches to the study of cholera and other enteric infections. The focus of the book is on new scientific information concerning the epidemiology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic and therapeutic advances in the field. This book will be of great interest to professionals and students in the fields of infectious diseases, gastroenterology, cytokine biology, pharmaceuticals and public health.
Download or read book Vibrio Cholerae Modulates the Immune Defense of Human Gut Mucosa written by Aziz Bitar and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The key function of innate immunity is to sense danger signals and initiate effective responses as a defense mechanism against pathogens. Simultaneously, effector responses must be regulated to avoid excessive inflammation with resulting tissue damage. microRNAs (miRNAs), are small endogenous molecules, that has recently gained attention as important regulatory elements in the human inflammation cascade. The control over host miRNA expression may represent a previously uncharacterized molecular strategy exploited by pathogens to mitigate innate host cell responses. Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human small intestine and causes life-threatening secretory diarrhea, essentially mediated by cholera toxin (CT). It is considered a non-invasive pathogen and does not cause clinical inflammation. Still, cholera is associated with inflammatory changes of the small intestine. Furthermore, CT-negative strains of V. cholerae cause gastroenteritis and are associated with extra-intestinal manifestations, suggesting that other virulence factors than CT are also involved in the pathogenesis. The innate immune response to V. cholerae is poorly investigated and the potential role of miRNA in cholera had not been studied before. Therefore, this thesis explores the role of intestinal epithelial cells in response to V. cholerae infection with a focus on regulatory miRNA as a potential contributor to the pathogenesis. The in vivo material was small intestinal biopsies from patients suffering from V. cholerae infection. As an in vitro model for V. cholerae attack on intestinal epithelium, we used tight monolayers of T84 cells infected with V. cholerae and their released factors. We analyzed changes in levels of cytokines, immunomodulatory microRNA and their target genes. We showed that miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 reached significantly elevated levels in the intestinal mucosa at acute stages of disease in V. cholerae infected patients and declined to normal levels at the convalescent stage. Low-grade inflammation was identified at the acute stage of V. cholerae infection, which correlated with elevated levels of regulatory miRNA. Furthermore, outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) released by the bacteria were shown to induce miR-146a and live bacteria induced miR-155 in intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, OMVs decreased epithelial permeability and caused mRNA suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including immune cell attractant IL-8 and CLL20, and the inflammasome markers IL-1b and IL-18. These results propose that V. cholerae regulates the host expression of miRNA during infection and may set the threshold for activation of the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, we showed that V. cholerae also harbors inflammatory-inducing capabilities, by secreting a pore-forming toxin, Vibrio cholerae cytolysin (VCC). By using genetically modified strains as well as soluble protein challenge experiments, VCC was found solely responsible for the increased epithelial permeability and induction of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in intestinal epithelial cells. In contrast to OMVs, VCC displayed strong upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, TNF-a, CCL20 and IL-1b and IRAK2, a key signaling molecule in the IL-1 inflammasome pathway. This suggest that VCC is an important virulence factor in the V. cholerae pathogenesis, particularly in CT-negative strains. Furthermore, we showed that the bacterium could control the inflammatory actions of VCC by secreting the PrtV protease, which degraded VCC and consequently abolished inflammation. In summary, we showed that V. cholerae harbors immunomodulating capabilities, both at the gene level, through induction of host regulatory miRNA, and at the protein level, through secretion of VCC and PrtV. These strategies may be relevant for V. cholerae to promote survival in the gut and cause successful infections in the human host.
Download or read book E coli written by Michael Donnenberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2002-10-09 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although most strains of E. coli bacteria are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals, several strains can produce powerful toxins and cause severe illness in humans. This versatile pathogen is best known for being transmitted to humans through contaminated foods — such as undercooked meat and unpasteurized fruit juice — and has attracts much attention when serious outbreaks occur. E. coli is capable of causing a wide variety of diseases — from urinary tract infections to meningitis. A considerable amount of media coverage has recently been devoted to one particular strain of E. coli, responsible for an estimated 73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths in the United States each year. Knowing more about the biology, the evolution, and the genetic basis of this pathogen is crucial to future prevention of infection and illness. Pathogenic E. coli is a unique, comprehensive analysis of the biology and molecular mechanisms that enable this ubiquitous organism to thrive. Leading investigators in the field discuss the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis followed by chapters on genomics and evolution. Detailed descriptions of distinct strains reveal the molecular pathogenesis of each and the causes of intestinal and extra-intestinal infections in humans. Pathogenic E. coli concludes with a presentation of virulance factors, common to two or more pathotypes. This unique collection presents timely and vital information on understanding the inner workings of E. coli, which will lend key insights into disease prevention research. Single source of information of E. coli pathogenesis Expert authors Comprehensive coverage Molecular mechanisms Biology, evolution and genomics Recent advances
Download or read book Stories in the Time of Cholera written by Charles L. Briggs and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 460 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronicles the 1992-1993 cholera epidemic in Venezuela.
Download or read book National Institutes of Health Annual Report of International Activities written by John E. Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Molecular Biology of The Cell written by Bruce Alberts and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Genetics of Bacterial Polysaccharides written by Joanna B. Goldberg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1999-04-30 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bacterial surface or secreted polysaccharides are molecules that can function as barriers to protect bacterial cells against environmental stresses, as well as act as adhesins or recognition molecules. In some cases, these molecules are immunodominant antigens eliciting a vigorous immune response, while in other cases the expression of polysacchari
Download or read book Oxidative Stress and Digestive Diseases written by Toshikazu Yoshikawa and published by Karger Medical and Scientific Publishers. This book was released on 2001-01-01 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the 1980s, biochemists and biologists were attracted by the role of reactive oxygen species in the irreversible damage or modification of the structure of biological molecules. However, in the 1990s, reactive oxygen species have been recognized to be involved in reversible structural alterations of molecules: The homeostatic modulation of oxidant levels is a highly efficient mechanism that allows all cells to tightly control their redox status within a very narrow range. Especially the activity of the Rel/NF-kB family of transcriptional factors that regulate responses in inflammation, reperfusion injury and apoptosis is controlled by intracellular reactive oxygen species levels. Our understanding of how these transcriptional factors are negatively or positively regulated by oxidative stress has since greatly increased. Questions for future investigation center on the modulation of oxidative stress by personal genome information for the prevention of several pathologic states.
Download or read book Burden of diarrhoeal diseases written by Amir Abdoli and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-27 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Human Microbiome Diet and Health written by Food Forum and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-02-27 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Food Forum convened a public workshop on February 22-23, 2012, to explore current and emerging knowledge of the human microbiome, its role in human health, its interaction with the diet, and the translation of new research findings into tools and products that improve the nutritional quality of the food supply. The Human Microbiome, Diet, and Health: Workshop Summary summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. Over the two day workshop, several themes covered included: The microbiome is integral to human physiology, health, and disease. The microbiome is arguably the most intimate connection that humans have with their external environment, mostly through diet. Given the emerging nature of research on the microbiome, some important methodology issues might still have to be resolved with respect to undersampling and a lack of causal and mechanistic studies. Dietary interventions intended to have an impact on host biology via their impact on the microbiome are being developed, and the market for these products is seeing tremendous success. However, the current regulatory framework poses challenges to industry interest and investment.
Download or read book Mucosal Vaccines written by Hiroshi Kiyono and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1996-10-23 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive, authoritative treatise covers all aspects of mucosal vaccines including their development, mechanisms of action, molecular/cellular aspects, and practical applications. The contributing authors and editors of this one-of-a-kind book are very well known in their respective fields. Mucosal Vaccines is organized in a unique format in which basic, clinical, and practical aspects of the mucosal immune system for vaccine development are described and discussed. This project is endorsed by the Society for Mucosal Immunology. Provides the latest views on mucosal vaccines Applies basic principles to the development of new vaccines Links basic, clinical, and practical aspects of mucosal vaccines to different infectious diseases Unique and user-friendly organization
Download or read book The Chemistry of Microbiomes written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-19 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this "chemical dark matter" and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystemsâ€"earth, marine, and humanâ€"and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars.
Download or read book The Comprehensive Sourcebook of Bacterial Protein Toxins written by Joseph E. Alouf and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2005-12-20 with total page 1072 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the major achievements and discoveries relevant to bacterial protein toxins since the turn of the new century illustrated by the discovery of more than fifty novel toxins (many of them identified through genome screening). The establishment of the three-dimensional crystal structure of more than 20 toxins during the same period offers deeper knowledge of structure-activity relationships and provides a framework to understand how toxins recognize receptors, penetrate membranes and interact with and modify intracellular substrates. Edited by two of the most highly regarded experts in the field from the Institut Pasteur, France 14 brand new chapters dedicated to coverage of historical and general aspects of toxinology Includes the major toxins of both basic and clinical interest are described in depth Details applied aspects of toxins such as therapy, vaccinology, and toolkits in cell biology Evolutionary and functional aspects of bacterial toxins evaluated and summarized Toxin applications in cell biology presented Therapy (cancer therapy, dystonias) discussed Vaccines (native and genetically engineered vaccines) featured Toxins discussed as biological weapons, comprising chapters on anthrax, diphtheria, ricin etc.
Download or read book Immunological Aspects of Gastroenterology written by Y.R. Mahida and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are common. There is increasing appreciation of the importance of the immune system in the pathogenesis of a number of these diseases. This book covers basic aspects of innate and adaptive immunity in the gastrointestinal tract, oral tolerance, and cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic inflammation. Specific disease covered include bacterial infections, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, coeliac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Other topics include mucosal immunisation and intestinal transplantation immunology. The readership of this book includes clinicians, scientists, and students interested in the gastrointestinal tract.
Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2 written by Robert Black and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.
Download or read book Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism written by P. Gopalakrishnakone and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biological toxins are an important part of our world, a reality with which we need to cope, so in parallel with understanding their mechanisms of action and thereby improving our fundamental knowledge, there are successful efforts to utilize them as therapeutics against some debilitating human and animal diseases. In view of the complexity of different types of biotoxins and the broad range of toxin structure, physiology, utility, and countermeasures including regulatory issues, it was thus aimed to compile a book on biotoxins and bioweapons. This reference work in the Toxinology handbook series gathers together knowledge from around the globe about naturally inspired and manufactured biological weapons. The authors describe how they work; how authorities may detect their presence, prevent their use, and diagnose their impacts; and the means by which medical and paramedical professionals may treat victims. Also described are how they have been used to further our knowledge and what insights they have given us into evolutionary and physiological processes. Finally, it is also discussed how these toxins can be used as therapeutics and what the implications of such therapeutics are to their use as biothreat agents. This volume provides a reference accessible to scientists, educators, and medical experts alike with an interest in biotoxins, focusing on the major toxins used as bioweapons. Regulatory agencies will also benefit from the information provided in this book. Some in the intended audience may need to understand how they elicit their effects and how we can defend ourselves against them. Others may be interested in the sometimes colorful histories that surround this subset of biotoxins that can be and, in some cases, have been used as weapons.
Download or read book Interaction between the Gut Flora and Immunity in Intestinal Diseases written by Yating Li and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-08-20 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The composition of gut microbiota plays a critical role in maintaining the host's health, particularly in regulating immune homeostasis and the intestinal immune response. A massive effort has pointed to the importance of these interactions in various intestinal diseases like colorectal cancer (CRC), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Microbiome influences the formation of key components of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, while the immune system is responsible for regulating and maintaining the symbiotic relationship between the host and microbes. Currently, the crosstalk between gut flora and host immunity is not fully revealed in both homeostasis maintenance and disease development. Hence detailed mechanistic studies are needed to further explore the microbial manipulation on host immunity as well as the immune response to microbiome dysbiosis in intestinal diseases. Current evidence indicates a strong bidirectional interaction between microbiome perturbation and immune dysregulation. The aim of this Research Topic is to create a platform for the advancement of research on the causal relationship between the microbiome and immunity. Besides, we would like to define the core microbiota responsible for the initiation and progression of intestinal diseases, the molecular mechanisms of host immune-microbiome interactions, and novel gut-targeted pharmacological interventions to achieve a positive impact on intestinal disease.
