Download or read book Control Grid Motion Estimation for Efficient Application of Optical Flow written by Christine M. Zwart and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motion estimation is a long-standing cornerstone of image and video processing. Most notably, motion estimation serves as the foundation for many of today's ubiquitous video coding standards including H.264. Motion estimators also play key roles in countless other applications that serve the consumer, industrial, biomedical, and military sectors. Of the many available motion estimation techniques, optical flow is widely regarded as most flexible. The flexibility offered by optical flow is particularly useful for complex registration and interpolation problems, but comes at a considerable computational expense. As the volume and dimensionality of data that motion estimators are applied to continue to grow, that expense becomes more and more costly. Control grid motion estimators based on optical flow can accomplish motion estimation with flexibility similar to pure optical flow, but at a fraction of the computational expense. Control grid methods also offer the added benefit of representing motion far more compactly than pure optical flow. This booklet explores control grid motion estimation and provides implementations of the approach that apply to data of multiple dimensionalities. Important current applications of control grid methods including registration and interpolation are also developed. Table of Contents: Introduction / Control Grid Interpolation (CGI) / Application of CGI to Registration Problems / Application of CGI to Interpolation Problems / Discussion and Conclusions

Download or read book A Survey of Blur Detection and Sharpness Assessment Methods written by Juan Andrade and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Blurring is almost an omnipresent effect on natural images. The main causes of blurring in images include: (a) the existence of objects at different depths within the scene which is known as defocus blur; (b) blurring due to motion either of objects in the scene or the imaging device; and (c) blurring due to atmospheric turbulence. Automatic estimation of spatially varying sharpness/blurriness has several applications including depth estimation, image quality assessment, information retrieval, image restoration, among others. There are some cases in which blur is intentionally introduced or enhanced; for example, in artistic photography and cinematography in which blur is intentionally introduced to emphasize a certain image region. Bokeh is a technique that introduces defocus blur with aesthetic purposes. Additionally, in trending applications like augmented and virtual reality usually, blur is introduced in order to provide/enhance depth perception. Digital images and videos are produced every day in astonishing amounts and the demand for higher quality is constantly rising which creates a need for advanced image quality assessment. Additionally, image quality assessment is important for the performance of image processing algorithms. It has been determined that image noise and artifacts can affect the performance of algorithms such as face detection and recognition, image saliency detection, and video target tracking. Therefore, image quality assessment (IQA) has been a topic of intense research in the fields of image processing and computer vision. Since humans are the end consumers of multimedia signals, subjective quality metrics provide the most reliable results; however, their cost in addition to time requirements makes them unfeasible for practical applications. Thus, objective quality metrics are usually preferred.

Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video Volume II written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In ultrasound imaging and video visual perception is hindered by speckle multiplicative noise that degrades the quality. Noise reduction is therefore essential for improving the visual observation quality or as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image/video segmentation, texture analysis and encoding in ultrasound imaging and video. The goal of the first book (book 1 of 2 books) was to introduce the problem of speckle in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background, algorithmic steps, and the MatlabTM for the following group of despeckle filters: linear despeckle filtering, non-linear despeckle filtering, diffusion despeckle filtering, and wavelet despeckle filtering. The goal of this book (book 2 of 2 books) is to demonstrate the use of a comparative evaluation framework based on these despeckle filters (introduced on book 1) on cardiovascular ultrasound image and video processing and analysis. More specifically, the despeckle filtering evaluation framework is based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by experts. This framework is applied in cardiovascular ultrasound image/video processing on the tasks of segmentation and structural measurements, texture analysis for differentiating between two classes (i.e. normal vs disease) and for efficient encoding for mobile applications. It is shown that despeckle noise reduction improved segmentation and measurement (of tissue structure investigated), increased the texture feature distance between normal and abnormal tissue, improved image/video quality evaluation and perception and produced significantly lower bitrates in video encoding. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two monographs.

Download or read book Secure Sensor Cloud written by Vimal Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sensor cloud is a new model of computing paradigm for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which facilitates resource sharing and provides a platform to integrate different sensor networks where multiple users can build their own sensing applications at the same time. It enables a multi-user on-demand sensory system, where computing, sensing, and wireless network resources are shared among applications. Therefore, it has inherent challenges for providing security and privacy across the sensor cloud infrastructure. With the integration of WSNs with different ownerships, and users running a variety of applications including their own code, there is a need for a risk assessment mechanism to estimate the likelihood and impact of attacks on the life of the network. The data being generated by the wireless sensors in a sensor cloud need to be protected against adversaries, which may be outsiders as well as insiders. Similarly, the code disseminated to the sensors within the sensor cloud needs to be protected against inside and outside adversaries. Moreover, since the wireless sensors cannot support complex and energy-intensive measures, the lightweight schemes for integrity, security, and privacy of the data have to be redesigned. The book starts with the motivation and architecture discussion of a sensor cloud. Due to the integration of multiple WSNs running user-owned applications and code, the possibility of attacks is more likely. Thus, next, we discuss a risk assessment mechanism to estimate the likelihood and impact of attacks on these WSNs in a sensor cloud using a framework that allows the security administrator to better understand the threats present and take necessary actions. Then, we discuss integrity and privacy preserving data aggregation in a sensor cloud as it becomes harder to protect data in this environment. Integrity of data can be compromised as it becomes easier for an attacker to inject false data in a sensor cloud, and due to hop by hop nature, privacy of data could be leaked as well. Next, the book discusses a fine-grained access control scheme which works on the secure aggregated data in a sensor cloud. This scheme uses Attribute Based Encryption (ABE) to achieve the objective. Furthermore, to securely and efficiently disseminate application code in sensor cloud, we present a secure code dissemination algorithm which first reduces the amount of code to be transmitted from the base station to the sensor nodes. It then uses Symmetric Proxy Re-encryption along with Bloom filters and Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMACs) to protect the code against eavesdropping and false code injection attacks.

Download or read book Virtual Design of an Audio Lifelogging System written by Brian Mears and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability of inexpensive, custom, highly integrated circuits is enabling some very powerful systems that bring together sensors, smart phones, wearables, cloud computing, and other technologies. To design these types of complex systems we are advocating a top-down simulation methodology to identify problems early. This approach enables software development to start prior to expensive chip and hardware development. We call the overall approach virtual design. This book explains why simulation has become important for chip design and provides an introduction to some of the simulation methods used. The audio lifelogging research project demonstrates the virtual design process in practice. The goals of this book are to: explain how silicon design has become more closely involved with system design; show how virtual design enables top down design; explain the utility of simulation at different abstraction levels; show how open source simulation software was used in audio lifelogging. The target audience for this book are faculty, engineers, and students who are interested in developing digital devices for Internet of Things (IoT) types of products.

Download or read book Cognitive Fusion for Target Tracking written by Ioannis Kyriakides and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The adaptive configuration of nodes in a sensor network has the potential to improve sequential estimation performance by intelligently allocating limited sensor network resources. In addition, the use of heterogeneous sensing nodes provides a diversity of information that also enhances estimation performance. This work reviews cognitive systems and presents a cognitive fusion framework for sequential state estimation using adaptive configuration of heterogeneous sensing nodes and heterogeneous data fusion. This work also provides an application of cognitive fusion to the sequential estimation problem of target tracking using foveal and radar sensors.

Download or read book Engineer Your Software written by Scott A. Whitmire and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Software development is hard, but creating good software is even harder, especially if your main job is something other than developing software. Engineer Your Software! opens the world of software engineering, weaving engineering techniques and measurement into software development activities. Focusing on architecture and design, Engineer Your Software! claims that no matter how you write software, design and engineering matter and can be applied at any point in the process. Engineer Your Software! provides advice, patterns, design criteria, measures, and techniques that will help you get it right the first time. Engineer Your Software! also provides solutions to many vexing issues that developers run into time and time again. Developed over 40 years of creating large software applications, these lessons are sprinkled with real-world examples from actual software projects. Along the way, the author describes common design principles and design patterns that can make life a lot easier for anyone tasked with writing anything from a simple script to the largest enterprise-scale systems.

Download or read book Latency and Distortion of Electromagnetic Trackers for Augmented Reality Systems written by Henry Himberg and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Augmented reality (AR) systems are often used to superimpose virtual objects or information on a scene to improve situational awareness. Delays in the display system or inaccurate registration of objects destroy the sense of immersion a user experiences when using AR systems. AC electromagnetic trackers are ideal for these applications when combined with head orientation prediction to compensate for display system delays. Unfortunately, these trackers do not perform well in environments that contain conductive or ferrous materials due to magnetic field distortion without expensive calibration techniques. In our work we focus on both the prediction and distortion compensation aspects of this application, developing a "small footprint" predictive filter for display lag compensation and a simplified calibration system for AC magnetic trackers. In the first phase of our study we presented a novel method of tracking angular head velocity from quaternion orientation using an Extended Kalman Filter in both single model (DQEKF) and multiple model (MMDQ) implementations. In the second phase of our work we have developed a new method of mapping the magnetic field generated by the tracker without high precision measurement equipment. This method uses simple fixtures with multiple sensors in a rigid geometry to collect magnetic field data in the tracking volume. We have developed a new algorithm to process the collected data and generate a map of the magnetic field distortion that can be used to compensate distorted measurement data. Table of Contents: List of Tables / Preface / Acknowledgments / Delta Quaternion Extended Kalman Filter / Multiple Model Delta Quaternion Filter / Interpolation Volume Calibration / Conclusion / References / Authors' Biographies

Download or read book Sensor Analysis for the Internet of Things written by Michael Stanley and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While it may be attractive to view sensors as simple transducers which convert physical quantities into electrical signals, the truth of the matter is more complex. The engineer should have a proper understanding of the physics involved in the conversion process, including interactions with other measurable quantities. A deep understanding of these interactions can be leveraged to apply sensor fusion techniques to minimize noise and/or extract additional information from sensor signals. Advances in microcontroller and MEMS manufacturing, along with improved internet connectivity, have enabled cost-effective wearable and Internet of Things sensor applications. At the same time, machine learning techniques have gone mainstream, so that those same applications can now be more intelligent than ever before. This book explores these topics in the context of a small set of sensor types. We provide some basic understanding of sensor operation for accelerometers, magnetometers, gyroscopes, and pressure sensors. We show how information from these can be fused to provide estimates of orientation. Then we explore the topics of machine learning and sensor data analytics.

Download or read book Bandwidth Extension of Speech Using Perceptual Criteria written by Visar Berisha and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bandwidth extension of speech is used in the International Telecommunication Union G.729.1 standard in which the narrowband bitstream is combined with quantized high-band parameters. Although this system produces high-quality wideband speech, the additional bits used to represent the high band can be further reduced. In addition to the algorithm used in the G.729.1 standard, bandwidth extension methods based on spectrum prediction have also been proposed. Although these algorithms do not require additional bits, they perform poorly when the correlation between the low and the high band is weak. In this book, two wideband speech coding algorithms that rely on bandwidth extension are developed. The algorithms operate as wrappers around existing narrowband compression schemes. More specifically, in these algorithms, the low band is encoded using an existing toll-quality narrowband system, whereas the high band is generated using the proposed extension techniques. The first method relies only on transmitted high-band information to generate the wideband speech. The second algorithm uses a constrained minimum mean square error estimator that combines transmitted high-band envelope information with a predictive scheme driven by narrowband features. Both algorithms make use of novel perceptual models based on loudness that determine optimum quantization strategies for wideband recovery and synthesis. Objective and subjective evaluations reveal that the proposed system performs at a lower average bit rate while improving speech quality when compared to other similar algorithms.

Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video Volume I written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that speckle is a multiplicative noise that degrades image and video quality and the visual expert's evaluation in ultrasound imaging and video. This necessitates the need for robust despeckling image and video techniques for both routine clinical practice and tele-consultation. The goal for this book (book 1 of 2 books) is to introduce the problem of speckle occurring in ultrasound image and video as well as the theoretical background (equations), the algorithmic steps, and the MATLABTM code for the following group of despeckle filters: linear filtering, nonlinear filtering, anisotropic diffusion filtering, and wavelet filtering. This book proposes a comparative evaluation framework of these despeckle filters based on texture analysis, image quality evaluation metrics, and visual evaluation by medical experts. Despeckle noise reduction through the application of these filters will improve the visual observation quality or it may be used as a pre-processing step for further automated analysis, such as image and video segmentation, and texture characterization in ultrasound cardiovascular imaging, as well as in bandwidth reduction in ultrasound video transmission for telemedicine applications. The aforementioned topics will be covered in detail in the companion book to this one. Furthermore, in order to facilitate further applications we have developed in MATLABTM two different toolboxes that integrate image (IDF) and video (VDF) despeckle filtering, texture analysis, and image and video quality evaluation metrics. The code for these toolsets is open source and these are available to download complementary to the two books. Table of Contents: Preface / Acknowledgments / List of Symbols / List of Abbreviations / Introduction to Speckle Noise in Ultrasound Imaging and Video / Basics of Evaluation Methodology / Linear Despeckle Filtering / Nonlinear Despeckle Filtering / Diffusion Despeckle Filtering / Wavelet Despeckle Filtering / Evaluation of Despeckle Filtering / Summary and Future Directions / References / Authors' Biographies

Download or read book Despeckle Filtering for Ultrasound Imaging and Video written by Christos P. Loizou and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2015-04-01 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is well known that speckle is a multiplicative noise that degrades image and video quality and the visual expert's evaluation in ultrasound imaging and video. This necessitates the need for robust despeckling image and video techniques for both routine

Download or read book Multilevel Optimization for Dense Motion Estimation UUM Press written by El Mostafa Kalmoun and published by UUM Press. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 75 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This monograph offers design for fast and reliable technique in the dense motion estimation. This Multilevel Optimization for Dense Motion Estimation work blends both theory and applications to equip reader with an understanding of basic concepts necessary to apply in solving dense motion in a sequence of images. Illustrating well-known variation models for dealing with optical flow estimation, this monograph introduces variation models with applications. A host of variation models are outlines such as Horn-Schunck model, Contrast Invariation Models and Models for Large Displacement. Special attention is also given to multilevel optimization techniques namely multiresolution and multigrid methods to improve the convergence of the global optimum when compared to using only one level resolution in the context of computer vision. This monograph is a robust resource that provides insightful introduction to the field of image processing with its theory and applications. Overall, Multilevel Optimization for Dense Motion Estimation is highly recommended for scientists and engineers for an excellent choice for references and self-study.

Download or read book Optical Flow and Trajectory Estimation Methods written by Joel Gibson and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-01 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This brief focuses on two main problems in the domain of optical flow and trajectory estimation: (i) The problem of finding convex optimization methods to apply sparsity to optical flow; and (ii) The problem of how to extend sparsity to improve trajectories in a computationally tractable way. Beginning with a review of optical flow fundamentals, it discusses the commonly used flow estimation strategies and the advantages or shortcomings of each. The brief also introduces the concepts associated with sparsity including dictionaries and low rank matrices. Next, it provides context for optical flow and trajectory methods including algorithms, data sets, and performance measurement. The second half of the brief covers sparse regularization of total variation optical flow and robust low rank trajectories. The authors describe a new approach that uses partially-overlapping patches to accelerate the calculation and is implemented in a coarse-to-fine strategy. Experimental results show that combining total variation and a sparse constraint from a learned dictionary is more effective than employing total variation alone. The brief is targeted at researchers and practitioners in the fields of engineering and computer science. It caters particularly to new researchers looking for cutting edge topics in optical flow as well as veterans of optical flow wishing to learn of the latest advances in multi-frame methods. /div

Download or read book Scale Space and PDE Methods in Computer Vision written by Ron Kimmel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2005-04-07 with total page 644 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Scale Space and PDE Methods in Computer Vision, Scale-Space 2005, held in Hofgeismar, Germany in April 2005. The 53 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 79 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on novel linear spaces, image features, deep structure, image processing, medical applications, contours, tensors, non-linear filters, and motion.

Download or read book Computer Vision Analysis of Image Motion by Variational Methods written by Amar Mitiche and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-09-05 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a unified view of image motion analysis under the variational framework. Variational methods, rooted in physics and mechanics, but appearing in many other domains, such as statistics, control, and computer vision, address a problem from an optimization standpoint, i.e., they formulate it as the optimization of an objective function or functional. The methods of image motion analysis described in this book use the calculus of variations to minimize (or maximize) an objective functional which transcribes all of the constraints that characterize the desired motion variables. The book addresses the four core subjects of motion analysis: Motion estimation, detection, tracking, and three-dimensional interpretation. Each topic is covered in a dedicated chapter. The presentation is prefaced by an introductory chapter which discusses the purpose of motion analysis. Further, a chapter is included which gives the basic tools and formulae related to curvature, Euler Lagrange equations, unconstrained descent optimization, and level sets, that the variational image motion processing methods use repeatedly in the book.

Download or read book Heart Mechanics written by El-Sayed H. Ibrahim and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MRI techniques have been recently introduced for non-invasive qualification of regional myocardial mechanics, which is not achievable with other imaging modalities. Covering more than twenty-three years of developments in MRI techniques for accessing heart mechanics, this book provides a plethora of techniques and concepts that assist readers choose the best technique for their purpose. It reviews research studies and clinical trials that implemented MRI techniques for studying heart mechanics.