Download or read book Case Law Development of School Desegregation for the State of North Carolina written by Stafford Bullock and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Race and Education in North Carolina written by John E. Batchelor and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2015-12-16 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The separation of white and black schools remained largely unquestioned and unchallenged in North Carolina for the first half of the twentieth century, yet by the end of the 1970s, the Tar Heel State operated the most thoroughly desegregated school system in the nation. In Race and Education in North Carolina, John E. Batchelor, a former North Carolina school superintendent, offers a robust analysis of this sea change and the initiatives that comprised the gradual, and often reluctant, desegregation of the state’s public schools. In a state known for relative racial moderation, North Carolina government officials generally steered clear of fiery rhetorical rejections of Brown v. Board of Education, in contrast to the position of leaders in most other parts of the South. Instead, they played for time, staving off influential legislators who wanted to close public schools and provide vouchers to support segregated private schools, instituting policies that would admit a few black students into white schools, and continuing to sanction segregation throughout most of the public education system. Litigation—primarily initiated by the NAACP—and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 created stronger mandates for progress and forced government officials to accelerate the pace of desegregation. Batchelor sheds light on the way local school districts pursued this goal while community leaders, school board members, administrators, and teachers struggled to balance new policy demands with deeply entrenched racial prejudice and widespread support for continued segregation. Drawing from case law, newspapers, interviews with policy makers, civil rights leaders, and attorneys involved in school desegregation, as well as previously unused archival material, Race and Education in North Carolina presents a richly textured history of the legal and political factors that informed, obstructed, and finally cleared the way for desegregation in the North Carolina public education system.
Download or read book The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregation of Public Schools in North Carolina written by Elton D. Winstead and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 230 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregation of Public Schools in North Carolina: Circumvention of the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Ruling for Ten Years in North Carolina Includes Interviews with Gov. Luther H. Hodges, Gov. Terry Sanford, Thomas J. Pearsall, William Medford, Conrad O. Pearson, James E. Miller, Larry I. Moore This book is the dissertation submitted to Duke University, Durham, North Carolina in 1966 in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education by Elton D. "E. D." Winstead. The information in this book has historical significance and deserves to be more readily available as a contemporary perspective during that time period leading up to the desegregation of the North Carolina school system. A reflection on this perspective is especially appropriate now on the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the 1954 Supreme Court ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case and on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. The 1964 Civil Rights Act basically ended North Carolina's Pearsall Plan, not only as a way to preserve the North Carolina school system, but also as a way to circumvent the Supreme Court ruling in the Brown v. Board of Education case. The Pearsall Plan, as the vehicle for the circumvention of the Brown decision, was declared to be unconstitutional by two federal courts in 1966 and 1969 after this study was completed, and two of the people interviewed in this study were instrumental in those cases. Some of the persons closest to, and most influential in shaping, North Carolina's official reaction to the 1954 Supreme Court decision in the Brown case were interviewed. A few selected quotes from the interviews: Question: The Report of the Supreme Court Decision of May 17, 1954 by the Institute of Government at Chapel Hill discussed the alternatives open to the State, and the alternatives appear to boil down to three possibilities; that is, as stated in the report, defiance, compliance, or to play for time, making haste slowly enough to avoid litigation, and yet make haste fast enough to come within the law; thereby keeping the peace and keeping the schools. I have simplified the third alternative by calling it what it appears to be – circumvention, which of course, means to go around, to gain advantage over by artfulness or stratagem. Do you agree that the three possibilities cover the alternatives available to North Carolina at the time? Mr. Conrad O. Pearson (General Counsel, NAACP for North Carolina): “Yes, and North Carolina followed the alternative offered by circumvention.” Mr. Conrad O. Pearson: “The committee [The Special Advisory Committee appointed by the Governor] took a negative approach. They made no effort to influence public opinion toward compliance with the Court's decision.” Gov. Luther H. Hodges: “I did not practice circumvention. We did make an effort to play for time.” Question: Did the committee [Special Advisory Committee, chaired by you] ever seriously consider immediate desegregation as a possible solution? Dr. Thomas J. Pearsall: “No.” Mr. Larry I. Moore:“The Pearsall Plan made possible a more orderly transition.” “At that time, if North Carolina had integrated the schools in proportion to population ratios, the school system would have been destroyed and there would have been riots. The people would not have accepted integration.” The modern reader will notice that word choice has changed since 1966, when the word “Negro” was standard terminology, for example, as used by Mr. Conrad O. Pearson, the General Counsel for the North Carolina NAACP in his interview published in the appendix of this book. Ray L. Winstead Editor
Download or read book Reading Writing and Race written by Davison M. Douglas and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using Charlotte, North Carolina, as a case study of the dynamics of racial change in the 'moderate' South, Davison Douglas analyzes the desegregation of the city's public schools from the Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision through the early 1970s, when the city embarked upon the most ambitious school busing plan in the nation. In charting the path of racial change, Douglas considers the relative efficacy of the black community's use of public demonstrations and litigation to force desegregation. He also evaluates the role of the city's white business community, which was concerned with preserving Charlotte's image as a racially moderate city, in facilitating racial gains. Charlotte's white leadership, anxious to avoid economically damaging racial conflict, engaged in early but decidedly token integration in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to the black community's public protest and litigation efforts. The insistence in the late 1960s on widespread busing, however, posed integration demands of an entirely different magnitude. As Douglas shows, the city's white leaders initially resisted the call for busing but eventually relented because they recognized the importance of a stable school system to the city's continued prosperity.
Download or read book The School Segregation Decision written by University of North Carolina (1793-1962). Institute of Government and published by . This book was released on 1954 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book School Desegregation in the Carolinas written by William Bagwell and published by Columbia : University of South Carolina Press. This book was released on 1972 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Development of Law Pertaining to Desegregation of Public Schools in North Carolina written by Elton Dewitt Winstead and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Yesterday Today and Tomorrow written by Roslyn Arlin Mickelson and published by Harvard Education Press. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow provides a compelling analysis of the forces and choices that have shaped the trend toward the resegregation of public schools. By assembling a wide range of contributors—historians, sociologists, economists, and education scholars—the editors provide a comprehensive view of a community’s experience with desegregation and economic development. Here we see resegregation through the lens of Charlotte, North Carolina, once a national model of successful desegregation, and home of the landmark Swann desegregation case, which gave rise to school busing. This book recounts the last forty years of Charlotte’s desegregation and resegregation, putting education reform in political and economic context. Within a decade of the Swanncase, the district had developed one of the nation’s most successful desegregation plans, measured by racial balance and improved academic outcomes for both black and white students. However, beginning in the 1990s, this plan was gradually dismantled. Today, the level of resegregation in Charlotte has almost returned to what it was prior to 1971. At the core of Charlotte’s story is the relationship between social structure and human agency, with an emphasis on how yesterday’s decisions and actions define today’s choices.
Download or read book Becoming Less Separate written by United States Commission on Civil Rights and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The School Segregation Decision written by Albert Coates and published by . This book was released on 2013-02 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Report To The Governor Of North Carolina On The Decision Of The Supreme Court Of The United States On May 17, 1954.
Download or read book Revolution by Law written by Brian K. Landsberg and published by University Press of Kansas. This book was released on 2022-07-10 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The landmark Brown v. Board of Education case was the start of a long period of desegregation, but Brown did not give a roadmap for how to achieve this lofty goal—it only provided the destination. In the years that followed, the path toward the fulfillment of this vision for school integration was worked out in the courts through the efforts of the NAACP Legal Defense organization and the Civil Rights Division of the US Department of Justice. One of the major cases on this path was Lee v. Macon County Board of Education (1967). Revolution by Law traces the growth of Lee v. Macon County from a case to desegregate a single school district in rural Alabama to a decision that paved the way for ending state-imposed racial segregation of the schools in the Deep South. Author Brian Landsberg began his career as a young attorney working for the Civil Rights Division of the DOJ in 1964, the year after the lawsuit that would lead to the Lee decision was filed. As someone personally involved in the legal struggle for civil rights, Landsberg writes with first-hand knowledge of the case. His carefully researched study of this important case argues that private plaintiffs, the executive branch, the federal courts, and eventually Congress each played important roles in transforming the South from the most segregated to the least segregated region of the United States. The Lee case played a central role in dismantling Alabama’s official racial caste system, and the decision became the model both for other statewide school desegregation cases and for cases challenging conditions in prisons and institutions for mentally ill people. Revolution by Law gives readers a deep understanding of the methods used by the federal government to desegregate the schools of the Deep South.
Download or read book With All Deliberate Speed written by Arthur Larentz Carlson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The decision of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. the Board of Education legally ended the operation of segregated schools in the South. In North Carolina, a series of legal challenges began under the Pupil Assignment Act and, later, the Pearsall Plan to delay the desegregation of the state's school systems. In an effort to avoid massive public demonstrations, violence, and the closing of public schools as a result of public outrage, the Pearsall Plan transferred control of pupil assignments, along with the power to request the closing of schools, to local school boards. The decentralization of desegregation allowed communities to determine the level of social change comfortable to the majority of an area's residents. As a result, no school in any of the over one-hundred independent school systems in North Carolina lost a single day of classes on account of civil disobedience. This thesis examines the background, development, and effect of the Pearsall Plan on North Carolina's educational, political, and social systems. It also outlines the factors that led North Carolina's leaders to deliberately embark down a path with one known ending: the declaration of the unconstitutionality of the Pearsall Plan. The decisions of these individuals and the outcome of their efforts comprise the focus of this thesis.
Download or read book Integration Now written by William P. Hustwit and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2019-02-05 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recovering the history of an often-ignored landmark Supreme Court case, William P. Hustwit assesses the significant role that Alexander v. Holmes (1969) played in integrating the South's public schools. Although Brown v. Board of Education has rightly received the lion's share of historical analysis, its ambiguous language for implementation led to more than a decade of delays and resistance by local and state governments. Alexander v. Holmes required "integration now," and less than a year later, thousands of children were attending integrated schools. Hustwit traces the progression of the Alexander case to show how grassroots activists in Mississippi operated hand in glove with lawyers and judges involved in the litigation. By combining a narrative of the larger legal battle surrounding the case and the story of the local activists who pressed for change, Hustwit offers an innovative, well-researched account of a definitive legal decision that reaches from the cotton fields of Holmes County to the chambers of the Supreme Court in Washington.
Download or read book Policies and Guidelines for School Desegregation Hearings Before The written by United States. Congress. House Rules and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Southern Case for School Segregation written by James Jackson Kilpatrick and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-11-09 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 'The Southern Case for School Segregation', James Jackson Kilpatrick tackles the controversial topic of racial segregation in education in the United States. Written in a persuasive and assertive tone, Kilpatrick argues for the legality and morality of segregated schools in the southern states. Drawing on legal precedents and historical context, Kilpatrick provides a meticulous and reasoned defense of segregation, challenging conventional beliefs. This book is a must-read for those interested in understanding the complexities of the civil rights movement and the ongoing debate surrounding race relations in the U.S. Kilpatrick's writing style is sharp and intellectual, making this book a thought-provoking and informative read. With extensive research and compelling arguments, 'The Southern Case for School Segregation' sheds light on a controversial aspect of American history. James Jackson Kilpatrick, a prominent journalist and conservative commentator, was known for his strong opinions on race and politics. His background in journalism and law influenced his perspective on civil rights issues, leading him to write this provocative book. Kilpatrick's expertise and passion for the subject matter are evident throughout the book, making it a valuable resource for those interested in this period of American history. I highly recommend 'The Southern Case for School Segregation' to anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the social and political forces at play during the civil rights era.
Download or read book Understanding School Desegregation written by United States Commission on Civil Rights and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Schools Can be Desegregated written by United States Commission on Civil Rights and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
