EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

Book The Alliance Revolution

Download or read book The Alliance Revolution written by Benjamin Gomes-Casseres and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than we ever anticipated, alliances among firms are changing the way business is conducted, particularly in the global, high-technology sector. The reasons are clear: companies must increasingly pool their capabilities to succeed in ever more complex and rapidly changing businesses. But the consequences for managers and for the economy have so far been underestimated. In this new book, Benjamin Gomes-Casseres presents the first in-depth account of the new world of business alliances and shows how collaboration has become part of the very fabric of modern competition. Alliances, he argues, create new units of competition that do battle with one another and with traditional single firms. The flexible capabilities of these multi-firm constellations give them advantages over single firms in certain contexts, offsetting the advantage of a single firm's unified control. When managed effectively, alliances can strengthen a firm's competitive advantage and narrow the gap between leading firms and second-tier players. This often results in intensified rivalry, and the competition within an industry is transformed. Alliances often spread swiftly through an industry as firms jockey for advantage. Yet the very spread of alliances increases their costs and poses new limits on their use. Gomes-Casseres concludes that firms need to manage their constellations to enhance collaboration within their groups, while raising what he calls "barriers to collaboration" for rivals. These ideas are developed and illustrated through original case studies of alliances among U.S., Japanese, and European firms in electronics and computers, including Xerox, IBM, and Fujitsu as well as other small and large companies. The book should be of interest to business academics, managers, and general readers concerned with contemporary capitalism.

Book Collaborating to Compete

Download or read book Collaborating to Compete written by Joel Bleeke and published by . This book was released on 1993-01-19 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some companies discover the value of cross-border collaborations only after fighting long, head-to-head battles that leave them financially exhausted, intellectually depleted, and vulnerable to the next wave of competition and innovation. Grudgingly they come to recognize the benefits of sharing and trading control, costs, skills, capital, information, technology and access to markets - but only after a heavy price. Now companies can begin to learn the value of collaboration and how to capitalize on strong, flexible alliances by reading Collaborating to Compete. Written by McKinsey & Company's leading international management consultants, this strategic and operational guide provides practical information on how to design effective cross-border alliances-based on hundreds of case studies worldwide that illustrate the common factors that go into winning alliances. The authors argue that successful companies are transferring competence across borders by retaining key managers from acquired companies and by employing other strategies designed to reap the best from both companies in the consolidation. The authors also argue that effective collaboration is based on a long-term sequence of actions and that alliances fail when they're driven by hasty shortsighted goals. The authors highlight key steps in putting together a powerful alliance including: overcoming the resistance to alliances from executives and managers; finding the best structure and partner to meet a given set of goals; building flexibility into your collaboration to permit changes in legal and financial structures; ensuring good, frequent communication between you and your partners; setting up internal mechanisms to resolveconflicts quickly; and rescuing poorly conceived alliances. In reading about the activity of leading companies in the U.S., Japan, and Europe, readers will discover that even acquisitions - once a strictly predatory enterprise - are now taking on a more collaborative color. Drawing on McKinsey's strategies from the Triad, Collaborating to Compete goes on to show why cross-border strategy approaches need to account for the unique regulatory structural, and cultural barriers presented by individual countries and regions. The book shows that by following through on the basic prescription: U.S. companies can "ally for advantage" to open up the once impenetrable Japanese market; Japanese MNCs can successfully move into those complex U.S. markets; U.S., Japan, and other countries can crack the European Economic Community; and European companies can transcend obstacles and make successful U.S. acquisitions. Collaborating to Compete also looks hard at the dramatic restructuring of Europe and Asia and points out how European companies will have to use cross-border acquisitions and alliances to respond to new threats from global and Pan-European competitors.

Book Competitors in Alliance

Download or read book Competitors in Alliance written by A. Procassini and published by Praeger. This book was released on 1995-04-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After a general overview of the past, present, and foreseeable future of associations, and a detailed study of those in the U.S., Germany, and Japan, he turns to specific industries - aerospace, biotechnology, semiconductors, and computer systems - and their trade associations, defining and comparing the characteristics of each. Part IV of the book digs into the ways in which associations fail, as well as succeed, in the mission demanded of them today.

Book Mastering Alliance Strategy

Download or read book Mastering Alliance Strategy written by James D. Bamford and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2002-12-27 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Successful business alliances today are critical to the competitive advantage of many companies. Mastering Alliance Strategy presents state-of-the-art thinking and practices for using partnerships effectively. This essential resource will help you understand and use alliances better, whether you are a new or seasoned alliance professional, a business-development specialist, a line manager, or a top executive. The authors argue that the secrets to success lie not solely in the intricacies of a deal but also in the strategy and organization behind the deal. They draw ideas and tools from years of research and reporting on four elements that are key to an effective alliance strategy: * Designing the alliance and crafting the agreement * Managing the alliance after it is launched * Leveraging a constellation of alliances * Building an internal alliance capability

Book Finding Allies  Building Alliances

Download or read book Finding Allies Building Alliances written by Mike Leavitt and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-08-12 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Governor and White House cabinet member Mike Leavitt: how to find collaborative solutions to the greatest challenges Your business challenges extend far beyond you and your firm, to the competitors within your industry and the regulators outside it. Finding solutions to larger issues requires cooperation between diverse stakeholders, and in this rapidly changing world, only those able to adapt and network successfully will produce fast, competitive solutions. How can leaders successfully bridge divides and turn competitors into collaborators? Leavitt and McKeown explain how a well-chosen network can become a powerful alliance. Whether you're launching a new partnership, or rehabilitating one already in progress, Finding Allies, Building Alliances will help you find workable solutions to the most complex problems. Written by Mike Leavitt, former Governor of Utah who brought the 2002 Winter Olympics to Salt Lake City, former US Secretary of Health and human services, and former head of the EPA; with his former Chief of Staff and business partner Rich McKeown, co-founder of Leavitt Partners Includes a framework of 8 elements that will help any leader foster and maintain an effective, productive collaborative venture Shows how better collaboration can not only solve problems, but boost the competitiveness and resilience in all sectors Finding Allies, Building Alliances is essential reading for any business leader looking for transformative solutions and a sustainable future.

Book The Alliance

    Book Details:
  • Author : Reid Hoffman
  • Publisher : Harvard Business Review Press
  • Release : 2014-07-08
  • ISBN : 162527579X
  • Pages : 209 pages

Download or read book The Alliance written by Reid Hoffman and published by Harvard Business Review Press. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The New York Times Bestelling guide for managers and executives. Introducing the new, realistic loyalty pact between employer and employee. The employer-employee relationship is broken, and managers face a seemingly impossible dilemma: the old model of guaranteed long-term employment no longer works in a business environment defined by continuous change, but neither does a system in which every employee acts like a free agent. The solution? Stop thinking of employees as either family or as free agents. Think of them instead as allies. As a manager you want your employees to help transform the company for the future. And your employees want the company to help transform their careers for the long term. But this win-win scenario will happen only if both sides trust each other enough to commit to mutual investment and mutual benefit. Sadly, trust in the business world is hovering at an all-time low. We can rebuild that lost trust with straight talk that recognizes the realities of the modern economy. So, paradoxically, the alliance begins with managers acknowledging that great employees might leave the company, and with employees being honest about their own career aspirations. By putting this new alliance at the heart of your talent management strategy, you’ll not only bring back trust, you’ll be able to recruit and retain the entrepreneurial individuals you need to adapt to a fast-changing world. These individuals, flexible, creative, and with a bias toward action, thrive when they’re on a specific “tour of duty”—when they have a mission that’s mutually beneficial to employee and company that can be completed in a realistic period of time. Coauthored by the founder of LinkedIn, this bold but practical guide for managers and executives will give you the tools you need to recruit, manage, and retain the kind of employees who will make your company thrive in today’s world of constant innovation and fast-paced change.

Book Network Advantage

Download or read book Network Advantage written by Henrich Greve and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-02-17 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Companies made more than 42,000 alliances over the past decade worldwide, many of which failed to deliver strong results. This book explains why and how you can seize the benefits from your business’s network of alliances with customers, suppliers and competitors. This network can provide three key advantages: · superior information · better cooperation · increased power Network Advantage shows how awareness of these three advantages can help align your portfolio of alliances with your corporate strategy to maximize advantages from existing networks and to position your business as an industry leader. This book is written by three leading authorities in the field of organizational management who work with many international corporate clients. Based on groundbreaking research and illustrative cases, it provides practical tools to help you think strategically about reconfiguring your alliances and partnerships. For business executives, consultants, and executive MBAs who want to get the most advantage from the combined power of their alliance portfolios, Network Advantage offers in-depth, practical guidance. Make it your first strategic connection to gaining competitive advantage! Companies’ connections to other firms—their network of alliances—matter for economic success. In this practical, jargon-free, evidence-based book, three experienced scholar/educators provide practical tools to understand your company’s network positioning and what to do to build webs of relationships that provide competitive advantage and economic value. —Jeffrey Pfeffer, professor, Graduate School of Business, Stanford University and co-author of The Knowing-Doing Gap. The book, Network Advantage, presents compelling ideas and is a must-read. It articulates three different perspectives to think about a firm’s network advantage and shows how a firm can maximize the value of its alliance network. The book is filled with theoretical and practical insights on the topic and offers captivating case studies to illustrate its key points. It is fun to read. I highly recommend this book. —W. Chan Kim, The BCG Chair Professor of INSEAD and the Co-director of the INSEAD Blue Ocean Strategy Institute In this eminently researched book, the authors show how executives and entrepreneurs alike can unlock the value of alliances. And the book comes with some "secrets" to success that most managers overlook. Every CEO, executive and entrepreneur who are collaborating with other firms ought to read this book. —Morten T. Hansen, Professor at University of California at Berkeley, author of Collaboration and co-author of Great by Choice. Don’t compete alone! “Network Advantage” provides a fresh perspective on how all firms can benefit from their alliances and partnerships. The authors seamlessly integrate academic research and real life examples into a practical step by step guide for unleashing the power, information and cooperation advantages available in networks. A must read for thoughtful executives and entrepreneurs alike. —Stein Ove Fenne, President, Tupperware U.S. & Canada Having the "right" business network is everything for a company's success in Asia and worldwide. With its rich cases and practical tools, this book is an indispensable guide for a thoughtful executive on how to design, build and manage a network that will make your firm globally competitive. —Yong-Kyung Lee, Former CEO of Korean Telecom, Member of the Korean National Assembly. Alliances and Partnerships, in their various formats and guises, are the bridges that allow businesses to thrive in their ecosystems by leveraging each other's strengths. The authors show how those bridges, when used appropriately, can help your firm create an alliance network to enhance your business power. The book contains many examples and models to help you shape your own alliance strategy in a world of ever increasing co-opetition. —Ricardo T. Dias, Strategic Alliances Director, Hewlett Packard (HP) Software, Asia Pacific & Japan

Book Alliance Competence

Download or read book Alliance Competence written by Robert E. Spekman and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1999-12-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "If a partner understands better the role alliances play in business strategy, is able to engage in a strategic conversation around the needs for and benefits derived from an alliance, and has a more sophisticated approach to partner selection, there should be fewer conflicts down the road." —from Alliance Competence Dell Computers revolutionized the PC market when the company formed an alliance between Intel and FedEx. Through this partnership, Dell was able to mass-customize and deliver computers faster than most of its competitors. With monthly losses around $1 million, USAir decided to join forces with British Airways. Through this alliance, USAir became a global player in the airline industry, and gave both companies the ability to save millions in annual costs by incorporating joint purchasing of services, fuel, aircraft, and more. Strategic alliances are becoming more and more essential to the viability of a company. These alliances are pervasive throughout the corporate landscape and have a big impact on the way business is conducted across the globe. Written by strategy experts from the University of Virginia's prestigious Darden School, Alliance Competence combines the latest research and case studies to explore the key aspects necessary to develop a successful alliance. Enhanced by a five-year study of global companies, this book offers unique insights about building the foundations of alliance competence. These competencies provide firms with a source of sustainable competitive advantage that will help them compete more successfully in global markets. Through actual "war stories" the problems and challenges that alliances tend to face are revealed, as well as concrete suggestions for managing through the evolutionary cycle. After examining all the research available, the authors introduce a process they've developed called The No Blame Review? (NBR). This collaborative, nonjudgmental process helps alliances constructively confront times when the alliance seems off track. The NBR creates an objective, nonthreatening, and non-value-laden opportunity for alliance managers and strategic sponsors on both sides to raise, investigate, and review serious issues. It also allows partners to check the alliance's vital signs and to make a determination that all systems are in alignment. This process provides the most positive approach to conflict resolution. The insight, real-world examples, and research featured in Alliance Competence will give you the tools and diagnostics necessary for locating potential allies and creating a successful alliance. "A thoughtful, experience-based exploration of the subtleties and nuances that must be addressed when entering into complex alliance relationships. Required reading!" —Lawrence M. Small, President and COO, Fannie Mae "From global service enterprises to e-business start-ups, firms in the future will win or lose by how well they manage their alliance strategies. This book is a gold mine of valuable perspectives, useful advice, and practical checklists that will help you tilt the game in your favor. Read it and, more importantly, use it to develop your own alliance competence." —Benjamin Gomes-Casseres, Director, MBA Program, Brandeis University and author, The Alliance Revolution

Book California  Court of Appeal  2nd Appellate District   Records and Briefs

Download or read book California Court of Appeal 2nd Appellate District Records and Briefs written by California (State). and published by . This book was released on with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Book Management Dynamics in Strategic Alliances

Download or read book Management Dynamics in Strategic Alliances written by T. K. Das and published by IAP. This book was released on 2012-06-01 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Management Dynamics in Strategic Alliances is a volume in the book series Research in Strategic Alliances that will focus on providing a robust and comprehensive forum for new scholarship in the field of strategic alliances. In particular, the books in the series will cover new views of interdisciplinary theoretical frameworks and models, significant practical problems of alliance organization and management, and emerging areas of inquiry. The series will also include comprehensive empirical studies of selected segments of business, economic, industrial, government, and non-profit activities with wide prevalence of strategic alliances. Through the ongoing release of focused topical titles, this book series will seek to disseminate theoretical insights and practical management information that will enable interested professionals to gain a rigorous and comprehensive understanding of the field of strategic alliances. Management Dynamics in Strategic Alliances contains contributions by leading scholars in the field of strategic alliance research. The 12 chapters in this volume cover a number of significant topics relating to the management of strategic alliances. The chapters discuss both the broader issues, such as governance structure choice, dynamics of alliance conditions, co-evolutionary dynamics, learning dynamics, and the management of internal tensions, and the more focused problems of controls in interfirm settings, dilemmas of cooperation, value creation in alliance portfolios, and alliance management experiences in the construction and automobile industries. The chapters include empirical as well as conceptual treatments of the selected topics, and collectively present a wide-ranging review of the management dynamics in strategic alliances.

Book Strategic Alliances and Marketing Partnerships

Download or read book Strategic Alliances and Marketing Partnerships written by Richard Gibbs and published by Kogan Page Publishers. This book was released on 2009-02-03 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Strategic Alliances and Marketing Partnerships will help you to understand how partnerships function and how you can manage them more effectively and efficiently. Based on solid research and dealing with key topics such as supply chain management, marketing channels and relationship management, it identifies the key factors that determine partnering excellence. Whatever the nature of the relationship - whether outsourcing, strategic alliances or co-manufacturing, there are eight distinctive relationship types identified by the authors to help managers optimize their business to business partnerships. With case studies from prominent, global organizations such as Walmart, Toyota, General Motors and Dell, Strategic Alliances and Marketing Partnerships will help you to understand the problems that affect partnering and how to make effective management decisions to improve both the relationship and productivity.

Book Alliance Advantage

Download or read book Alliance Advantage written by Yves L. Doz and published by Harvard Business Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After a decade of reeningeering and downsizing, many companies are leaner, more efficient, and acutely focused on their core business. Yet today's growth opportunities in global markets and new technologies demand a wider range of skills. More and more, firms must turn to alliances-often with their rivals-to meld the right resources for pursuing new opportunities. However, few managers are accustomed to working with undefined boundaries between collaboration and competition, with the need to combine unfamiliar skills, with networks of interdependent alliances, and with complex value creation strategies. Nor has their experience with traditional joint ventures prepared them for this world of intricate alliance webs. Alliance Advantage aims to help today's managers and their companies be more successful in their efforts to create, guide, and thrive with alliance strategies. Most conventional wisdom about alliances has focused on the formal design of bilateral alliances, devoting too little attention to the strategic underpinnings and too little commitment to building relationships. With Alliance Advantage, strategy experts Yves Doz and Gary Hamel convincingly argue that it is the strength of alliance strategies and the frequently overlooked internal processes that play the decisive role in shaping eventual outcomes. In a fundamentally new perspective on the way alliances are formed and managed, the authors reveal the analysis, processes, and partner interactions that enable allies to meet their strategic goals. Drawing on principles of strategy, organizational design, organizational learning, and collaborative management, this is the definitive resource for both understanding and leveraging the powerful advantages of alliances. Alliance Advantage provides both conceptual and practical tools for analyzing the design and performance of alliances. Here, for the first time, is a comprehensive guide that will help managers build new collaborations and improve existing ones. Each chapter examines a different aspect of an alliance, from selecting the right partners to minimizing conflicts to determining further commitments. Companies such as Xerox, Boeing, Honda, and Corning, among others, provide examples of successful and unsuccessful partnerships, painting a vivid picture of the conditions that can make or break an alliance. Successful alliances, say Doz and Hamel, require constant attention. With Alliance Advantage, they offer today's best opportunity to study, understand, and increase the effectiveness of strategic alliances.

Book Acquisitions and Corporate Strategy

Download or read book Acquisitions and Corporate Strategy written by David R. King and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-04-19 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate restructuring (acquisitions, alliances and divestment) is a visible form of corporate strategy. For example, firm investments in buying and selling assets exceed the gross domestic product of the majority of nations. Most research in this area examines acquisitions, but informing practice is limited by examining acquisitions in isolation or using a narrow focus. For example, a lingering problem is that average acquisition performance is consistently around zero, suggesting a need to identify practically relevant relationships. In addressing this need, research on three fundamental questions is covered: 1) How do acquisitions relate to other corporate strategy options?; 2) What helps to predict acquisition performance?; and 3) What are persistent acquisition research issues? The first question is intended to overcome a research limitation that acquisitions are often examined independent of other corporate strategies, including internal development, alliances, and divestment. The second question addresses novel relationships associated with the primary focus of acquisition research in examining what drives acquisition performance. The third question reflects on the underlying complexity of the phenomenon that makes it a challenge to identify what drives acquisition performance. Overall, the intent of presenting ideas on these fundamental questions is to illustrate promising areas for future research. This book presents the latest state of knowledge on the topic and will be of interest to researchers, academics, and advanced students in the fields of strategic management, international business, and organizational studies.

Book Competition Policy in the Global Economy

Download or read book Competition Policy in the Global Economy written by William S. Comanor and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-10-26 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the complexities involved when international co-ordination and harmonization of competition law and policy are considered.

Book Business Alliances Guide

Download or read book Business Alliances Guide written by Robert Porter Lynch and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1993-03-08 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid emergence of strategic collaborations as alternatives to the usual go-it-alone entrepreneurial ventures is evident everywvhere - from the growing collaborative efforts of such muultinationals as IBM, AT&T and Siemens, to Japan's continuing use of alliances to help maintain their enviable economic dominance. Equally evident is the failure of many companies to make these collaborations work, and the fear that such alliances suggest corporate weakness and lead to an ultimate lack of control. In his remarkably detailed and lucid account of this major development, Robert Porter Lynch dispels the myths and fears surrounding alliances and provides you with time-tested, practical techniques and tips that enable you to create powerful linkages which secure long-term strategic goals. Offering his own counsel plus ideas from many of the world's best strategic thinkers, including Peter Drucker, Kenichi Ohmae and Harvard's Michael Porter, along with dozens of expert managers who contributed their best advice in strategizing, negotiating, and structuring alliances, Business Alliances Guide reveals the unique quality of collaborations - why they operate by a different set of rules, what advantages and drawbacks they bring, what goes into their success, what can cause them to self-destruct - and how you can ultimately benefit from them. Recognizing that alliances are built systematically - not hastily thrown together - the Business Alliances Guide provides an architectural model of an effective collaboration - the Alliance Development Pyramid - which, when followed, will help you avoid costly pitfalls and maximize the chances of successful implementation. Moreover, Business Alliances Guidealerts you to the "six deadly sins" that have destroyed at least 80% of all failed alliances. It tips you off to the seven early warning signs when an alliance is going awry and what you can do to set things right. And it illustrates, by highlighting the unfortunate plight of companies whose alliance efforts failed, the strategies you can employ to avoid the same fate. Enhanced by numerous graphs, models, charts, checklists, and point-by-point summaries, as well as boxed-off tips and warnings that underscore especially important advice, the Business Alliances Guide gives you a new and exciting foothold in today's global economy, helping you fully tap the speed, synergy, agility, and relative safety of strategic collaborations.

Book Unwinding Alliance Ecosystem

Download or read book Unwinding Alliance Ecosystem written by Saurabh Bisht and published by Notion Press. This book was released on 2023-08-19 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Unwinding Alliance Ecosystem" is the ultimate guidebook for professionals seeking to excel in global alliance management. Authored by seasoned professional Saurabh Bisht, this comprehensive resource condenses industry best practices and provides actionable insights to navigate the challenges and opportunities of building and managing win-win strategic partnerships. Whether you're a new professional or an experienced manager, this book covers all aspects of global alliance management, including identifying potential alliance partners, negotiating effective agreements, managing relationships, and measuring success. Invest in your success and get your copy of "Unwinding Alliance Ecosystem" today. Discover the exciting world of global alliance management and unlock the secrets to creating and managing successful partnerships that create value for all parties involved!

Book The Emergence of Peer Competitors  A Framework for Analysis

Download or read book The Emergence of Peer Competitors A Framework for Analysis written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The United States is playing an unparalleled role in its history on the world stage. Its foes are few and weak, its allies strong and numerous. The United States has the most robust economy in the world, the dominant ideology, and a military that secures the homeland from any major conventional threat. Such a favorable situation is bound to end at some indeterminate point in the future. Though there is nothing to indicate that the situation will end in the near term, the possibility exists that the United States could be slow to recognize the rise of a state or alliance that could compete with it on equal terms (as a peer) and thus respond too late. However, moving too soon could be just as detrimental. By reacting prematurely, the United States could exhaust its resources and turn a state that might have been willing to cooperate or coexist peacefully into a competitor. The potential emergence of a peer competitor is probably the most important long-term planning challenge for the Department of Defense. This report addresses the issue by developing a conceptual framework of how a proto-peer (meaning a state that is not yet a peer but has the potential to become one) might interact with the hegemon (the dominant global power). The central aspect of the framework is an interaction between the main strategies for power aggregation available to the proto-peer and the main strategies for countering the rise of a peer available to the hegemon. Then, using exploratory modeling techniques, the pathways of the various proto- peer and hegemon interactions are modeled to identify the specific patterns and combinations of actions that might lead to rivalries.