Download or read book World War I in the Middle East How the Allied Campaigns in the Sinai and Palestine Rebuked the Popular Definitions of World War I Era Warfare written by Brendan Gillespie and published by Grin Publishing. This book was released on 2016-06-28 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Document from the year 2016 in the subject History Europe - Other Countries - Ages of World Wars, grade: A, The Ohio State University, language: English, abstract: World War I is most often explained in the context of how it was the terminal turning point in how warfare was waged, namely that World War I was when the weapons of industrial powers outpaced the type of head-on collision of massive numbers of men that had been the preemptive military strategy for millennia. This paper does not attempt to dispute this argument, instead it argues that while World War I was undoubtedly "a war that changed war," there was a campaign waged between major powers in World War I that can be deemed "traditional" in the sense that men and their actions decided the fate and outcome, versus the manufactured warfare fought elsewhere, especially the western front in Europe. This campaign was the war waged in the Middle East between the British and the Ottoman Turks over the contested territory of Palestine, which may well have been one of the last "traditional" campaigns fought on this Earth. By using primary sources from World War I and more contemporary material, this paper will compare how drastically different the Palestine campaign was compared to how people view World War I in popular memory. World War I often gets "squeezed" into an easy definition that can explain a truly "world" war. It is important for historians, students of history, and everyday world citizens however to understand that historical events, especially involving war, are often vastly more complicated and diverse than they are made out to be.
Download or read book The Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I written by Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the fighting *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Most books and documentaries about the First World War focus on the carnage of the Western Front, where Germany faced off against France, the British Empire, and their allies in a grueling slugfest that wasted millions of lives. The shattered landscape of the trenches has become symbolic of the war as a whole, and it is this experience that everyone associates with World War I, but that front was not the only experience. There was the more mobile Eastern Front, as well as mountain warfare in the Alps and scattered fighting in Africa and the Far East. There was also the Middle Eastern Front, in both the Levant and Mesopotamia, which captured the imagination of the European public. There, the British and their allies fought the Ottoman Turkish Empire under harsh desert conditions hundreds of miles from home, struggling for possession of places most people only knew from the Bible and the Koran. The campaign to protect British Egypt from Turkish invasion was especially important to the Allied war effort. The Turks sought to cut the Suez Canal, a vital supply route connecting the Mediterranean with British colonies in East Africa and India and Britain's allies in Australia and New Zealand. Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany quipped that the canal was the "jugular vein of the British Empire." Egypt at the outbreak of war was still nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, though British troops had been there since 1882, and the British ruled in all but name, with an Egyptian khedive as the supposed head of state. When the Ottoman Empire entered the war in late October of 1914, the British were quick to make Egypt a protectorate. With the Ottomans declaring jihad, or "holy war," against the Allies and calling for all Muslims to rise up, the British quickly removed Khedive Abbas Il Helmi, who was pro-German, and replaced him with the more tractable Hussein Kamel. It wasn't long into the campaign before the men had to march in that heat, pushing the Turks out of the Sinai and continuing into Palestine. The Turks suffered greatly in their marches as they prepared to attack Egypt, and the British would soon learn to appreciate what their enemies had been through. Massey noted, "There was a time when six miles a day in marching order was considered the utmost limit for infantry in the eastern desert. One day, when travelling light, during the battle of Romani, I tramped twelve miles and could get nobody to believe me. At the end of it I chanced upon the East Lancashire troops at Canterbury Siding, and could not move for two hours. Yet I have been a walker and runner from my youth up. I was fresher after a London to Brighton walk [about 50 miles], untrained, than at the finish of that desert twelve miles. And I was not carrying a sixth of the weight of the foot-sloggers. The fatigue of marching with the sun overhead was no light trial." For the men of the Allied and Ottoman armies, the land was as fearsome of an enemy as the men opposing them. The Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I: The History and Legacy of the British Empire's Victory Over the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East examines the history of this crucial but often overlooked campaign. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the campaign like never before.
Download or read book Palestine and World War I written by Haim Goren and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Palestine Campaign has become one of the most glorified military campaigns of the twentieth century. The last campaign fought by the Ottoman Army, and thus the last act of the once-mighty Ottoman Empire, the Palestine Campaign saw the British Army under General Allenby conquer the Holy Land, forcing the Turkish army back into Europe. Meanwhile the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement ensured the British and French would continue to influence the Middle East for the next 60 years. This front saw some of the most influential stories of the Great War, from T.E. Lawrence's Arab army in the desert, to General Allenby entering Jerusalem on foot in 1917. Palestine and World War I shows how the events of the Great War have left a lasting legacy in the Middle East.
Download or read book The First World War in the Middle East written by Kristian Coates Ulrichsen and published by Hurst & Company Limited. This book was released on 2014 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The First World War in the Middle East is an accessibly written military and social history of the clash of world empires in the Dardanelles, Egypt and Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia and the Caucasus. Coates Ulrichsen demonstrates how wartime exigencies shaped the parameters of the modern Middle East, and describes and assesses the major campaigns against the Ottoman Empire and Germany involving British and imperial troops from the French and Russian Empires, as well as their Arab and Armenian allies. Also documented are the enormous logistical demands placed on host societies by the Great Powers' conduct of industrialised warfare in hostile terrain. The resulting deepening of imperial penetration, and the extension of state controls across a heterogeneous sprawl of territories, generated a powerful backlash both during and immediately after the war, which played a pivotal role in shaping national identities as the Ottoman Empire was dismembered. This is a multidimensional account of the many seemingly discrete yet interlinked campaigns that resulted in one to one and a half million casualties. It details not just their military outcome but relates them to intelligence-gathering, industrial organisation, authoritarianism and the political economy of empires at war.
Download or read book The Middle East in World War I written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-11-03 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the campaigns *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading World War I, also known in its time as the "Great War" or the "War to End all Wars," was an unprecedented holocaust in terms of its sheer scale. Fought by men who hailed from all corners of the globe, it saw millions of soldiers do battle in brutal assaults of attrition which dragged on for months with little to no respite. Tens of millions of artillery shells and untold hundreds of millions of rifle and machine gun bullets were fired in a conflict that demonstrated man's capacity to kill each other on a heretofore unprecedented scale, and as always, such a war brought about technological innovation at a rate that made the boom of the Industrial Revolution seem stagnant. Early in the war, the Ottomans knew the Dardanelles strait would most certainly be attacked and had prepared significant defenses. The plan drafted by the then First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, was meant to destroy Ottoman defenses along the Dardanelles. However, Allied forces comprised of British, Irish, Australian and New Zealand troops were unable to penetrate the Ottoman defenses, advancing only about 100 meters from the shores. The Ottomans, led by German General Liman von Sanders, further reinforced their positions. The later attempt of the British to establish a new beachhead was more successful, yet the British government refused to send significant reinforcements. The successful defense of Gallipoli, however, convinced both Enver and Djemal that a second operation should be launched. Reinforcements arrived from Gallipoli and the Ottomans launched the second attempt in August 1916. British forces had, however, moved eastward toward Palestine, and they defeated the Ottoman forces at the Battle of Romani. The battle was the first clear British victory over the Ottomans and their German allies, resulting in a successful counter-offensive that led British General Edmund Allenby in Jerusalem. A final push with the Megiddo offensive and renewed campaign in Mesopotamia brought Entente forces even further into the Ottoman Empire. The war to push the Ottoman Empire out of the Middle East ended up being a total success, and it has had far-reaching ramifications in the past 100 years. The Turks lost control of the Levant, the Saudi peninsula, and Mesopotamia, but now it was up to the victors to determine what should happen with the diverse populations of Arabs, Kurds, Jews, Sunnis, Shia, Christians, Druze, and various other groups that lived in this vast region. Even before final victory, the British and the French had come to an agreement about how to divide up the spoils. On May 16, 1916, British diplomat Mark Sykes and his French counterpart Francois Georges-Picot signed what has become popularly known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement. It divided the conquered lands into spheres of influence. The French got direct control of what is now Lebanon, coastal Syria, and portions of southern Turkey. The British got control of much of what is now Iraq, Kuwait, and the east coast of Saudi Arabia. Between these two areas were a French sphere of influence and a British sphere of influence. The Holy Land was made an Allied Condominium, ruled jointly by Britain and France under the advisement of the other Allies and the Sharif of Mecca. The Middle East in World War I: The History and Legacy of the Biggest Campaigns in the Great War's Forgotten Theater examines the history of this crucial but often overlooked theater. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the Middle East in World War I like never before.
Download or read book British Military Intelligence in the Palestine Campaign 1914 1918 written by Yigal Sheffy and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the development and efficacy of Brtish military intelligence in the campaign against the Ottoman empire in Egypt and Palestine during the war.
Download or read book Incomplete Victory General Allenby And Mission Command In Palestine 1917 1918 written by LCDR Geronimo Nuño and published by Pickle Partners Publishing. This book was released on 2015-11-06 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Palestine Campaign of the First World War exhibited a fighting style that brought with it various challenges in mission command. While General Allenby, commanding the Allied Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), gained several victories in the early stages of the campaign, he did not comprehensively defeat the Turkish forces in Palestine. He drove them away from their defensive line, but they escaped, avoided destruction, and retreated north to re-establish a defense and engage the EEF at later date. This thesis argues that General Allenby did not achieve the great successes at the battles of Beersheba, Gaza, Sheria, and the pursuit of Turkish forces that ended with Allenby’s capture of Jerusalem. Instead, Allenby had to learn how to succeed in Palestine to finally destroy the armies of the Ottoman Empire in Palestine at the battle of Megiddo in September 1918. The research in this study highlights the mission command challenges in Allenby’s early campaigns and how he learned to overcome them and adapt his tactics to achieve complete victory at the battle of Megiddo. This thesis will use the tenets of mission command, consisting preparation, combined arms, prioritization of resources, and communication, to examine General Allenby’s Palestine campaign. Mission command, both a function of war and a philosophy of leadership comprises one of the key facets of military thought that leaders must consider in order to achieve complete victory.
Download or read book Palestine and World War I written by Eran Dolev and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Palestine Campaign has become one of the most glorified military campaigns of the twentieth century. The last campaign fought by the Ottoman Army, and thus the last act of the once-mighty Ottoman Empire, the Palestine Campaign saw the British Army under General Allenby conquer the Holy Land, forcing the Turkish army back into Europe. Meanwhile the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement ensured the British and French would continue to influence the Middle East for the next 60 years. This front saw some of the most influential stories of the Great War, from T.E. Lawrence's Arab army in the desert, to General Allenby entering Jerusalem on foot in 1917. Palestine and World War I shows how the events of the Great War have left a lasting legacy in the Middle East.
Download or read book Armageddon s Lost Lessons written by U. S. Military and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-30 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In September 1918, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) concluded its campaign in Palestine by routing the Turkish forces at the battle of Megiddo. Under command of British general Allenby, the EEF successfully executed one of the most decisive engagements in any theater of World War I. Ably employing and synchronizing infantry, cavalry, and air forces, Allenby provided future military professionals and historians with a shining illustration of the efficacy of combined arms operations. In terms of surprise, concentration, and operational balance of forces, the culmination of the Palestine campaign was a foreshadowing of the German blitzkrieg used in World War II. Unfortunately, the true lessons of Allenby's campaign were lost for future generations of military officers. Focusing on the culture and romanticism of the horse cavalry, students of the Palestine battles garnered little instruction on the emerging trends of combined arms operations that integrated air and ground mobility into a decisive operational-level weapon. This paper analyzes the reasons those in the profession of arms missed the lessons of airpower and its role in combined arms operations. It examines the context of the Middle Eastern theater of World War I, describing how "western front myopia" added to the overshadowing of operations conducted in Palestine. The paper also delves into the role of airpower in the Middle East and how Allenby integrated a relatively new weapon system into his force structure and operational planning and execution. Though largely unexplored by military professionals and historians, Allenby's final campaign in Palestine proved to be a momentous step in the evolution of combined arms operations. The myth of blitzkrieg that ensconced Hitler's forces in an aura of invulnerability during the opening phases of World War II has equally clouded history's view on the development of combined arms operations. While it appeared that a revolution in warfare was taking place on the European continent in the spring of 1940, a foreshadowing of blitzkrieg had taken place in the deserts of Palestine less than a quarter century before. There, on 19 September 1918, infantry, cavalry, and air forces under command of Gen Edmund H. H. "Bull" Allenby stormed through Turkish defenses at the battle of Megiddo. It was one of the greatest exhibitions of mobility and pursuit in the history of World War I and ultimately led to the surrender of the Ottoman Empire. In an era of costly trench warfare, Megiddo represented near perfection for the British in their use of combined arms operations and, in the process, enthralled both press and public. For all its impact on popular sentiment at the time-its impact on the overall war effort was debated heatedly among British leadership in 1918-Megiddo appears to be more a foreshadowing of blitzkrieg than an influence on doctrinal development. In The Roots of Blitzkrieg, author James Corum gives no indication that the Palestine theater impacted German military reform during the interwar period. The British, for their part, appear to have missed a rare opportunity to learn what Megiddo might hold for the future of warfare. Focusing on the romanticism of the "last cavalry charge" instead of on the efficacy of combined arms operations, conservative military leaders saw the battle only as an illustration of the cavalry's enduring role as the arme blanche. Had they looked beyond their traditional mounts, one could argue that military leaders may have been better prepared to confront the Germans in the battles of 1940 to 1942.
Download or read book Israel in Search of War written by Motti Golani and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines the events of the Sinai Campaign of 1955-56. The Suez Crisis and the Sinai Campaign, were the final stage in a process rather than an autonomous episode.
Download or read book Middle Eastern Theatre of World War I written by Source Wikipedia and published by University-Press.org. This book was released on 2013-09 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 82. Chapters: Gallipoli Campaign, Sinai and Palestine Campaign, Caucasus Campaign, Persian Campaign, Mesopotamian campaign, Palestine Railways, Egyptian Camel Transport Corps, Arab Revolt, South Arabia during World War I, Egyptian Labour Corps, List of commanders in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I, McMahon letters, South Persia Rifles, Battle of Manzikert, Arab Bureau, Campaigns of the Arab Revolt, Caucasus Front.
Download or read book The Great War in the Middle East written by Robert Johnson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-02-14 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traditionally, in general studies of the First World War, the Middle East is an arena of combat that has been portrayed in romanticised terms, in stark contrast to the mud, blood, and presumed futility of the Western Front. Battles fought in Egypt, Palestine, Mesopotamia, and Arabia offered a different narrative on the Great War, one in which the agency of individual figures was less neutered by heavy artillery. As with the historiography of the Western Front, which has been the focus of sustained inquiry since the mid-1960s, such assumptions about the Middle East have come under revision in the last two decades – a reflection of an emerging ‘global turn’ in the history of the First World War. The ‘sideshow’ theatres of the Great War – Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and the Pacific – have come under much greater scrutiny from historians. The fifteen chapters in this volume cover a broad range of perspectives on the First World War in the Middle East, from strategic planning issues wrestled with by statesmen through to the experience of religious communities trying to survive in war zones. The chapter authors look at their specific topics through a global lens, relating their areas of research to wider arguments on the history of the First World War.
Download or read book MILITARY OPERATIONS EGYPT PALESTINE written by Lt. -Gen. George MacMunn and published by Naval & Military Press. This book was released on 2023-09-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume in the Official History of The Great War covers the early stages of the Middle East theatre - from the outbreak of war to June 1917. After a brief background to the situation in Egypt in August 1914, and the opening of hostilities with Turkey at the end of October, this volume concerns itself with the defence of Egypt against invasion by the Turks from the east and their allied Arab tribesman of the western desert; the role of Egypt in the concentration of forces for, and subsequent evacuation of, Gallipoli; the expulsion of the Turks from the Sinai Peninsula; and concludes with the First and Second Battles of Gaza. It also includes the early stages of the Arab campaign against the Turks in the Hejaz - immortalised by Col. T.E. Lawrence 'of Arabia'.
Download or read book Strategy and Tactics of the Egypt and Palestine Campaign With Details of the 1917 18 Operations Illustrating the Principles of War written by A. Kearsey and published by . This book was released on 2006-06-01 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The British Imperial Army in the Middle East written by James E. Kitchen and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The First World War has often been understood in terms of the combat experiences of soldiers on the Western Front; those combatants who served in the other theatres of the war have been neglected. Using personal testimonies, official documentation and detailed research from a diverse range of archives, The British Imperial Army in the Middle East explores the combat experiences of these soldiers. The army that fought the Ottoman Empire was a multinational and multi-ethnic force, drawing personnel from across Britain's empire, including Australia, New Zealand, and India. By taking a transnational and imperial perspective on the First World War, this book ensures that the campaigns in Egypt and Palestine are considered in the wider context of an empire mobilised to fight a total and global war."--Bloomsbury Publishing.
Download or read book The Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I written by Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2017-05-09 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes accounts of the campaign *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading "With hindsight, it is easy to see why a slim, self-effacing Englishman named Thomas Edward Lawrence became one of this century's most ballyhooed celebrities. Out of the appalling carnage of World War I - the mud-caked anonymity of the trenches, the hail of mechanized death that spewed from machine guns and fell from airplanes - there emerged a lone Romantic, framed heroically against the clean desert sands of Arabia." - Paul Gray Most books and documentaries about the First World War focus on the carnage of the Western Front, where Germany faced off against France, the British Empire, and their allies in a grueling slugfest that wasted millions of lives. The shattered landscape of the trenches has become symbolic of the war as a whole, and it is this experience that everyone associates with World War I, but that front was not the only experience. There was the more mobile Eastern Front, as well as mountain warfare in the Alps and scattered fighting in Africa and the Far East. Then there was the Middle Eastern Front, fought across the Levant and Mesopotamia, which captured the imagination of the European public. There, the British and their allies fought the Ottoman Turkish Empire under harsh desert conditions hundreds of miles from home, struggling for possession of places most people only knew from the Bible and the Koran. The war to push the Ottoman Empire out of the Middle East ended up being a total success, and it has had far-reaching ramifications in the past 100 years. The Turks lost control of the Levant, the Saudi peninsula, and Mesopotamia, but now it was up to the victors to determine what should happen with the diverse populations of Arabs, Kurds, Jews, Sunnis, Shia, Christians, Druze, and various other groups that lived in this vast region. Even before final victory, the British and the French had come to an agreement about how to divide up the spoils. On May 16, 1916, British diplomat Mark Sykes and his French counterpart Francois Georges-Picot signed what has become popularly known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement. It divided the conquered lands into spheres of influence. The French got direct control of what is now Lebanon, coastal Syria, and portions of southern Turkey. The British got control of much of what is now Iraq, Kuwait, and the east coast of Saudi Arabia. Between these two areas were a French sphere of influence and a British sphere of influence. The Holy Land was made an Allied Condominium, ruled jointly by Britain and France under the advisement of the other Allies and the Sharif of Mecca. In the end, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire drew up borders that ignored local populations, although with the patchwork of groups in the region, it would have been difficult to create even small countries with any sort of ethnic, tribal, or religious homogeneity. Instead, the resulting nation-states were conglomerates of minorities, paving the way for generations of conflict the region is still experiencing today. When Edward House, U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy advisor, heard of the agreement from his British counterpart, Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, he remarked, "It is all bad and I told Balfour so. They are making it a breeding place for future war." The Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I: The History and Legacy of the Allied Victory that Led to the Breakup of the Ottoman Empire examines the history of this crucial but often overlooked campaign. Along with pictures of important people, places, and events, you will learn about the campaign like never before.
Download or read book Australia s Palestine Campaign written by Jean Bou and published by Australian Army Campaigns Series. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Apart from the battle of Beersheba, the Palestine Campaign receives little attention in Australia compared to Gallipoli and the Western Front. With nearly two mounted divisions engaged against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East for almost three years, however, it was Australia's longest running militarily significant endeavour of the First World War after the Western Front. In contrast to the years of grinding trench warfare in France and Belgium, the Palestine Campaign was a war of relative movement and manoeuvre. Cavalry, including Australia's light horse, played a prominent role, but it was a hard fought fully modern war, in which the latest military technologies and techniques were all used"--Back cover.
