Download or read book Bottom up Responses to Crisis written by Stefanie Haeffele and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crises occur in all societies across world, and can be natural (such as hurricanes, flooding, and earthquakes), man-made (such as wars and economic downturns), or, often, a combination of both (such as famines, the flooding of New Orleans in 2005 after Hurricane Katrina and subsequent levy failures, and the earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011). Crises cause fatalities, injuries, and property damages as well as introduce uncertainty and challenges for individuals, societies, and polities. Yet, we see individuals and communities rebounding effectively from crises all the time. How do communities go about returning to normalcy and beginning again the mundane life of every day affairs? This edited volume looks at bottom-up responses to crises. The chapters in this volume will highlight the ingenuity and persistence of individuals and private organizations as well as discuss the possibilities, limitations, and adaptability of bottom-up responses. It argues that there are many ways that local leaders, entrepreneurs, and community members can play a role in their own recovery by examining the capabilities, feedback mechanisms, and network effects of decentralized crisis response and recovery efforts. Chapters will focus on the role of local emergency managers in the disaster management process and offer suggestions for reform and the role of businesses, citizens, and children in providing crisis response and recovery. This book will also consider theories of self-governance and nonviolent action in encouraging and sustaining bottom-up recovery.

Download or read book Government Responses to Crisis written by Stefanie Haeffele and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-25 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When crises occur, citizens, media and policymakers alike expect government to respond and to take a leading role in recovery. Given the scale and scope of crises, whether natural (such as hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes), manmade (such as conflict and economic downturns), or often a combination of the two, governments are often seen as being in the best position to identify the problems, understand the circumstances, and direct action. They are also likely to be the entities that have adequate resources to devote to such large-scale efforts. Yet, governments are not spared from the effects of crises. They are composed of individuals who are impacted by disasters and face many of the same challenges in identifying needs, prioritizing action, and adjusting to changing circumstances. It is by no surprise that governments are also often scrutinized during and after crises. How, then, do we understand the capability of and proper role for governments to respond to crisis and to drive recovery? This edited volume—comprised of chapters by accomplished scholars and seasoned practitioners in disaster and crises studies and management, spanning multiple disciplines including sociology, economics, and public administration—examines the roles, expectations, and capabilities of government responses to crises. It gives an overview of the literature, provides lessons learned from both research and experience on the ground during crises, and puts forth a framework for understanding crisis management and subsequent policy implications. It will be of use to any scholars, students, practitioners or policymakers interested in learning from and better preparing for crises and responding when they do occur.

Download or read book The Frontlines of Peace written by Severine Autesserre and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At turns surprising, funny, and gut-wrenching, this is the hopeful story of the ordinary yet extraordinary people who have figured out how to build lasting peace in their communities The word "peacebuilding" evokes a story we've all heard over and over: violence breaks out, foreign nations are scandalized, peacekeepers and million-dollar donors come rushing in, warring parties sign a peace agreement and, sadly, within months the situation is back to where it started--sometimes worse. But what strategies have worked to build lasting peace in conflict zones, particularly for ordinary citizens on the ground? And why should other ordinary citizens, thousands of miles away, care? In The Frontlines of Peace, Séverine Autesserre, award-winning researcher and peacebuilder, examines the well-intentioned but inherently flawed peace industry. With examples drawn from across the globe, she reveals that peace can grow in the most unlikely circumstances. Contrary to what most politicians preach, building peace doesn't require billions in aid or massive international interventions. Real, lasting peace requires giving power to local citizens. Now including teaching and book club discussion guides, The Frontlines of Peace tells the stories of the ordinary yet extraordinary individuals and organizations that are confronting violence in their communities effectively. One thing is clear: successful examples of peacebuilding around the world, in countries at war or at peace, have involved innovative grassroots initiatives led by local people, at times supported by foreigners, often employing methods shunned by the international elite. By narrating success stories of this kind, Autesserre shows the radical changes we must take in our approach if we hope to build lasting peace around us--whether we live in Congo, the United States, or elsewhere.

Download or read book The Handbook of Crisis Communication written by W. Timothy Coombs and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-10-26 with total page 597 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The revised and updated new edition of the comprehensive guide to crisis communication research and practice The Handbook of Crisis Communication provides students, researchers, and practitioners with a timely and authoritative overview of the dynamic field. Contributions by an international team of 50 leading scholars and practitioners demonstrate various methodological approaches, examine how crisis communication is applied in a range of specific contexts, discuss the role of culture and technology in crisis communication, and present original research of relevance to the development and evaluation of crisis communication theory. Now in its second edition, the Handbook covers the latest advances in global crisis communication technology, current trends in research and practice, social media in crisis communication, and more. Each of the 38 chapters incorporate new material offering fresh insights into existing areas of crisis communication and explore new and emerging lines of research. A wealth of new case studies, practical scenarios, and in-depth analyses of recent crises are integrated throughout. Examines traditional applications, recent advances, and emerging areas in crisis communication Discusses communication approaches for organizational crises, disasters, political crises, and public health crises Provides up-to-date coverage of the latest terminology, methods, and research trends in the field Highlights how crisis communication theory and research can inform real-world practice Features detailed analyses of crisis communication in major events such as terrorist attacks, natural disasters, industrial accidents, and global pandemics The Handbook of Crisis Communication, Second Edition is an excellent textbook for advanced students in public relations and strategic communication programs, and a valuable reference for researchers and practitioners in fields such as crisis communication, public relations, and corporate communication.

Download or read book Missing Middle Housing written by Daniel G. Parolek and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2020-07-14 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, there is a tremendous mismatch between the available housing stock in the US and the housing options that people want and need. The post-WWII, auto-centric, single-family-development model no longer meets the needs of residents. Urban areas in the US are experiencing dramatically shifting household and cultural demographics and a growing demand for walkable urban living. Missing Middle Housing, a term coined by Daniel Parolek, describes the walkable, desirable, yet attainable housing that many people across the country are struggling to find. Missing Middle Housing types—such as duplexes, fourplexes, and bungalow courts—can provide options along a spectrum of affordability. In Missing Middle Housing, Parolek, an architect and urban designer, illustrates the power of these housing types to meet today’s diverse housing needs. With the benefit of beautiful full-color graphics, Parolek goes into depth about the benefits and qualities of Missing Middle Housing. The book demonstrates why more developers should be building Missing Middle Housing and defines the barriers cities need to remove to enable it to be built. Case studies of built projects show what is possible, from the Prairie Queen Neighborhood in Omaha, Nebraska to the Sonoma Wildfire Cottages, in California. A chapter from urban scholar Arthur C. Nelson uses data analysis to highlight the urgency to deliver Missing Middle Housing. Parolek proves that density is too blunt of an instrument to effectively regulate for twenty-first-century housing needs. Complete industries and systems will have to be rethought to help deliver the broad range of Missing Middle Housing needed to meet the demand, as this book shows. Whether you are a planner, architect, builder, or city leader, Missing Middle Housing will help you think differently about how to address housing needs for today’s communities.

Download or read book Crisis Counseling Intervention and Prevention in the Schools written by Jonathan Sandoval and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first edition was published in 1988, the role of crisis intervention and prevention has become central to mental health professionals working in the schools. Disasters such as hurricane Katrina, terrorist attacks both in this country and around the world, and various school shootings have greatly increased school crisis research and policy development. This book is designed for an introductory graduate course taken by students in school psychology, school counseling, and school social work. Section I provides a crisis response overview, section II deals with crises for children and adolescents and section III covers crises that manifest in adolescence. Discussions of the 16 most prevalent types of crises are covered in sections II and III and include their characteristics, causes, interventions, and preventive programs. All chapters will be updated, six heavily revised or totally rewritten by new authors, and two new chapters (chapters 8 & 19) have been added.

Download or read book Managing Crises written by Arnold M. Howitt and published by CQ Press. This book was released on 2009-02-11 with total page 673 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From floods to fires, tornadoes to terrorist attacks, governments must respond to a variety of crises and meet reasonable standards of performance. What accounts for governments’ effective responses to unfolding disasters? How should they organize and plan for significant emergencies? With fifteen adapted Kennedy School cases, students experience first-hand a series of large-scale emergencies and come away with a clear sense of the different types of disaster situations governments confront, with each type requiring different planning, resourcing, skill-building, leadership, and execution. Grappling with the details of flawed responses to the LA Riots or Hurricane Katrina, or with the success of the Incident Management System during the Pentagon fire on 9/11, students start to see the ways in which responders can improve capabilities and more adeptly navigate between technical or operational needs and political considerations.

Download or read book Building a Healthy Economy from the Bottom Up written by Anthony Flaccavento and published by University Press of Kentucky. This book was released on 2016-06-10 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction : Economic transitions in surprising places -- What's wrong with what we've got? Rising tides, trickle down, and other economic myths -- Renewing households and communities : from consumptive dependence to productive resilience -- Unleashing local living economies : from trickle-down problems to bottom-up solutions -- Building broadly based and durable prosperity : from concentrated wealth and widespread insecurity to worker ownership and community capital -- Taking sustainability to scale : from a thousand flickers of light to networks of learning, doing, and change -- Rebuilding a meaningful public debate : from debilitating corporate media to energizing civic conversations -- Transforming politics from the bottom up : unleashing a community-based politics of engagement to overcome the lobbyists and moneyed elites -- Conclusion : Creating a new story, from the bottom up.

Download or read book History from the Bottom Up and the Inside Out written by James R. Barrett and published by Duke University Press Books. This book was released on 2017-08-04 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In History from the Bottom Up and the Inside Out James R. Barrett rethinks the boundaries of American social and labor history by investigating the ways in which working-class, radical, and immigrant people's personal lives intersected with their activism and religious, racial, ethnic, and class identities. Concerned with carving out space for individuals in the story of the working class, Barrett examines all aspects of individuals' subjective experiences, from their personalities, relationships, and emotions to their health and intellectual pursuits. Barrett's subjects include American communists, "blue-collar cosmopolitans"—such as well-read and well-traveled porters, sailors, and hoboes—and figures in early twentieth-century anarchist subculture. He also details the process of the Americanization of immigrant workers via popular culture and their development of class and racial identities, asking how immigrants learned to think of themselves as white. Throughout, Barrett enriches our understanding of working people’s lives, making it harder to objectify them as nameless cogs operating within social and political movements. In so doing, he works to redefine conceptions of work, migration, and radical politics.

Download or read book Strategic Narratives in Political and Crisis Communication Responses to COVID 19 written by Victoria Ann Newsom and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-05 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The EU and crisis response written by Roger Mac Ginty and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-02 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This innovative and timely consideration of the European Union’s crisis response mechanisms brings together scholars from a range of disciplinary backgrounds to examine how and why the EU responds to crises on its borders and further afield. The work is based on extensive fieldwork in – among other places – Afghanistan, Libya, Mali and Iraq. The book considers the construction of crises and how some issues are deemed crises and others not. A major finding from this comparative study is that EU crisis response interventions have been placing increasing emphasis on security and stabilisation and less emphasis on human rights and democratisation. This changes – quite fundamentally – the EU’s stance as an international actor and leads to questions about the nature of the European Union and how it perceives itself and is perceived by others.

Download or read book Emergency Response to Domestic Terrorism written by Alethia Cook and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2009-11-02 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emergency Response to Domestic Terrorism analyzes the emergency response to the bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995. Terrorism is a complex threat, and the American government is expected to deter or intervene in every attack. For that reason, the government must be better prepared to respond to acts of terror. One critical element is to understand what constitutes an "effective response." To answer this key question, the author examined the existing literature and interviewed thirty-one elite participants in the emergency response to the bombing. The result is a unique qualitative case study that analyzes the response efforts undertaken after the bombing to draw conclusions about their relative success or failure. Emergency Response to Domestic Terrorism looks at the nature and interrelationship of bureaucratic structures involved in the response, the organizational networking between the response bureaucracy, and the impact of bureaucratic culture on the response. The work contributes to the existing literatures in both emergency response and bureaucracy. First, theoretical arguments about bureaucracies and their function are put to the test as they are applied to a specific crisis situation. Second, interview materials with key individuals who were on the scene of this American terrorist disaster are provided. Third, the emergency response literature is examined to determine whether the Oklahoma City bombing exhibited the anticipated response challenges. In addition, the work provides insights into the extent to which response communities are familiar with federal response guidelines. The overall results of the study are applicable to emergency response to terrorist incidents and to natural disasters. By bringing together the academic and the practical aspects of emergency response, the work will appeal to students, practitioners, and policymakers. Further, it will foster better understanding of public policy and public administration in general.

Download or read book IMF Response to the Financial and Economic Crisis written by International Monetary Fund. Independent Evaluation Office and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2015-01-15 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This evaluation assesses the IMF’s response to the global financial and economic crisis, focusing on the period September 2008 through 2013. It assesses the IMF’s actions to help contain the crisis and navigate a global recovery, assist individual economies to cope with the impact of the crisis, and identify and warn about future risks.

Download or read book Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1994 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Defense and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Local Economic and Employment Development LEED Job rich Growth in Asia Strategies for Local Employment Skills Development and Social Protection written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2011-04-14 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A joint OECD/ILO initiative, this book analyses local approaches in Asia to modernise labour markets and skills strategies and shows how local recovery is taking place through a combination of policy measures on employment creation, skills development and social protection.

Download or read book Moving Beyond Capitalism written by Cliff DuRand and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-26 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book speaks to the widespread quest for concrete alternative ways forward 'beyond capitalism' in the face of the prevailing corporatocracy and a capitalist system in crisis. It examines a number of institutions and practices now being built in the nooks and crannies of present societies and that point beyond capitalism toward a more equal, participatory, and democratic society – institutions such as cooperatives, public banks, the commons, economic democracy. This seminal collection of critical studies draws on academic and activist voices from the U.S. and Canada, Mexico, Cuba, and Argentina, and from a variety of theoretical-political perspectives – Marxism, anarchism, feminism, and Zapatismo.

Download or read book Digitalized Co production of Emergency Response written by Wael Alkusaibati and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2024-05-03 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contemporary global challenges like global warming, rapid urban development, and the current unstable security situation, lead to an increase in large-scale crises (e.g., forest fires) alongside frequent smaller emergencies (e.g., house fires and traffic accidents). The increase in emergencies strains professional response organizations, necessitating additional resources. Civilian volunteers are therefore increasingly being integrated into the response system. The development is mediated by information and communication technologies (ICTs) which enable communication between professional responders (e.g., the municipal rescue services, the emergency medical services, the Public Swedish Answering Point) and citizens. While many studies focus on spontaneous volunteer activities emerging on social media, fewer examine organized volunteerism initiatives at the local emergency response level. Over a decade ago, a municipal rescue service in northern Sweden established an initiative recruiting volunteers as first responders and equipping them with basic response tools. The volunteers undergo training in tasks such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and fire extinguishing. They are dispatched to predefined response tasks using simple ICT applications like SMS lists or mobile apps. This initiative has expanded to other areas due to perceived benefits such as shorter response times and reduced casualties and material damage. The phenomenon can be labelled as an emerging form of ICT-enabled or digitalized co-production of public services. However, previous research indicates a research gap in understanding, describing, and defining this type of co-production. The overall aim of the thesis is to describe how these ICT-enabled initiatives emerge and develop over time and identify the related effects on the response system. This is expected to provide recommendations on how they can be developed and supported. This aim is divided into three specific objectives, where each has been addressed through a research paper: 1- identifying how the existing literature describes ICT-enabled/digitalized volunteerism in large- and small-scale emergencies, 2- identifying how these initiatives emerge and operate, and can be maintained in small-scale emergencies, introducing more systematized knowledge on this concept, 3- initially evaluating the contributions of volunteers in the initiatives. Leaning on a case study approach inspired by action research, a combination of data collection methods has been adopted, e.g., a literature review, interviews, and incident reports filled out by volunteers. For the data analysis, the theoretical lens of ICT-enabled/digitalized co-production of public services has been applied. The first paper is a literature review study that examines digitally enabled volunteering activities in crises and small-scale emergencies. It highlights the prevalence of studies on volunteers using social media for crowdsourcing in crises, often termed digitalized volunteerism which entails virtual and, or physical contributions by volunteers to the response efforts. In contrast, fewer studies focus on volunteers' role in local small-scale emergencies, labelled as "hybrid" ICT-enabled or digitalized coproduction. The term hybrid here refers to the loose affiliation of the volunteers where they collaborate with the rescue services but are not officially associated through binding contracts. Hence, they are in between spontaneous and organized volunteerism. Both volunteering modes support professional response systems and display similar needs for steering, financial support, coordination, and integration of ICT artifacts. However, crises require increased coordination to manage uncertainties, risks, and data overload effectively. The second paper presents three models describing the emergence of hybrid digitalized co-production initiatives in urban and rural areas, as defined in Paper 1, along with how national authorities can support them. These models i.e., Rural, Urban, and National consist of three phases: Recruitment, Response, and Maintenance. Each model exhibits distinct characteristics. In rural areas for example, there is a need for more regular training due to low alerting frequency, and the possibility of using simple dispatch ICTs as cost-effective solutions. Conversely, urban areas have more alerts, necessitating more advanced ICTs, with less emphasis on regular training compared to rural areas. At the macro-level, the national model highlights roles that national actors can play such as facilitating a joint Application Programming Interface (API), joint insurance solutions, and an ICT system that can register incoming and active volunteers. The third paper is an initial evaluation of these initiatives at emergency sites, focusing on ICT-enabled dispatch, estimated response times, tasks performed, and collaboration with professionals, to assess the effects of using volunteers. This approach contrasts with previous studies that took an overall perspective and only used qualitative data. A total of 53 incident reports were collected from volunteers, revealing that volunteers arrived before professionals in twothirds of incidents, contributing to an average gain of 5 minutes. Additionally, volunteers performed a broader range of tasks than previously described, and often continued collaboration with professionals on-site, despite the initial expectation of handing over tasks upon the arrival of professional response actors. Also, comparing this data with the rural model from Paper 2, similarities and differences emerged. For instance, there was a higher number of alerts, and the basic ICTs used for dispatch were deemed insufficient, contrary to the model's perception. The thesis’ scientific contribution is a clearer conception of digitalized co-production of, above all, local emergency response as an emerging phenomenon. In the three papers, the ICT dispatch was identified as central and needs further development to enhance this co-production form. The thesis also sheds light on the need to integrate the initiatives into the official governmental frameworks. Furthermore, the thesis provides a primary understanding of how the concept works on the ground and provides an initial evaluation of the effects. In the practical field, the thesis offers insights into the importance of volunteers as additional resources to the official response systems, highlights challenges, hindrances, and enablers, and suggests potential solutions and improvements. Future work will include a further collection of incident reports for more reliable assessments and complementary interviews with volunteers. Also, the potential role of volunteers in larger crises, for example, as part of civil preparedness, will be further explored. Samhällsutmaningar, såsom klimatförändring och det nuvarande globala säkerhetsläget leder till en ökning av storskaliga kriser. Samtidigt måste frekventa, mindre olyckor (till exempel bostadsbränder och trafikolyckor) även fortsättningsvis. Stora kriser kräver omedelbar hantering men frekventa olyckor leder också till förlust och skador på liv och egendom. Båda innebär en stor belastning på professionella räddningsaktörer. Ett sätt att hantera utmaningarna är samarbetet med frivilliga aktörer i räddningsinsatser. Utvecklingen av information och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) spelar en central roll här eftersom tekniken underlättar tvåvägskommunikation mellan professionella räddningsaktörer (tex räddningstjänst, ambulanssjukvård och larmoperatörer) och frivilliga aktörer. De flesta studier på området fokuserar på spontanfrivilliga som använder sociala medier för krishantering medan färre studier fokuserar på mer organiserade former av frivillighet på lokal nivå och för mindre olyckor. För mer än 10 år sedan initierade en kommunal räddningstjänst i norra Sverige ett initiativ för att rekrytera civila frivilliga som första insatspersoner. Initiativet innebär att de civila insatspersonerna utbildas för att utföra vissa uppgifter, till exempel hjärt-lungräddning, och släcka mindre bränder. De utrustas med enkel utrustning och larmas ut på vissa typer av olyckor med hjälp av grundläggande IKT som SMSlistor eller specialutvecklade appar. Över tid har initiativet spridit sig till fler områden och alltfler räddningstjänster och nationella myndigheter ser att första insatspersoner kan bidra till kortare responstider, vilket minskar antalet skadade människor och mindre materiell förlust. I litteraturen benämns detta fenomen ibland som en framväxande form av digitaliserad samproduktion av offentliga tjänster. Tidigare studier pekar också på ett kunskapsgap när det gäller att beskriva och konceptualisera sådan samproduktion. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att beskriva hur dessa initiativ uppstår och utvecklas över tid och identifiera de relaterade effekterna på räddningssystemet. Detta för att kunna ge rekommendationer om hur initiativen kan utvecklas och stödjas. Avhandlingen består av tre delstudier (artiklar). Artikel 1 identifierar hur den befintliga litteraturen beskriver IKT-aktiverat/digitaliserat frivilligarbete vid stora kriser och mindre lokala olyckor. Artikel 2 beskriver hur initiativ uppstår, fungerar och kan upprätthållas över tid vid mindre olyckor. Artikel 3 utvärderar initialt de civila insatspersonernas bidrag till räddningsinsatser. Avhandlingen genomförs som en fallstudie, inspirerad av aktionsforskning där en kombination av datainsamlingsmetoder använts, till exempel en litteraturöversikt, intervjuer och händelserapporter ifyllda av frivilliga. Teoretiska perspektiv runt IKTaktiverad/ digitaliserad samproduktion av offentliga tjänster tillämpas i dataanalysen. Första artikeln är en litteraturöversikt kring digitaliserad frivillighet i kriser och frekventa olyckor. Den visar att insatser av spontanfrivilliga i kriser och sociala medier som en form av "crowdsourcing" är ett väl diskuterat område. Ibland benämns som "digitaliserad frivillighet" och inkluderar både virtuella och fysiska bidrag från frivilliga responsinsatser. Ett fåtal studier fokuserar på frivilligas bidrag till mindre men samtidigt mer frekventa olyckor. När de gör det kallas konceptet ofta "hybrid" IKT-aktiverad eller digitaliserad samproduktion av räddningsinsatser. Hybrid avser här att insatspersonerna samverkar med den kommunala räddningstjänsten men utan officiellt bindande avtal. Därför befinner de sig någonstans mellan spontant och organiserat frivilligarbete. Båda typerna av frivillighet kan stödja de professionella insatssystemen och har liknande behov av styrning, ekonomiskt stöd, samordning och integration av teknik i de professionella responsssystemen. Stora kriser har dock större behov av koordinering för att hantera osäkerheter, risker och undvika "information overload". Den andra artikeln beskriver de digitaliserade hybrida initiativen definierade i Artikel 1 och hur de kan stödjas. Detta genom tre modeller, där två av modellerna relaterar till lokal nivå och stad respektive landsbygd. Den tredje relaterar till nationellt stöd och styrning. Modellerna inkluderar tre faser: Rekrytering, Respons och Underhåll. Varje modell uppvisar likheter och olikheter. I landsbygdsområden finns till exempel ett behov av mer regelbunden träning på grund av låg utlarmningsfrekvens, och det går att använda enkla IKT-lösningar som kostnadseffektiva alternativ. Å andra sidan har stadsområden fler utlarmningar, vilket kräver mer avancerade IKT-lösningar, men samtidigt mindre regelbunden träning då de civila insatspersonerna får mer erfarenhet. På makronivå identifieras roller och uppfifter som nationella aktörer kan ta, såsom att underlätta ett gemensamt applikationsprogrammeringsgränssnitt (API), erbjuda gemensamma försäkringslösningar och utveckla ett IKT-system som kan registrera inkommande och aktiva insatspersoner. Artikel 3 syftar till att initialt utvärdera hur de digitaliserade initiativen fungerar på skadeplatser genom att fokusera på utlarmning, uppskattade responstider, utförda uppgifter, samarbete med professionella, etc. Med andra ord att initialt titta på initiativens effekter. En händelserapport distribuerades till civila insatspersoner och resulterade i 53 ifyllda rapporter. De visar bland annat att insatspersonerna anlände före professionella i två tredjedelar av insatserna och bidrog till en genomsnittlig tidsvinst på 5 minuter. Dessutom visar resultatet att de civila insatspersonerna utför en större bredd av uppgifter än vad tidigare beskrivits inom initiativen och dessutom ofta fortsätter samarbeta med professionella aktörer när de senare anlänt. De civila insatserpersonerna är även villiga att medverka vid storskaliga kriser. Jämfört med landsbygdsmodellen från Artikel 2 framkom likheter och skillnader. Till exempel var det så pass många larm att de IKT-lösningar som användes för att skicka ut larmen bedömdes som otillräckliga och behöver utvecklas. Detta visar även på att modellen behöver revideras och förfinas. Avhandlingens vetenskapliga bidrag är ökad kunskap om det framväxande fenomenet digitaliserad samproduktion (civila insatspersoner som förstainsatsaktörer) av räddningsinsatser. I alla tre artiklarna identifierades IKT-stödet som centralt och som behöver vidareutvecklas för att upprätthålla och förbättra denna form av samproduktion. Avhandlingen belyser också behovet av nationell koordinering och stöd. Vidare ger avhandlingen en primär förståelse för hur konceptet fungerar i praktiken och en initial utvärdering av effekter av att använda insatspersoner. För praktiker ger avhandlingen kunskap om civila insatsperson som ytterligare resurser till de professionella responssystemen, identifierar utmaningar, hinder och möjliggörare, samt föreslår potentiella lösningar och förbättringar. Framtida arbeten kommer att inkludera ytterligare insamling av händelserapporter för mer tillförlitlig utvärdering och kompletterande intervjuer med insatspersoner. Dessutom kommer den potentiella rollen för civila insatspersoner i större kriser, till exempel som en del av civil beredskap, att utforskas vidare.