EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

EBookClubs

Read Books & Download eBooks Full Online

Book Willpower

    Book Details:
  • Author : Roy F. Baumeister
  • Publisher : Penguin
  • Release : 2011-09-01
  • ISBN : 1101543779
  • Pages : 303 pages

Download or read book Willpower written by Roy F. Baumeister and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. "Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read." —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control.

Book The Willpower Instinct

Download or read book The Willpower Instinct written by Kelly McGonigal and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2013-12-31 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on Stanford University psychologist Kelly McGonigal's wildly popular course "The Science of Willpower," The Willpower Instinct is the first book to explain the science of self-control and how it can be harnessed to improve our health, happiness, and productivity. Informed by the latest research and combining cutting-edge insights from psychology, economics, neuroscience, and medicine, The Willpower Instinct explains exactly what willpower is, how it works, and why it matters. For example, readers will learn: • Willpower is a mind-body response, not a virtue. It is a biological function that can be improved through mindfulness, exercise, nutrition, and sleep. • Willpower is not an unlimited resource. Too much self-control can actually be bad for your health. • Temptation and stress hijack the brain's systems of self-control, but the brain can be trained for greater willpower • Guilt and shame over your setbacks lead to giving in again, but self-forgiveness and self-compassion boost self-control. • Giving up control is sometimes the only way to gain self-control. • Willpower failures are contagious—you can catch the desire to overspend or overeat from your friends­­—but you can also catch self-control from the right role models. In the groundbreaking tradition of Getting Things Done, The Willpower Instinct combines life-changing prescriptive advice and complementary exercises to help readers with goals ranging from losing weight to more patient parenting, less procrastination, better health, and greater productivity at work.

Book The Science of Self Discipline

Download or read book The Science of Self Discipline written by Peter Hollins and published by PublishDrive. This book was released on 2019-08-13 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Your best intentions are not enough. Learn to scientifically engineer a disciplined life, become relentless, and never give up. Whatever you want in your life, self-discipline is the missing piece. Goals will remain dreams if you make the mistake of relying on motivation and your best drawn plans. The Science of Self-Discipline is a deep look into what allows us to resist our worst impulses and simply execute, achieve, produce, and focus. Every principle is scientifically-driven and dissected to as be actionable and helpful as possible. You’ll learn how top performers consistently exercise self-discipline, as well as what drives us on an instinctual, psychological level to act. This isn’t just a book; it’s a roadmap to the human psyche and will allow you to accomplish exactly what you set out to do, every time. When you understand what drives your cravings and the true roots of self-discipline, you’ll be able to rise above your temporary discomfort and focus on what really matters. Discover every factor that impacts self-discipline for better or worse. Break free of excuses, distractions, laziness, and temptations. Peter Hollins has studied psychology and peak human performance for over a dozen years and is a bestselling author. He has worked with dozens of individuals to unlock their potential and path towards success. His writing draws on his academic, coaching, and research experience. Beat instant gratification and create limitless motivation. •The biological basis of self-discipline - and why it’s beneficial to you. •Discipline tactics for high performers such as Navy SEALs. •Diagnosing what motivates you, what drains you, and what moves you emotionally. •Engineering an environment and social circle that boosts self-discipline. Form productive habits to increase your focus, strengthen your resolve, and stop giving up from boredom or frustration. •Why choosing two marshmallows over one matters. •Four questions for any potential lapse in willpower. •The interplay between habits, motivation, and self-discipline. Self-discipline and willpower will fundamentally change your life.

Book Time and Decision

    Book Details:
  • Author : George Loewenstein
  • Publisher : Russell Sage Foundation
  • Release : 2003-02-27
  • ISBN : 1610443667
  • Pages : 584 pages

Download or read book Time and Decision written by George Loewenstein and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2003-02-27 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do people decide whether to sacrifice now for a future reward or to enjoy themselves in the present? Do the future gains of putting money in a pension fund outweigh going to Hawaii for New Year's Eve? Why does a person's self-discipline one day often give way to impulsive behavior the next? Time and Decision takes up these questions with a comprehensive collection of new research on intertemporal choice, examining how people face the problem of deciding over time. Economists approach intertemporal choice by means of a model in which people discount the value of future events at a constant rate. A vacation two years from now is worth less to most people than a vacation next week. Psychologists, on the other hand, have focused on the cognitive and emotional underpinnings of intertemporal choice. Time and Decision draws from both disciplinary approaches to provide a comprehensive picture of the various layers of choice involved. Shane Frederick, George Loewenstein, and Ted O'Donoghue introduce the volume with an overview of the research on time discounting and focus on how people actually discount the future compared to the standard economic model. Alex Kacelnik discusses the crucial role that the ability to delay gratification must have played in evolution. Walter Mischel and colleagues review classic research showing that four year olds who are able to delay gratification subsequently grow up to perform better in college than their counterparts who chose instant gratification. The book also delves into the neurobiology of patience, examining the brain structures involved in the ability to withstand an impulse. Turning to the issue of self-control, Klaus Wertenbroch examines the relationship between consumption and available resources, showing, for example, how a high credit limit can lead people to overspend. Ted O'Donoghue and Matthew Rabin show how people's awareness of their self-control problems affects their decision-making. The final section of the book examines intertemporal choice with regard to health, drug addiction, dieting, marketing, savings, and public policy. All of us make important decisions every day-many of which profoundly affect the quality of our lives. Time and Decision provides a fascinating look at the complex factors involved in how and why we make our choices, so many of them short-sighted, and helps us understand more precisely this crucial human frailty.

Book Maximum Willpower

    Book Details:
  • Author : Kelly McGonigal
  • Publisher : Macmillan
  • Release : 2012-03-01
  • ISBN : 1743294670
  • Pages : 293 pages

Download or read book Maximum Willpower written by Kelly McGonigal and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2012-03-01 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Willpower - the ability to control your attention, emotions, appetites and behaviour - influences your physical health, financial security, the quality of your relationships and your professional success. We all know this. But why is it so hard to control and why, sometimes, do we have so little of it? Maximum Willpower brings together the newest insights about self-control from psychology, economics, neuroscience and medicine, explaining how we can break old habits and create healthy habits, conquer procrastination and manage stress and emotions. Discover why we give in to temptation and how we can find the strength to resist.

Book Willpower

    Book Details:
  • Author : Roy F. Baumeister
  • Publisher : Penguin
  • Release : 2012-08-28
  • ISBN : 0143122231
  • Pages : 305 pages

Download or read book Willpower written by Roy F. Baumeister and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2012-08-28 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the world's most esteemed and influential psychologists, Roy F. Baumeister, teams with New York Times science writer John Tierney to reveal the secrets of self-control and how to master it. "Deep and provocative analysis of people's battle with temptation and masterful insights into understanding willpower: why we have it, why we don't, and how to build it. A terrific read." —Ravi Dhar, Yale School of Management, Director of Center for Customer Insights Pioneering research psychologist Roy F. Baumeister collaborates with New York Times science writer John Tierney to revolutionize our understanding of the most coveted human virtue: self-control. Drawing on cutting-edge research and the wisdom of real-life experts, Willpower shares lessons on how to focus our strength, resist temptation, and redirect our lives. It shows readers how to be realistic when setting goals, monitor their progress, and how to keep faith when they falter. By blending practical wisdom with the best of recent research science, Willpower makes it clear that whatever we seek—from happiness to good health to financial security—we won’t reach our goals without first learning to harness self-control.

Book Self discipline get Control of Yourself

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dylan J. Cameron
  • Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
  • Release : 2016-09-15
  • ISBN : 9781537750705
  • Pages : 46 pages

Download or read book Self discipline get Control of Yourself written by Dylan J. Cameron and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn How To Improve Self-Discipline And Confidence,With this Bestseller! This book contains proven steps and strategies on how to start leading a more successful life through improving self-discipline and confidence. In the modern day in which we live, we all want to be successful. Either we are working jobs that we don't enjoy, or we are wishing that we would move on and better ourselves, or we need to lose weight, or achieve this, that or the next thing. This Book Has Everything You Need to Take The Next Step Here is a Preview Of What You Will Learn... The Greatest Fight is against Yourself How To Stamp Out Procrastination Practice Daily Habits Goals and To-do List It's all in Your Head and Heart Practice Meditation Attitude of Gratitude? And The Benefits Easy Ways to Get Motivated Be Your Own Best Friend And Much Much More... The Greatest Investment, Is On Yourself And Your Future.Get This Bargain eBook And Do Exactly That,ONLY $8.99

Book Iron Willpower

    Book Details:
  • Author : Dominic Mann
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2016-07-22
  • ISBN : 9781535372787
  • Pages : 68 pages

Download or read book Iron Willpower written by Dominic Mann and published by . This book was released on 2016-07-22 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wish you could smash through the temptations and distractions that are holding you back? Want to build iron-like resolve and self-discipline? Feel like you are your own worst enemy? That your greatest battle is against yourself? That perhaps willpower and self-discipline just isn't in your DNA? You need to develop Iron Willpower, unlock your true potential, and supercharge your life. Learn the science behind unyielding self-discipline. Not only will you discover proven techniques, powerful habits, and real-life examples. Iron Willpower uncovers 11 groundbreaking psychology studies that reveal the secrets to developing unshakeable self-discipline. Learn from the best: Navy SEALs. United States Navy SEALs are world famous for being amongst the most unrelenting, mentally strong, self-disciplined men on the planet. Find out how they develop their steely grit, mental fortitude, and Iron Willpower. Iron Willpower will teach you: How to use habits to make self-discipline automatic and effortless. Why willpower is like a muscle and how to use it to your advantage. The study that shows why you should carry a bag of tempting chocolate around with you. How a 19th century philosopher stumbled upon the key to unlimited willpower. The Harvard researchers that discovered how to get motivated in 60 seconds. And more! Learn to develop Iron Willpower and unlock your true potential. To build unrelenting grit and achieve greatness, scroll up to the top and click BUY NOW!

Book Self Regulation and Self Control

Download or read book Self Regulation and Self Control written by Roy Baumeister and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-01-19 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the World Library of Psychologists series, international experts present career-long collections of what they judge to be their finest pieces—extracts from books, key articles, salient research findings, and their major practical theoretical contributions. In this volume, Roy F. Baumeister reflects on his distinguished career as an eminent scholar in the field of self-control and self-regulation, as well as belonging, rejection, free will, and consciousness. Offering a unique perspective on both the program of research in ego-depletion as one of social psychology’s most widely successful theories, and its position in the changing landscape of the scientific field, the book charts Baumeister’s development as one of the pioneers of study into self-control. Featuring a newly written introductory piece in which the author offers a unique insight into the initial findings that led to an eventual theory of ego-depletion, this collection will give readers a vital understanding of how the hugely influential theory of ego depletion first came to be developed, and is essential reading for students and researchers in self-control and self-regulation.

Book The Science of Self Control

    Book Details:
  • Author : Menno Henselmans
  • Publisher : Independently Published
  • Release : 2021-07-11
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 382 pages

Download or read book The Science of Self Control written by Menno Henselmans and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2021-07-11 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Have you ever intended to get some work done but ended up on Instagram? Have you ever intended to stick to your diet but ended up microwaving a pizza? Have you ever intended to get to bed early but ended up seeing your laptop clock hit 02:00 AM? Then I have good news and bad news. The bad news is you lack self-control. The good news is you're human. My goal is to make you superhuman. In this book you'll learn how to take control of your body and mind by drawing on cognitive neurosciences and behavioral psychology. I've distilled the knowledge of 542 scientific references into 53 practical tips to improve your willpower. In 6 chapters I cover the essentials of how the human mind works, what willpower is, how to be more productive, how to stick to your diet, how to make your workouts less effortful and how to motivate yourself. After reading this book, you should experience higher work productivity, better diet adherence and ultimately more success in life.

Book The Marshmallow Test

    Book Details:
  • Author : Walter Mischel
  • Publisher : Little, Brown Spark
  • Release : 2014-09-23
  • ISBN : 0316230855
  • Pages : 336 pages

Download or read book The Marshmallow Test written by Walter Mischel and published by Little, Brown Spark. This book was released on 2014-09-23 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Renowned psychologist Walter Mischel, designer of the famous Marshmallow Test, explains what self-control is and how to master it. A child is presented with a marshmallow and given a choice: Eat this one now, or wait and enjoy two later. What will she do? And what are the implications for her behavior later in life? The world's leading expert on self-control, Walter Mischel has proven that the ability to delay gratification is critical for a successful life, predicting higher SAT scores, better social and cognitive functioning, a healthier lifestyle and a greater sense of self-worth. But is willpower prewired, or can it be taught? In The Marshmallow Test, Mischel explains how self-control can be mastered and applied to challenges in everyday life--from weight control to quitting smoking, overcoming heartbreak, making major decisions, and planning for retirement. With profound implications for the choices we make in parenting, education, public policy and self-care, The Marshmallow Test will change the way you think about who we are and what we can be.

Book Willpower and Self Control

    Book Details:
  • Author : Alexander Bukowski
  • Publisher : CreateSpace
  • Release : 2014-12-08
  • ISBN : 9781505432961
  • Pages : 36 pages

Download or read book Willpower and Self Control written by Alexander Bukowski and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-08 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Increase Your Willpower And Realise Your Full Potential Self-control and willpower are the pillars of your inner strength. This strength can be stored and used whenever necessary, much like a battery. When the battery of your inner strength is fully charged, you can use its power for a variety of purposes. Conversely, when you charge the battery of your inner strength on a regular basis, you can use its power at your disposal each time you need it. What is willpower? Willpower is basically a form of inner strength expressed as the determination to act on and carry out decisions and plans, despite discomfort, laziness, external obstacles, and internal resistance. Willpower includes the concepts of assertiveness, inner power, and decisiveness. It is actually the inner power that allows you to ignore temptations, disturbances, and distractions, which may prevent you from fulfilling your duties and achieving your goals. Also, willpower provides you with the confidence and strength you need to agree and disagree with others and to express opinions without giving in to pressure or being swayed by the opinions of others. With self-control, you can avoid anything excessive. Keep in mind that too much of anything is not healthy. Hence, you should always practice self-control when it comes to eating, working or engaging in pleasurable activities. You should employ moderation to everything you do. Self-control is synonymous with self-discipline, which is also a form of inner strength and is necessary for efficiently pursuing goals and dealing with daily issues. Here Is A Preview Of What You'll Learn... What Is Self-Control and Willpower? The Importance of Self-Control and Willpower How Much Self-Control Do You Have and How Can You Develop Willpower? Exercises That Enhance Self-Control and Willpower Using Meditation to Improve Self-Control and Willpower Using Yoga to Improve Self-Control and Willpower Much, much more!

Book The Power of Discipline

    Book Details:
  • Author : Daniel Walter
  • Publisher :
  • Release : 2020-04-08
  • ISBN :
  • Pages : 148 pages

Download or read book The Power of Discipline written by Daniel Walter and published by . This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Have you spent weeks, months, or even years trying to achieve your goals but keep failing? Have you given up on becoming successful because your futile efforts have led you to believe that success is only for the select few? If you have answered "yes" to any of these questions-don't worry, there is still hope for you! Before you can achieve anything in life, you need a solid foundation of self-discipline. Talent, intelligence, and skill are only a part of the equation. Positive thinking, affirmations, and vision boards are only a part of the equation. If you want to turn your dreams into reality, you need self-discipline. Self-discipline is what will keep you focused when all hell is breaking loose and it looks like you are one step away from failure. It will give you the mental toughness required to dismantle the limitations you have placed on yourself and break through all obstacles standing in the way of your goals. How would you feel if I told you that your inability to achieve your goals does not arise because you are lazy or lack drive, but rather it's a problem because you have never been taught how to practice self-discipline? People are not born with self-discipline. Like driving or playing tennis, it's a skill that you learn. In The Power of Discipline you will gain access to easy-to-read, scientific explanations about self-discipline including: How to master self-discipline by targeting certain areas of the brain The Navy SEALs' secrets to self-discipline The Zen Buddhists' secrets to self-discipline How to make hard-work exciting How to ditch your bad habits and adopt the habits of successful people Strategies to keep going when your motivation runs out And much, much more By applying the principles in this book, you will develop your self-discipline, bulldoze through toward your goals, become an unstoppable force of nature, and start living the life you know you deserve! It's impossible to buy back the time you have lost, but you can take control of your future. Discover the Secrets to Self-Discipline Today by Clicking the "Add to Cart" Button at the Top of the Page.

Book Is There Anything Good About Men

Download or read book Is There Anything Good About Men written by Roy F. Baumeister and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-08-12 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Have men really been engaged in a centuries-old conspiracy to exploit and oppress women? Have the essential differences between men and women really been erased? Have men now become unnecessary? Are they good for anything at all? In Is There Anything Good About Men?, Roy Baumeister offers provocative answers to these and many other questions about the current state of manhood in America. Baumeister argues that relations between men and women are now and have always been more cooperative than antagonistic, that men and women are different in basic ways, and that successful cultures capitalize on these differences to outperform rival cultures. Amongst our ancestors---as with many other species--only the alpha males were able to reproduce, leading them to take more risks and to exhibit more aggressive and protective behaviors than women, whose evolutionary strategies required a different set of behaviors. Whereas women favor and excel at one-to-one intimate relationships, men compete with one another and build larger organizations and social networks from which culture grows. But cultures in turn exploit men by insisting that their role is to achieve and produce, to provide for others, and if necessary to sacrifice themselves. Baumeister shows that while men have greatly benefited from the culture they have created, they have also suffered because of it. Men may dominate the upper echelons of business and politics, but far more men than women die in work-related accidents, are incarcerated, or are killed in battle--facts nearly always left out of current gender debates. Engagingly written, brilliantly argued, and based on evidence from a wide range of disciplines, Is There Anything Good About Men? offers a new and far more balanced view of gender relations.

Book The Joy of Movement

Download or read book The Joy of Movement written by Kelly McGonigal and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2021-03-02 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now in paperback. The bestselling author of The Willpower Instinct introduces a surprising science-based book that doesn't tell us why we should exercise but instead shows us how to fall in love with movement. Exercise is health-enhancing and life-extending, yet many of us feel it's a chore. But, as Kelly McGonigal reveals, it doesn't have to be. Movement can and should be a source of joy. Through her trademark blend of science and storytelling, McGonigal draws on insights from neuroscience, psychology, anthropology, and evolutionary biology, as well as memoirs, ethnographies, and philosophers. She shows how movement is intertwined with some of the most basic human joys, including self-expression, social connection, and mastery--and why it is a powerful antidote to the modern epidemics of depression, anxiety, and loneliness. McGonigal tells the stories of people who have found fulfillment and belonging through running, walking, dancing, swimming, weightlifting, and more, with examples that span the globe, from Tanzania, where one of the last hunter-gatherer tribes on the planet live, to a dance class at Juilliard for people with Parkinson's disease, to the streets of London, where volunteers combine fitness and community service, to races in the remote wilderness, where athletes push the limits of what a human can endure. Along the way, McGonigal paints a portrait of human nature that highlights our capacity for hope, cooperation, and self-transcendence. The result is a revolutionary narrative that goes beyond familiar arguments in favor of exercise, to illustrate why movement is integral to both our happiness and our humanity. Readers will learn what they can do in their own lives and communities to harness the power of movement to create happiness, meaning, and connection.

Book Self Discipline to Change Your Life

Download or read book Self Discipline to Change Your Life written by Robert Hensley and published by . This book was released on 2019-08-12 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Do you want to change your life by developing self-discipline? Are you looking for the best book on self discipline? Do you want to discover effective techniques how to learn self control? Do you want to improve your willpower and forge mental toughness? In this book, we'll be taking a look at some of the most major elements of change that you can introduce if you want to develop self discipline. Everything written in this book is designed with the idea of helping improve your life and help you in teaching yourself discipline. If you find that your life tends to wander off course, or you find it hard to meet life goals and targets, use these ideas. Together, they'll help you become far more disciplined in achieving success. In this book, then, you will get access to a wide range of solutions that are bound to help drive you forward and feel far more confident in your self-discipline. This book will provide you a set of proven techniques that can help you to transform your life by developing self-control, mental toughness, and willpower. You'll discover: *Causes of lack of self-discipline *Consequences of lacking self-discipline *How to be self disciplined *Psychology of self-discipline *Motivation for self-discipline *Importance of persistence in building self discipline *How to schedule self-discipline and improve mental toughness *Ways of building strong willpower *How to have excellent self-control *How to maintain self-discipline when faced with adversity By using this book and the information inside, you can begin the process of positively transforming and improving just about every aspect of your life. Does this sound like the kind of treatment that you want to put in place? Then this book will help you do just that. Buy this book now and turn the page on your old life. Get to know how to change your life for better now! Take the first steps to your new, better future. Develop self-discipline by clicking the "Buy Now" button at the top of the page!

Book Social Psychology

    Book Details:
  • Author : E. Tory Higgins
  • Publisher : Guilford Press
  • Release : 1996-07-01
  • ISBN : 9781572301009
  • Pages : 948 pages

Download or read book Social Psychology written by E. Tory Higgins and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 1996-07-01 with total page 948 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While social psychology has made fundamental contributions to the understanding of basic principles that underlie social behavior, these principles themselves--including expectancies, goals, explanations, arousal, social influence, interdependence, social conflict, persuasion, and social standards--have never been directly reviewed in a comprehensive manner. Filling a significant gap in the literature, this authoritative reference and text illuminates the essential processes, mechanisms, and structures at different levels of analysis--biological, cognitive, motivational, interpersonal, and group/cultural--to provide access to the central principles that guide social psychological investigation. Formatted for easy reference and comparison, each chapter describes alternative conceptualizations of a particular principle and reviews research supporting (and failing to support) these different perspectives. Covering all the significant theories and research programs, the empirical literature is surveyed not for the traditional function of providing comprehensive reviews of content areas, but for its relevance to broad conceptual issues. This enables readers to get a better idea of the "big picture" concerning various social psychological principles, facilitating their ability to keep track of conceptual trends and developments in social psychology. An essential tool for all social psychologists, as well as professionals in related fields, this authoritative handbook also serves as an invaluable text for advanced classes in social psychology.