Download or read book Why Muslims Love Jesus written by Ekram Haque and published by One Humanity Under God. This book was released on 2023-10-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many Christians have no idea that Muslims unquestionably love Jesus and his mother, Mary, and Islam holds them in the highest esteem. In fact, Jesus is mentioned in fifteen chapters of the Qur'ān, and more verses in the Qur'ān mention Mary than in the New Testament. While Christians may address Jesus simply as "Jesus," Muslims almost always use an honorific phrase, 'unto him be peace, ' after his name. So, what's behind the Muslim love and reverence for Jesus ('Ēsa in Arabic) and Mary (Maryam)? This book sets out to answer this vital question while comparing the Jesus of Islam with the Jesus of Christianity and the Jesus of history. Despite the adoring view of Jesus on the part of Muslims and their benevolent sentiments toward his followers, Islam and Christianity have been at odds for fourteen centuries. Notwithstanding the occasional cooperation between Christians and Muslims, theological polemics and the vexed legacy of the Crusades have dominated their relations. This book will take a step toward reconciliation, I hope, between the two great religions and their followers. The Jesus of Islam and Christianity have many commonalities, just as they have differences. What may surprise the reader is that the historical Jesus and the Islamic Jesus seem to be much closer than may have been imagined. Given their shared love for Jesus, one would expect both Muslim and Christian communities to regard him as a unifying figure. The love of Jesus should lead us to worship one God with all our hearts and to love our neighbors as ourselves. After all, Jesus called these the greatest commandments. Jesus was an activist who passionately defended the oppressed and spoke truth to power. Perhaps these conversations about Jesus will encourage Christians and Muslims to collaborate, rather than fight, on issues close to Jesus' heart.

Download or read book Jesus through Muslim Eyes written by RICHARD SHUMACK and published by SPCK. This book was released on 2020-05-21 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘An honest and scholarly analysis of the Muslim Jesus, the Christian Jesus, and the diverging paths Muslims and Christians chose to follow.’ Anwar Mehammed, head of Islamic Studies, Ethiopian Theological College, Addis Ababa In his book The Islamic Jesus, Mustafa Akyol claims that Muslims may hail Jesus as the Messiah and the Word of God – but is that really the case? And how should Christians respond when they do? In this sensitive and nuanced exploration of Muslim beliefs about Jesus, Richard Shumack calls for Muslims and Christians to embrace constructive disagreement as the best way to both religious peace and eternal truth. For although Muslims and Christians both love Jesus. the Jesus of Islam points down a different road to that of Christianity. The Muslim Jesus wants to you to be a better person by walking a road of passionate devotion to God; the Christian Jesus wants you to be a whole new person by joining him on a road to crucifixion and resurrection. ‘If you care about Muslim-Christian relations, this book is significant.’ Dr Muhammad Kamal, Asia Institute, University of Melbourne ‘Excellent ... strikes the perfect balance between academic rigour and accessibility.’ Dr Peter Riddell, SOAS University of London

Download or read book Reasonable Faith written by William Lane Craig and published by Crossway. This book was released on 2008 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This updated edition by one of the world's leading apologists presents a systematic, positive case for Christianity that reflects the latest work in the contemporary hard sciences and humanities. Brilliant and accessible.

Download or read book Islam s Jesus written by Zeki Saritoprak and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Accessible and readable. Spotlights an important theological theme in a way that both illuminates its internal development in Islamic thought and presents it as a helpful basis for interreligious discussion. The topic is very much in need of teaching and discussion and is a fine example of ‘common ground.’”—John Renard, author of Islam and Christianity “Contains valuable and fascinating material about how classical Muslim theologians treated various aspects of Jesus and, in particular, the role of Jesus in Islamic eschatology. Saritoprak brings new insights from contemporary Turkish thinkers to bear on the issues raised by the Jesus figure in Islamic narratives about the Last Days.”—Marcia Hermansen, author of Shah Wali Allah’s Treatises on Islamic Law “A refreshingly easy read that makes a complex world of theology and interfaith relations accessible and enjoyable for readers of all backgrounds.”—Jonathan Brown, author of Hadith: Muhammad’s Legacy in the Medieval and Modern World Few people realize that Jesus was a prominent messenger of God in Islam and that Muslims believe in the return of Jesus. Even among Muslims, it is not well known that there are diverse interpretations of references to Jesus in the Qur’an and the Hadith. Aiming to remedy this, Islam’s Jesus takes a bold yet candid look at the highly charged topic of Jesus’s place in Islam, exploring some of the religion’s least understood aspects. Examining multiple intellectual traditions, Zeki Saritoprak makes clear the reality of pluralism in the history of Islamic religious scholarship. Actively engaged in efforts to promote interfaith dialogue and harmony, Saritoprak thoughtfully argues that the shared belief in Jesus presents an excellent opportunity for understanding between Muslims and Christians. Together, they constitute more than half of the world’s population, and such understanding may be a foundation for peace.

Download or read book How the Bible Led Me to Islam written by Yusha Evans and published by Tertib Publishing. This book was released on 2020-02-17 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the summer of 1996, Yusha Evans went on a passage through the Bible and its four Gospel. He scrutinized more than five different religions in search of God and His message. In 1998, he reverted to Islam. He yearned for the truth in life which is to “Worship God alone as one, obey Him and His Messenger to go to Heaven,” of which he found through Islam.

Download or read book Glad News written by Samy Tanagho and published by Moody Publishers. This book was released on 2017-04-04 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ideal book for leading Muslims to Christ With over 100,000 copies in print, and translated into eleven languages, Glad News! has helped bring hundreds (if not thousands) of Muslims to Christ. Answering Muslims’ biggest questions about Christianity, Glad News! shares Jesus and His teachings with Muslims in the clearest and most attractive, convincing ways, all without compromise. It also equips Christians to understand the common sticking points that Muslims have about Christianity so they can share Jesus more effectively. Muslim readers of Glad News! will: Encounter the beauty and legitimacy of the Christian faith Receive answers to their most burning questions Grapple with evidence that proves Jesus is more than a prophet Know all that they need to for believing in Jesus as their Lord and Savior The gap between Muslims and Christians is wide, as are the many cultural gaps that may exist between them. Glad News! will bridge those gaps, giving Christians insight into Muslim convictions and language for dialoguing about matters of faith and belief.

Download or read book Finding Jesus Among Muslims written by Jordan Denari Duffner and published by Liturgical Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intro -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Notes on Translation and Terms -- Introduction Interfaith Dialogue: Walking Together Toward Truth -- PART I MEETING GOD IN MUSLIMS -- 1 Mary, Mercy, and Basketball -- 2 What We Fear, and Who Gets Hurt -- PART II ENCOUNTERING GOD IN ISLAM -- 3 God Is Greater -- 4 The Width of a Hair -- PART III REEMBRACING GOD IN CHRISTIANITY -- 5 Arriving Where We Started -- 6 The Dialogue of Life -- Appendices -- A Discussion Questions -- B Guidelines for Dialogue with Muslims -- C A Joint Prayer for Christians and Muslims -- D Resources for Further Study -- E Glossary -- F Pronunciations and Definitions of Select Given Names -- Notes

Download or read book The Islamic Jesus written by Mustafa Akyol and published by St. Martin's Press. This book was released on 2017-02-14 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A welcome expansion of the fragile territory known as common ground.” —The New York Times When Reza Aslan’s bestseller Zealot came out in 2013, there was criticism that he hadn’t addressed his Muslim faith while writing the origin story of Christianity. In fact, Ross Douthat of The New York Times wrote that “if Aslan had actually written in defense of the Islamic view of Jesus, that would have been something provocative and new.” Mustafa Akyol’s The Islamic Jesus is that book. The Islamic Jesus reveals startling new truths about Islam in the context of the first Muslims and the early origins of Christianity. Muslims and the first Christians—the Jewish followers of Jesus—saw Jesus as not divine but rather as a prophet and human Messiah and that salvation comes from faith and good works, not merely as faith, as Christians would later emphasize. What Akyol seeks to reveal are how these core beliefs of Jewish Christianity, which got lost in history as a heresy, emerged in a new religion born in 7th Arabia: Islam. Akyol exposes this extraordinary historical connection between Judaism, Jewish Christianity and Islam—a major mystery unexplored by academia. From Jesus’ Jewish followers to the Nazarenes and Ebionites to the Qu’ran’s stories of Mary and Jesus, The Islamic Jesus will reveal links between religions that seem so contrary today. It will also call on Muslims to discover their own Jesus, at a time when they are troubled by their own Pharisees and Zealots.

Download or read book The Muslim Jesus written by Tarif Khalidi and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2003-04-30 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents in English translation the largest collection ever assembled of the sayings and stories of Jesus in Arabic Islamic literature. In doing so, it traces a tradition of love and reverence for Jesus that has characterized Islamic thought for more than a thousand years. An invaluable resource for the history of religions, the collection documents how one culture, that of Islam, assimilated the towering religious figure of another, that of Christianity. As such, it is a work of great significance for the understanding of both, and of profound implications for modern-day intersectarian relations and ecumenical dialogue. Tarif Khalidi’s introduction and commentaries place the sayings and stories in their historical context, showing how and why this “gospel” arose and the function it served within Muslim devotion. The Jesus that emerges here is a compelling figure of deep and life-giving spirituality. The sayings and stories, some 300 in number and arranged in chronological order, show us how the image of this Jesus evolved throughout a millennium of Islamic history.

Download or read book Islam Saves Jesus written by Mohamed Moussa Ghounem and published by Muslim School. This book was released on 2022-12-17 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction: True Love Christian: Is it True that Muslims Love Jesus Ten Times More than Christians? Muslim: Yes, Islam Teaches Unconditional Love For Jesus Christ. Modern Christianity Obliviously, Selfishly, and Impulsively Teaches Hate Towards the Original Jesus Christ. Christian: How Does Christianity Teach Hate towards Jesus Christ Compared to Islam Loving Jesus? Christians Love Jesus Because Christ Died on the Cross For us! Muslim: The Ten Ways Muslims Love Jesus Compared to Christians Hating Christ are: 1) Islam Teaches Jesus Was Not Murdered, Christians Need Jesus to have been Killed Like a Guilty Criminal Needing Someone Innocent to Take Their Crime. Muslims Love Jesus so we Accept Our Own Sins and Don’t Teach Murdering Someone Innocent For Our Own Debt to Our God. Would You Murder a Rich Relative Because of Selfish Greed For Their Wealth Or Would You Take Responsibility For Your Own Poverty and Love the Relative? Christian: Wow, insisting Jesus was Murdered so that Christians Are Not Responsible For Their Sins is Selfish. But Didn’t Jesus Voluntarily Die For Our Sins So Anyone Who Accepts Christ As Their Savior Would Go to Heaven? Muslim: Jesus Spent 33 Years Avoiding Death. Since Birth, Jesus Christ Moved to Egypt and Hid from Jews Trying to Kill him. Even When Caught On the Cross Jesus Begged God to Save him. Jesus Happily and Lovingly Wanted to Live As Islam Teaches. 2) Suicide is a Sin In Every Religion, Islam Teaches that Jesus Did Not Allow himself to be Killed On the Cross. It is Hateful to Say Jesus Sinned by Killing himself On the Cross. Islam Loves Jesus By Teaching he was Not Suicidal. Christian: If Christianity Teaches Jesus Committed Suicide and We Are Supposed to be Like Christ, Does that Means Christians Should Commit Suicide? Mohamed Ghounem 4 Muslim: The Original Jesus did not Teach Suicide. Islam Lovingly Restores the Original Message of Jesus Christ. Only One Entity Would Insist On Christ Dying to be disconnected from the Commandments of God: Satan. 3) Islam Lovingly Saves Jesus From Satanism. Christians Naively Spread the Deceptive Teachings of the Devil by Saying Jesus Was God and God Died and We No Longer Have to Obey the Laws of God because of God’s Death. Christian: The Two Groups Who Want the World to Believe that God Died so We are Free From the Laws Our Creator are: Demons and Christians? Muslim: Yes, Since Humans Were Created, Satan has been trying to Deceive us and Get us to Disobey the Laws of God. 4) A Fourth Way Muslims Love Jesus More than Christians Is Respecting the Original Teachings of Jesus, Being Compliant to the Laws of God as Jesus Was. Thus Muslims are More Christ Like, Displaying More Love to Jesus Than Christians. Christian: The Bible is Not Central to the Christian Faith so Not Obeying the Laws in the Bible is not Evil or Hateful towards Jesus. We Still Love Jesus Without the Bible Laws. Muslim: If You Love Jesus, then You Want to Learn About Jesus from the Words of Jesus himself, not Your Parents or Preacher… Can You Say You Love Ice Cream without ever tasting Ice cream? If You Say You Love College without Reading Any of the Books Or Passing Any of the Classes, then You Can Make the Claim to Love College But in fact You would be a Failure. If You Truly Love College, then You would Do Your Best to Study and Pass the College Classes. This is the Difference of the True Love Muslims Have for Jesus compared to Christians. It is Immaturity to Love College without being a College Student, just as Loving Jesus without being a disciple of Christ. Christian: Jesus is a Jew, how Can You Love Jesus if Muslims Hate Jews? P a g e | 5 5 Muslim: Jesus was actually a Muslim: “One who Submits his Will to God” Muslims have Loved Jews for Centuries, with the exception of the most recent century’s geo-political conflict with Israel. Jesus was Sent to the Jews and according to Islam, was Successful, but Christianity Teaches Jesus was a Failure: 5) Islam Loves Jesus More than Christianity Because Jesus Is a Proven Messiah in the Holy Quran Whereas Jesus is a false, convicted, and murdered man in the Bible. Islam Saves the Entire Mission of Jesus For Jews, Whereas Christianity Repels Jews by Claiming Jews are Christ Killers and that Jesus was a flesh god. Christian: Jesus Proved to Be God by Coming Back to Life after Being Dead for 3 Days. Muslim: Neither Jesus or God died for a minute or an hour or a day or half a week, God Can Not be Killed, and God Saved Jesus. Furthermore, Coming Back to Life After Assumed Death is Not Proof of Divinity Because there Are Multiple humans in the Bible who Died and Came Back to Life. 6) To Insult Jesus as a flesh god from the perspective of Monotheists is the same as sentencing Jesus to Death. This is What Led Jews to Crucify Jesus. Islam Loves Jesus More than Christians By Stating Jesus was not a flesh god, thus Saving Jesus from Murder. Christian: Jesus Says He is God in the Bible! Muslim: If You Base Your Faith on Jesus Being God, and the Central Basis of this Claim is the Bible, then the Bible is Central to your Faith. Since the Bible is Central to Christianity, the Majority of Verses in the Bible that Say Jesus is Not God Should Be Equally Adhered. 7) Muslims Love Jesus More than Christians Because We Do Not Claim Jesus is a Liar. The Original Language of Jesus is Aramaic, When the Bible was Translated to Other Languages, there were Many Translation Errors, that Have Jesus Contradicting Himself. Christians Pick and Chose the Self Serving Verses in the Bible then Claim the Bible Mohamed Ghounem 6 is not Central to Christianity when Verses are Presented in Contradiction to Modern Christian Divinity or Salvation Compared to What the Original Jesus Taught. Islam Saves the True Teaching of Jesus and Does not Put the Pagan Greek Translations into the Mouth of Our Loved Jesus. How Can You Say “Jesus Will Save You if You Know Jesus” When You Don’t Even Know Jesus and In Fact Teach Hating the Original Christ? Christian: It Seems From Your Perspective that Christians Really Hate Jesus! Muslim: Most Christians Innocently Hate Jesus. Their Intention is Loving Jesus but Their Impulsive Self Serving Thoughts and Actions Are Actually Hateful to Jesus. Some Christians Actually Intentionally Use Jesus as a Symbol of Hate. 8) Islam Saves Jesus from White Supremacists. Muslims Love Jesus More Than Christians Because We Don’t Use Christ As a Symbol of Hate. From the Crusaders to the Nazis to the Modern KKK, Christ is the Central Figure Used to Hate or Kill Everyone who Doesn’t Appear Like Christ. Islam Saves Jesus from These Hate Followers by Not Associating a Color to Christ and Teaching All Colors Are Equally Loved. Christian: Islam is a Religion of Terror and Muslims Are Terrorists! Muslim: Islam is a Religion of Love, We Respect and Understand Your Opinions. We Understand You Were Raised Your Entire Life Hearing and Seeing on the News Selective Coverage of Christians and Muslims and We Understand You were Only Taught Selective Verses from the Bible. 9) Many Christians Who Were Raised Learning About the Modern Jesus instead of the Original Jesus and Taught to Have a Bias Towards Islam, Become Atheists. The Reason For Their Atheism is threefold: A) With the Advent of the Internet, Christians Got an Onslaught By Skeptics and Are Presented With the Numerous Translation Errors. B) Without Obeying the Laws of God, Christians Are In Essence Taking Steps Away from God, thus God Takes Steps Away from Christians. P a g e | 7 7 C) With Christians Being Raised Believing All Other People and Religions Are Inferior, then they Feel No Alternative Other than Atheism. Islam Saves Jesus from Leading his Believers into Atheism. Islam Breathes Loving Faith Back into the Original Jesus so the Followers of Christ Can Remain Believers of God. Furthermore, It Can Be Interpreted By Modern Bibles That Jesus Suffered Atheism, On the Cross Christ Cried To God “Why Have You Forsaken Me?” Islam Loves Jesus More than Christianity Because Islam Teaches Christ Was Not Forsaken and Did Not Suffer Death, Thus Not Suffering from Atheism. Christian: All Humans Are Sinners and All Sins Are Equal and the Only Way to Cleanse our Sins is With the Sinless Blood of Jesus. No Human Can Be Perfect Except Jesus, that is Why We Need Jesus! Muslim: Both the Bible and Public Society Prove that All Sins Are Not Equal. There Are Dozens of Laws in Both the Bible and in Modern Civilization and the Redemption of these Various Laws Differ Greatly From Either A Fine Spanning All the Way to Death. It’s Agreed that No Human is Perfect, Only God is Perfect, But Cleansing the Sins, Paying Your Debt to Society and God for the Sins Is Possible and Has Been Done For Thousands of Years Without the Blood of Jesus. 10) Islam Saves Jesus From Pessimism Associated to Christ that Humans Cannot “Try” to Be Righteous. It is Hateful For Christians to Teach that All sins, whether Small or Large, Can Not be Forgiving by Our Loving God without the Blood of God. Islam Teaches that God is More Loving to Humans and Jesus By Stating that God is Forgiving For Many Sins in Easy Ways, Not Requiring Blood. As In Society, Some Infractions Are Forgiven With a Minor Fine. Also, Some Humans Spend Their Entire Life Obeying the Laws and Do Not Get Any Fines or Arrests or Having to Serve Any Time. Thus Islam Saves Jesus from the Illegal Claim that All Crimes Are Equal and the Bleak Cynicism that Humans Can’t Do Their Best to Obey the Laws and the Cruel Hateful Accusation that God Can Not Forgive Any Sins Without the Blood and Murder of Christ. God and Islam Are More Loving than That. Mohamed Ghounem 8 Christian: What Specific Evidence do you have On the Ten Ways Muslims Love Jesus More than Christians? Muslim: Yes, We Appreciate Your Time in Learning the Historical and Scriptural Proof that Muslims Love Jesus Ten times More than Christians

Download or read book A Common Word written by Miroslav Volf and published by Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. This book was released on 2010 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A letter printed in the pages of The New York times in 2007 acknowledged differences between Christianity and Islam but contended that "righteousness and good works" should be the only areas in which the two compete. That letter and a collaborative Christian response appear in this volume, which includes subsequent dialogue between Muslim and Christian scholars.

Download or read book Between Allah Jesus written by Peter Kreeft and published by InterVarsity Press. This book was released on 2010-02-23 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What would happen if Christians and a Muslim at a university talked and disagreed, but really tried to understand each other? What would they learn? That is the intriguing question Peter Kreeft seeks to answer in these imaginative conversations at Boston College. An articulate and engaging Muslim student named 'Isa challenges the Christian students and professors he meets on issues ranging from prayer and worship to evolution and abortion, from war and politics to the nature of spiritual struggle and spiritual submission.

Download or read book Islam Saves Jesus written by and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Celebrating Mu ammad written by Ali Sultaan Asani and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Celebrating Muhammad examines a vital but often misunderstood aspect of Islamic piety - the deeply felt love and devotion of contemporary Muslims for the Prophet Muhammad and the importance that this devotion plays in their daily religious lives. Ali S. Asani and Kamal Abdel-Malek examine various portrayals of the Prophet found in Islamic poetry to reveal the significant impact of local cultural and literary idioms on Muslim expressions of admiration for Muhammad.

Download or read book Dreams and Visions written by Tom Doyle and published by Thomas Nelson Inc. This book was released on 2012 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dreams and Visions is a remarkable collection of stories directly from the world of Islam. Doyle answers the questions: Why would God use dreams to reach the Muslim world? Can dreams be trusted? What happens after these dreams or visions occur? Meet new believers in the Middle East who have truly been touched by Jesus in the most miraculous way.

Download or read book No God but One Allah or Jesus with Bonus Content written by Nabeel Qureshi and published by Zondervan. This book was released on 2016-08-30 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: BONUS: This eBook includes downloadable videos and a Q&A with Nabeel Qureshi that are not found in the print edition. Having shared his journey of faith in the New York Times bestselling Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus, Nabeel Qureshi now examines Islam and Christianity in detail, exploring areas of crucial conflict and unpacking the relevant evidence. In this anticipated follow-up book, Nabeel reveals what he discovered in the decade following his conversion, providing a thorough and careful comparison of the evidence for Islam and Christianity--evidence that wrenched his heart and transformed his life. In Seeking Allah, Finding Jesus, Nabeel Qureshi recounted his dramatic journey, describing his departure from Islam and his decision to follow Christ. In the years that followed, he realized that the world’s two largest religions are far more different than they initially appeared. No God but One: Allah or Jesus? addresses the most important questions at the interface of Islam and Christianity: How do the two religions differ? Are the differences significant? Can we be confident that either Christianity or Islam is true? And most important, is it worth sacrificing everything for the truth? Nabeel shares stories from his life and ministry, casts new light on current events, and explores pivotal incidents in the histories of both religions, providing a resource that is gripping and thought-provoking, respectful and challenging. Both Islam and Christianity teach that there is No God but One, but who deserves to be worshiped, Allah or Jesus? This eBook includes the full text of the book plus bonus content not found in the softcover! Bonuses include a Q&A with Nabeel Qureshi and downloadable videos that answer important questions about Islam and Christianity. Please note that some e-reader devices do not accommodate video play. You can still access the bonus videos by copying the web address provided into an internet browser on a device or computer that accommodates video content.

Download or read book Muhammad written by Richard A. Gabriel and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2014-10-22 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: That Muhammad succeeded as a prophet is undeniable; a prominent military historian now suggests that he might not have done so had he not also been a great soldier. Best known as the founder of a major religion, Muhammad was also Islam’s first great general. While there have been numerous accounts of Muhammad the Prophet, this is the first military biography of the man. In Muhammad: Islam’s First Great General, Richard A. Gabriel shows us a warrior never before seen in antiquity—a leader of an all-new religious movement who in a single decade fought eight major battles, led eighteen raids, and planned thirty-eight other military operations. Gabriel’s study portrays Muhammad as a revolutionary who introduced military innovations that transformed armies and warfare throughout the Arab world. Gabriel analyzes the environment in which Muhammad lived and the religion he inspired as they relate to his military achievements. Gabriel explains how Muhammad changed the social composition of Arab armies by replacing traditional ways of fighting with a new command structure. Muhammad’s transformation of Arab warfare enabled his successors to establish the core of the Islamic empire—an accomplishment that, Gabriel argues, would have been militarily impossible without Muhammad’s innovations. Richard A. Gabriel challenges existing scholarship on Muhammad’s place in history and offers a viewpoint not previously attempted.