Download or read book A Study of Sodium Fires written by J. D. Gracie and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A STUDY OF SODIUM FIRES written by and published by . This book was released on 1960 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study of sodium fires was performed to obtain detailed information on their characteristics and behavior in order to develop techniques for preventing, containing, and combatting them. lnvestigation was made of the technology of sodium fires, design criteria for improving the fire resistance of equipment and installations using sodium as a coolant, extinguishing materials and procedures for fighting sodium fires, and the evaluation of protective equipment. (auth).

Download or read book Study of the Physicochemical Properties of an Extinguishing Powder for Sodium Fires written by Nur Andriani Pramudita Kusumanindyah and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The French Atomic and alternatives Energy Commission (CEA) developed an effective powder capable of extinguishing sodium fire. It is a powder based on a mixture of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and low-hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.H2O) in a near eutectic proportion, with a melting temperature of around 500°C, associated with graphite. However, ever since the dismantling of several old sodium installations, CEA has at its disposal an important stock of unused powder batches. The idea of reutilizing these powders initiates the question about their efficiency to extinguish a sodium fire after long term storage. This study proposed the physicochemical analyses of these powders in order to identify their compositions and characteristics for different batches. The results highlight the presence of lithium sodium carbonate (LiNaCO3) and trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O), which are not mentioned in the patent. The aging experiments were developed to study the role of moisture and ambient carbon dioxide during the storage. The results showed that LiNaCO3 is sensitive to the presence of moisture, able to transform it into lithium carbonate and sodium carbonate monohydrate, meanwhile the latter reacts with water and carbon dioxide to form trona. A study of the formation of LiNaCO3 allowed the understanding of the fabrication method of the powder. This compound is found to be produced as the results of mechanochemical reactions between Li2CO3 and Na2CO3.H2O during the grinding process. The Chris(X)ti-Na experimental facility is built to understand the mechanisms of extinction especially related to the role of physicochemical properties on extinction. Two steps of extinction mechanisms are proposed that includes (1) the formation of liquid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and (2) the melting of eutectic carbonates. The first step can happen directly (via the direct reaction of trona and/or Na2CO3.H2O with Na(g) and/or Na2O(s)) or indirectly (via the decomposition reaction of trona and Na2CO3.H2O prior to reaction of H2O(g) released with Na(g) and Na2O(s)). Both reactions explore the possibility of hydrogen (H2) formation that might be represented by the flash flame observed prior to extinction. They also contribute to the rapid decrease of temperature due to the formation of liquid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a protective layer. This layer is essential to cover the sodium surface from prolonged contact with oxygen. The presence of trona appears to be not altering the extinction capacity of the powder. With the same amount of NaOH produced by both compounds, trona releases more quantity of H2 and more exothermic in terms of energy release than that of Na2CO3.H2O. Overall, 0.5-0.9 g of water is necessary to extinguish 19.6 cm2 of sodium pool fire, which equivalent to 1-2g of NaOH. Based on these tests, the minimum water content required for extinction is 5.6w%. Meanwhile, powders whose hydration water content is close to 13w% seem more likely to produce a high vigorous H2 flame prior to the extinction. The second step is considered to be slower than the previous step. The eutectic carbonates layer has higher viscosity than NaOH that makes it less beneficial to form sealed layer on the sodium surface. Therefore, its role might be less significant especially for the sodium fire starts at low temperature. Nevertheless, the effect is considered to be more important when applied to sodium fire at higher temperature (more than 500°C). Finally, the particle size apparently doesn't demonstrate a significant contribution in the extinguishing performance other than affecting the spreading performance.

Download or read book FFTF Sodium Fires and Blast Analysis Study written by Joram Hopenfeld and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book FFTF SODIUM FIRES AND BLAST ANALYSIS STUDY written by and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Survey of Suppression of Sodium Fires in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors written by Russell A. Hemstreet and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Techniques for Extinguishing Sodium Fires written by Chander Raju and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sodium Fire Accidents in Reactor Containment Volume written by P. R. Shire and published by . This book was released on 19?? with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Initial Experience with Large Sodium Fires Experiments LF 1 written by G. N. Lauben and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sodium Fire Aerosol Behaviour written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Behaviour in the Atmosphere of the Aerosol from a Sodium Fire written by W. S. Clough and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Description of the Sodium Fires Test Installation written by R. P. Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sodium Fires Design and Testing written by IAEA. International Working Group on Fast Reactors and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Guidelines for Sodium Fire Prevention Detection and Control written by and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book State of the art Review of Sodium Fire Analysis and Current Notions for Improvements written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sodium releases from postulated pipe ruptures, as well as failures of sodium handling equipment in liquid metal fast breeder reactors, may lead to substantial pressure-temperature transients in the sodium system cells, as well as in the reactor containment building. Sodium fire analyses are currently performed with analytical tools, such as the SPRAY, SOMIX, SPOOL-FIRE and SOFIRE-II codes. A review and evaluation of the state-of-the-art in sodium fire analysis is presented, and suggestions for further improvements are made. This work is based, in part, on studies made at Brookhaven National Laboratory during the past several years in the areas of model development and improvement associated with the accident analyses of LMFBRs.

Download or read book United States Position Paper on Sodium Fires written by and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When aerosols generated by sodium fires are released to the atmosphere, they are of concern in two primary areas. First, these aerosols may adversely impact the health of persons exposed to them. Second, the air intake ports that are used for reactor cooling might suffer restricted flow under high aerosol concentrations. We have performed studies related to both of these areas. The Gaussian plume atmospheric dispersion model (Slase 1968) is the most widely used approach for modeling the atmospheric concentration and deposition of aerosols for health impact assessments. We have compared predictions from one implementation of this model (Fields and Miller 1980) with actual measured air and ground concentrations for sodium aerosols released to the atmosphere (Miller, Fields, and Wiseman 1982). The observed values used in this study come from seven atmospheric sodium release tests conducted at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) during 1978 and 1979. An important consideration when evaluating the possible consequences of a sodium fire is the sodium aerosol concentration at the air intake ports that are used for reactor cooling, which may suffer restricted flow under high aerosol concentrations. We have devised and applied a methodology for estimating the concentration of aerosols released vertically and horizontally from building surfaces and monitored at other building surface points. We have used this methodology to make calculations that indicate the time development of aerosol buildup, and the maximum aerosol concentrations, at air intake ports. 12 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

Download or read book Characterization of Sodium Fires and Fission Products Progress Report October December 1975 LMFBR written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objectives of the research program are to develop a computer program for calculating two-dimensional, transient, natural-convection phenomena, such as those arising from various postulated sodium spill accidents in LMFBR heat transfer vaults, head compartments, containment buildings, and secondary heat transfer systems; to develop experimental programs and conduct tests that will characterize the behavior of sodium, sodium oxide, fuel, fission product, and other aerosols as they might be generated by various postulated LMFBR accident; and to determine by analysis and experiment the generation and transport of these aerosols with respect to source (location, type, and configuration) release dispersal, agglomeration attenuation, and removal for the entire course of events associated with real and hypothetical accident conditions.