Download or read book Women Empowerment and Infant and Child Mortality written by Heather Megan Griffis and published by . This book was released on 2023-11-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Empowerment and demographic outcomes has grown, despite the increase in empowerment research, findings on the relationship between empowerment and demographic indicators are inconsistent. Particularly in the health and mortality literature, this inconsistency is due to several factors, including differing definitions, measures, and social contexts of empowerment. The inclusion of social networks and social institutions may better inform the definitions and measurement of empowerment. Data for this study comes from the 2004 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey from 5,982 mothers with 8,286 infants and children. Multivariate logistic hazard models, conducted separately for infants and children, investigate how demographic, socioeconomic, proximate, and empowerment measures are related to child mortality. Results show that household wealth is an important factor related to both infant and child mortality. For children, this relationship is mediated by other demographic factors. For both infants and children, being born to a mother who is divorced increases the odds of death (although this is mediated by birth characteristics for infants). (decision-making about visiting family or friends and control over contact with family) is an important factor related to mortality. For children, if the final say about health care decisions are made by the husband (or someone else), the likelihood of mortality increases. However, despite these significant findings, the majority of empowerment measures are not significantly related to both infant and child mortality.

Download or read book Women s Empowerment and Infant and Child Mortality written by Heather Megan Griffis and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Over the past several decades, research investigating the relationship between women's empowerment and demographic outcomes has grown. Despite the increase in empowerment research, findings on the relationship between empowerment and demographic indicators are inconsistent. Particularly in the health and mortality literature, this inconsistency is due to several factors, including differing definitions, measures, and social contexts of empowerment. The inclusion of social networks and social institutions may better inform the definitions and measurement of empowerment. Data for this study comes from the 2004 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey from 5,982 mothers with 8,286 infants and children. Multivariate logistic hazard models, conducted separately for infants and children, investigate how demographic, socioeconomic, proximate, and empowerment measures are related to child mortality. Results show that household wealth is an important factor related to both infant and child mortality. For children, this relationship is mediated by other demographic factors. For both infants and children, being born to a mother who is divorced increases the odds of death (although this is mediated by birth characteristics for infants). For infants, a mother's control over mobility (decision-making about visiting family or friends and control over contact with family) is an important factor related to mortality. For children, if the final say about health care decisions are made by the husband (or someone else), the likelihood of mortality increases. However, despite these significant findings, the majority of empowerment measures are not significantly related to both infant and child mortality. Possible alternative measures of women's empowerment are discussed.

Download or read book Women Empowerment and Child Survival written by M. K. Jayamohan and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dual role of women in developing countries, both as income earner and family care provider has emerged as an important issue in the discussion on women empowerment. This research examined the relationship between women s economic roles and child survival in south India by using National Family and Health Survey round 3 (NFHS 3) data of 2005-06 and NFHS 2 of 1998-99.Appropriate statistics and econometrics methods are used to answer the research questions and to test the hypothesis. To identify the causation between economic roles of women and child survival, the Cox Proportional Hazard model is used. In the present analysis all the determinants of infant and child mortality are considered along with the factors related to women s economic roles. The mortality of infant and child is found to depend on environmental, biological, socio- economic and behavioural factors. The employment status of women is proved to be a significant determinant of child mortality. Children of employed mothers are more vulnerable to mortality than non employed mothers.

Download or read book Understanding the Relationship Between Maternal Education and Infant under Five Child Mortality in India written by Meenakshi Trichur Ramasubramanian and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women's education lowers child mortality rate in developing countries. My research question is "What are the intervening variables involved in the process that lead to a relationship between maternal education and infant/under five child mortality in India?" The dependent variable is infant/under five child mortality and the independent variables are maternal education, women's empowerment indicators, women's autonomy indicators, knowledge acquisition measure and decision-making regarding reproductive behavior and child care measure. I argue that the causal link between maternal education to child survival is due to impact of education on women's empowerment and autonomy (both in absolute and relative terms). Women's social status (empowerment and autonomy) improves with education, which has an impact on their ability to acquire knowledge and make decisions regarding their reproductive behavior and child care.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 2 written by Robert Black and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2016-04-11 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The evaluation of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health (RMNCH) by the Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition (DCP3) focuses on maternal conditions, childhood illness, and malnutrition. Specifically, the chapters address acute illness and undernutrition in children, principally under age 5. It also covers maternal mortality, morbidity, stillbirth, and influences to pregnancy and pre-pregnancy. Volume 3 focuses on developments since the publication of DCP2 and will also include the transition to older childhood, in particular, the overlap and commonality with the child development volume. The DCP3 evaluation of these conditions produced three key findings: 1. There is significant difficulty in measuring the burden of key conditions such as unintended pregnancy, unsafe abortion, nonsexually transmitted infections, infertility, and violence against women. 2. Investments in the continuum of care can have significant returns for improved and equitable access, health, poverty, and health systems. 3. There is a large difference in how RMNCH conditions affect different income groups; investments in RMNCH can lessen the disparity in terms of both health and financial risk.

Download or read book The Importance of Women s Status for Child Nutrition in Developing Countries written by Lisa C. Smith and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2003 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until recently the role of women's social status in determining their children's nutritional health went largely unnoticed. That is, until researchers began to ponder the Asian Enigma- the question of why malnutrition is much more prevalent among children in South Asia than in Sub-Saharan Africa, even though South Asia surpasses Sub-Saharan Africa in most of the principal determinants of child nutrition. This report uses data from 36 countries in three developing regions to establish empirically that women's status, defined as women's power relative to men's, is an important determinant of children's nutritional status. It finds that the pathways through which status influences child nutrition and the strength of that influence differ considerably from one region to another. Where women's status is low, this research proves unequivocally that policies to eradicate gender discrimination not only benefit women but also their children.

Download or read book Young Married Womens Space in Determining Their Reproductive and Infant Health written by Nayak Hiralal and published by Infotech. This book was released on 2022-12-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction Young married women are considered to be crucial for all matters related to their reproductive health. Since they are the ones who bear children and are typically the primary caregivers in households, their role is critical for improving maternal and child health as well as achieving desired demographic goals. The empowerment of women to influence their and children's health has been an essential issue in public debates and is interpreted in various ways. In order to translate empowerment from a broad concept to easily understandable practices and events, various studies have looked at different aspects of empowerment. The broad angles through which their empowerment is viewed are: (1) women's autonomy, (2) their mobility, (3) their decision-making, and (4) their relationship with their husbands. Nevertheless, gender roles and responsibilities remain the focal point in all stages of women's empowerment.

Download or read book Greater Investments in Children Through Women s Empowerment written by Valerie L. Durrant and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Reducing Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia written by Indonesian Academy of Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-12-26 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Republic of Indonesia, home to over 240 million people, is the world's fourth most populous nation. Ethnically, culturally, and economically diverse, the Indonesian people are broadly dispersed across an archipelago of more than 13,000 islands. Rapid urbanization has given rise to one megacity (Jakarta) and to 10 other major metropolitan areas. And yet about half of Indonesians make their homes in rural areas of the country. Indonesia, a signatory to the United Nations Millennium Declaration, has committed to achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). However, recent estimates suggest that Indonesia will not achieve by the target date of 2015 MDG 4 - reduction by two-thirds of the 1990 under - 5 infant mortality rate (number of children under age 5 who die per 1,000 live births) - and MDG 5 - reduction by three-quarters of the 1990 maternal mortality ratio (number of maternal deaths within 28 days of childbirth in a given year per 100,000 live births). Although much has been achieved, complex and indeed difficult challenges will have to be overcome before maternal and infant mortality are brought into the MDG-prescribed range. Reducing Maternal and Neonatal Mortality in Indonesia is a joint study by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the Indonesian Academy of Sciences that evaluates the quality and consistency of the existing data on maternal and neonatal mortality; devises a strategy to achieve the Millennium Development Goals related to maternal mortality, fetal mortality (stillbirths), and neonatal mortality; and identifies the highest priority interventions and proposes steps toward development of an effective implementation plan. According to the UN Human Development Index (HDI), in 2012 Indonesia ranked 121st out of 185 countries in human development. However, over the last 20 years the rate of improvement in Indonesia\'s HDI ranking has exceeded the world average. This progress may be attributable in part to the fact that Indonesia has put considerable effort into meeting the MDGs. This report is intended to be a contribution toward achieving the Millennium Development Goals.

Download or read book Global Health and the Future Role of the United States written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-10-05 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While much progress has been made on achieving the Millenium Development Goals over the last decade, the number and complexity of global health challenges has persisted. Growing forces for globalization have increased the interconnectedness of the world and our interdependency on other countries, economies, and cultures. Monumental growth in international travel and trade have brought improved access to goods and services for many, but also carry ongoing and ever-present threats of zoonotic spillover and infectious disease outbreaks that threaten all. Global Health and the Future Role of the United States identifies global health priorities in light of current and emerging world threats. This report assesses the current global health landscape and how challenges, actions, and players have evolved over the last decade across a wide range of issues, and provides recommendations on how to increase responsiveness, coordination, and efficiency â€" both within the U.S. government and across the global health field.

Download or read book The Rebirth of Education written by Lant Pritchett and published by CGD Books. This book was released on 2013-09-30 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite great progress around the world in getting more kids into schools, too many leave without even the most basic skills. In India’s rural Andhra Pradesh, for instance, only about one in twenty children in fifth grade can perform basic arithmetic. The problem is that schooling is not the same as learning. In The Rebirth of Education, Lant Pritchett uses two metaphors from nature to explain why. The first draws on Ori Brafman and Rod Beckstrom’s book about the difference between centralized and decentralized organizations, The Starfish and the Spider. Schools systems tend be centralized and suffer from the limitations inherent in top-down designs. The second metaphor is the concept of isomorphic mimicry. Pritchett argues that many developing countries superficially imitate systems that were successful in other nations— much as a nonpoisonous snake mimics the look of a poisonous one. Pritchett argues that the solution is to allow functional systems to evolve locally out of an environment pressured for success. Such an ecosystem needs to be open to variety and experimentation, locally operated, and flexibly financed. The only main cost is ceding control; the reward would be the rebirth of education suited for today’s world.

Download or read book Voice and Agency written by Jeni Klugman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2014-09-29 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite recent advances in important aspects of the lives of girls and women, pervasive challenges remain. These challenges reflect widespread deprivations and constraints and include epidemic levels of gender-based violence and discriminatory laws and norms that prevent women from owning property, being educated, and making meaningful decisions about their own lives--such as whether and when to marry or have children. These often violate their most basic rights and are magnified and multiplied by poverty and lack of education. This groundbreaking book distills vast data and hundreds of studies to shed new light on deprivations and constraints facing the voice and agency of women and girls worldwide, and on the associated costs for individuals, families, communities, and global development. The volume presents major new findings about the patterns of constraints and overlapping deprivations and focuses on several areas key to women s empowerment: freedom from violence, sexual and reproductive health and rights, ownership of land and housing, and voice and collective action. It highlights promising reforms and interventions from around the world and lays out an urgent agenda for governments, civil society, development agencies, and other stakeholders, including a call for greater investment in data and knowledge to benchmark progress.

Download or read book Reducing Birth Defects written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-10-27 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each year more than 4 million children are born with birth defects. This book highlights the unprecedented opportunity to improve the lives of children and families in developing countries by preventing some birth defects and reducing the consequences of others. A number of developing countries with more comprehensive health care systems are making significant progress in the prevention and care of birth defects. In many other developing countries, however, policymakers have limited knowledge of the negative impact of birth defects and are largely unaware of the affordable and effective interventions available to reduce the impact of certain conditions. Reducing Birth Defects: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World includes descriptions of successful programs and presents a plan of action to address critical gaps in the understanding, prevention, and treatment of birth defects in developing countries. This study also recommends capacity building, priority research, and institutional and global efforts to reduce the incidence and impact of birth defects in developing countries.

Download or read book Women s involvement in intra household decision making and infant and young child feeding practices in central Asia No 2 written by Abdurazzakova, Dilnovoz and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-12-30 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the relationship between women’s empowerment and infant and young child feeding practices in Central Asia using Demographic and Health Survey data from 1995–2017. We employ a measure of women’s empowerment with three distinct dimensions available for a subset of recent surveys as well as a measure of a woman’s decision-making power over use of her own income present in all surveys. We identify a positive association between a woman’s decision making power—a measure of her instrumental agency—and adherence to World Health Organization–recommended feeding practices related to achieving minimum dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet. We find little significant association between a woman’s attitude toward domestic violence, or her degree of social independence, and adherence to recommended feeding practices. Our results further show that women’s decision-making power has the greatest predictive power for adherence to optimal feeding practices among mothers living with a mother-in-law. In contrast, child gender and household poverty do not emerge as important moderators of the relationship between women’s empowerment and feeding practices. We thus provide evidence from Central Asia, a substantially under-studied region, that policies and programs expanding women’s decision-making power can improve child nutrition—especially when directed at extended households in which mothers cohabitate with in-laws. They suggest that all children would benefit—regardless of child gender and availability of complementary household resources.

Download or read book The Association Between Women s Empowerment and Uptake of Child Health Services written by Augustine Ndaimani and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Women s Empowerment and Nutrition written by Mara van den Bold and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2013-11-01 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many development programs that aim to alleviate poverty and improve investments in human capital consider women’s empowerment a key pathway by which to achieve impact and often target women as their main beneficiaries. Despite this, women’s empowerment dimensions are often not rigorously measured and are at times merely assumed. This paper starts by reflecting on the concept and measurement of women’s empowerment and then reviews some of the structural interventions that aim to influence underlying gender norms in society and eradicate gender discrimination. It then proceeds to review the evidence of the impact of three types of interventions—cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs—on women’s empowerment, nutrition, or both. Qualitative evidence on conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs generally points to positive impacts on women’s empowerment, although quantitative research findings are more heterogenous. CCT programs produce mixed results on long-term nutritional status, and very limited evidence exists of their impacts on micronutrient status. The little evidence available on unconditional cash transters (UCT) indicates mixed impacts on women’s empowerment and positive impacts on nutrition; however, recent reviews comparing CCT and UCT programs have found little difference in terms of their effects on stunting and they have found that conditionality is less important than other factors, such as access to healthcare and child age and sex. Evidence of cash transfer program impacts depending on the gender of the transfer recipient or on the conditionality is also mixed, although CCTs with non-health conditionalities seem to have negative impacts on nutritional status. The impacts of programs based on the gender of the transfer recipient show mixed results, but almost no experimental evidence exists of testing gender-differentiated impacts of a single program. Agricultural interventions—specifically home gardening and dairy projects—show mixed impacts on women’s empowerment measures such as time, workload, and control over income; but they demonstrate very little impact on nutrition. Implementation modalities are shown to determine differential impacts in terms of empowerment and nutrition outcomes. With regard to the impact of microfinance on women’s empowerment, evidence is also mixed, although more recent reviews do not find any impact on women’s empowerment. The impact of microfinance on nutritional status is mixed, with no evidence of impact on micronutrient status. Across all three types of programs (cash transfer programs, agricultural interventions, and microfinance programs), very little evidence exists on pathways of impact, and evidence is often biased toward a particular region. The paper ends with a discussion of the findings and remaining evidence gaps and an outline of recommendations for research.

Download or read book Impact of Women s Status on Infant Mortality Rate written by S. V. Kavitha and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infant Mortality Rate, a measure of child survival is considered to be one of the strongest indicators of a country's well being as it reflects the Socio-economic and Environmental conditions in which children live including their health care. Reducing IMR is one of three main indicators which as been used to monitor child health under MDG. Particularly in India since more attention is being given to women education, women employment since there is a positive impact of these factors on the status of the child in general and IMR in particular. The educational level, employment status and age at marriage are the three variables considered to represent the status of women and were ran against IMR to know the relationship at national as well as regional level. Evidence is presented of a inverse relationship between the status of women and IMR. The present study shows that it makes a different whether we use relative are absolute measure's of women's status, and it shows that in additions to women's educational status of the dimensions of women particularly are economic status whether she is employed, her autonomy are also important predictors of IMR.