Download or read book Wastewater Based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action written by National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2023-10-19 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic spurred a rapid expansion of wastewater-based infectious disease surveillance systems to monitor and anticipate disease trends in communities.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the National Wastewater Surveillance System in September 2020 to help coordinate and build upon those efforts. Produced at the request of CDC, this report reviews the usefulness of community-level wastewater surveillance during the pandemic and assesses its potential value for control and prevention of infectious diseases beyond COVID-19. Wastewater-based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action concludes that wastewater surveillance is and will continue to be a valuable component of infectious disease management. This report presents a vision for a national wastewater surveillance system that would track multiple pathogens simultaneously and pivot quickly to detect emerging pathogens, and it offers recommendations to ensure that the system is flexible, equitable, and economically sustainable for informing public health actions. The report also recommends approaches to address ethical and privacy concerns and develop a more representative wastewater surveillance system. Predictable and sustained federal funding as well as ongoing coordination and collaboration among many partners will be critical to the effectiveness of efforts moving forward.
Download or read book Wastewater based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action written by and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic spurred a rapid expansion of wastewater-based infectious disease surveillance systems to monitor and anticipate disease trends in communities.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) launched the National Wastewater Surveillance System in September 2020 to help coordinate and build upon those efforts. Produced at the request of CDC, this report reviews the usefulness of community-level wastewater surveillance during the pandemic and assesses its potential value for control and prevention of infectious diseases beyond COVID-19. Wastewater-based Disease Surveillance for Public Health Action concludes that wastewater surveillance is and will continue to be a valuable component of infectious disease management. This report presents a vision for a national wastewater surveillance system that would track multiple pathogens simultaneously and pivot quickly to detect emerging pathogens, and it offers recommendations to ensure that the system is flexible, equitable, and economically sustainable for informing public health actions. The report also recommends approaches to address ethical and privacy concerns and develop a more representative wastewater surveillance system. Predictable and sustained federal funding as well as ongoing coordination and collaboration among many partners will be critical to the effectiveness of efforts moving forward.
Download or read book Social Monitoring for Public Health written by Michael J. Paul and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2017-08-31 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Public health thrives on high-quality evidence, yet acquiring meaningful data on a population remains a central challenge of public health research and practice. Social monitoring, the analysis of social media and other user-generated web data, has brought advances in the way we leverage population data to understand health. Social media offers advantages over traditional data sources, including real-time data availability, ease of access, and reduced cost. Social media allows us to ask, and answer, questions we never thought possible. This book presents an overview of the progress on uses of social monitoring to study public health over the past decade. We explain available data sources, common methods, and survey research on social monitoring in a wide range of public health areas. Our examples come from topics such as disease surveillance, behavioral medicine, and mental health, among others. We explore the limitations and concerns of these methods. Our survey of this exciting new field of data-driven research lays out future research directions.
Download or read book Assessment and Implementation of Analytical Approaches for Wastewater Based Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases written by Andrew L. Rainey and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: lab-based experiments, I aim to optimize, implement, and assess the operational capacity and effectiveness of wastewater-based epidemiology as a novel tool for monitoring community health. Wastewater-based epidemiology can provide a cost-effective complement to fill the gaps left by traditional clinical reporting for community-level disease surveillance. This project will provide two analytical tools and present a model for the implementation of wastewater-based epidemiology in communities to aid in public health surveillance.
Download or read book Wastewater Surveillance for Covid 19 Management written by Manish Kumar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2024 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews the recent challenges and future perspectives involved in the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) for COVID-19. The book aims to improve the monitoring of COVID-19 in wastewater by focusing on recent scientific studies in the surveillance and treatment of wastewater containing SARS-CoV-RNA, assessment of COVID-19 in the community and delivering a new scientific understanding of prevalence and re-emergence based on the WBE. It also provides a global perspective on effective detection methods for the analysis and interpretation of the RNA count of SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater and predicts the effects wastewater may have on the infection rate. Readers will find in this book case studies from France, India and Southeast Asian of non-invasive population-based monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 through sewage surveillance, and will learn more about the virus behaviour and transmission in different environmental settings. The significance of membrane technologies for virusremoval from water is also addressed in this book, as well as advanced techniques for identifying, quantifying, and characterizing SARS-CoV-2 in activated sludge and wastewater. The book provides a great interface to researchers such as microbiologists, environmental engineers, data scientists and civil engineers, emphasizing issues related to the current monitoring methodology. Furthermore, it also encourages researchers and policymakers by raising awareness of potential new methodologies for wastewater surveillance and accurate monitoring of COVID-19.
Download or read book Evaluation of the Use of Wastewater Based Epidemiology as a Surveillance Tool and the Potential Effects of Vaccines and Students Beliefs and Practices in Mitigating the Spread of COVID 19 Among Students at East Carolina University written by Avian White and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Worldwide, newly emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and pathogens have led to increases in the number and frequency of disease outbreaks. Although these disease outbreaks are not new, increases in outbreaks have led to the need for public health agencies to effectively monitor disease spread. It has been estimated that 25% of 60 million deaths occurring yearly are the result of infectious diseases (Fauci et al., 2005; Nii-Trebi, 2017). Thus, disease monitoring tools are of utmost importance. The outbreak and spread of a severe acute respiratory illness in China alerted the world to a potentially new or re-emerging pathogen. As the virus rapidly spread, it was named "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2" (SARS-CoV-2) by the World Health Organization (WHO). The SARS-CoV-2 virus was deemed a public health emergency and later declared a pandemic as people across the world contracted COVID-19. The rapid spread of the COVID-19 pandemic underscored the need for disease monitoring and surveillance to mitigate spread. SARS-CoV-2 causes fever, dry cough, shortness of breath and in some instances loss of taste and smell. However, some persons, particularly those with pre-existing conditions, may experience severe symptoms of high fever, severe cough pneumonia, and even death (WHO, 2020). In the United States alone, an estimated 88,044,073 cases have occurred since the start of the epidemic (Worldometer, 2022). Early strategies to handle the epidemic included temporary sheltering in-place orders, and many institutions including schools and universities shifted to online strategies to ensure continuity in learning. As these entities later sought to fully re-open and regain a sense of normalcy, many were tasked with establishing monitoring systems to help detect potential outbreaks. The use of wastewater-based surveillance was evaluated as a tool in helping to identify when and where student polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing should be conducted. Here, we utilized wastewater-based epidemiology by sampling dormitory wastewater thrice weekly during Spring and Fall 2021. Data obtained from this sampling was used to help identify potential cases of COVID-19 in dormitories. Additionally, as vaccines were developed and distributed, the relationship between vaccination rates and COVID-19 cases on campus was investigated. Lastly, students' attitudes and behaviors toward the virus were also evaluated by administering an online survey tool designed through REDCAP systems. This survey utilized a Likert scale where possible to aid in analysis and comparison of student responses between Spring 2021 and Fall 2021 semesters.Results from this study found significantly higher concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater were observed during the Spring relative to the Fall semester. Dorms with higher numbers of COVID-19 cases also had higher concentrations of SARS-CoV-2 in their wastewater. A significant inverse relationship was observed between vaccine rates and student COVID-19 cases. As vaccinations rates increased within the dormitories, the number of student cases decreased. Students became more receptive to the vaccine in the Fall semester in comparison to the Spring. This change in attitudes may have helped the University's vaccination rates in the Fall semester thus affecting student COVID-19 rates. Here, we saw students a significant difference in virus perception between Spring 2021 and Fall 2021 semesters. Specifically, a lower number of students having a negative perception of the virus. Additionally, students reported having less restrictive behavior (e.g., visitors, mask wearing) in Fall 2021 compared to Spring 2021. Overall, this study showed that universities may successfully use surveillance techniques such as wastewater-based epidemiology to help determine when swarm testing of students should be initiated. It also provided evidence that vaccination campaigns may have helped to reduce the incidence rate of COVID-19 on campus. Gaining an understanding of how students feel and behave regarding the threat of disease outbreaks, the implementation of various preventative measures, and the effects that changes in educational delivery platforms may have on learning and social interactions are also important for developing successful programs to mitigate the spread of diseases.
Download or read book Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-04 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York City's municipal water supply system provides about 1 billion gallons of drinking water a day to over 8.5 million people in New York City and about 1 million people living in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange counties. The combined water supply system includes 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes with a total storage capacity of approximately 580 billion gallons. The city's Watershed Protection Program is intended to maintain and enhance the high quality of these surface water sources. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program assesses the efficacy and future of New York City's watershed management activities. The report identifies program areas that may require future change or action, including continued efforts to address turbidity and responding to changes in reservoir water quality as a result of climate change.
Download or read book Wastewater based epidemiology at the frontier of global public health written by Matthew J. Wade and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2023-12-15 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the necessity for highly interdisciplinary, multi-stakeholder collaboration to enable effective public health practice and response. The application of wastewater monitoring to support the pandemic response was demonstrated quickly, leveraging existing scientific and engineering capability to develop rapidly methods that enabled scaling of monitoring programmes across the globe. The science and practice of wastewater monitoring, or wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) as it is often termed in the context of surveillance, for public health threats is well-documented. As a highly socialised tool, national, regional and international communities of interest have joined efforts to provide evidence of the value of the data derived and its application in practice. While the use of wastewater monitoring to detect and characterise targets of public health concern is not new, COVID-19 and the (re)emergence of rare, novel or unexpected pathogens stresses the importance of continued research and development into the utility of wastewater monitoring and utility of the data it generates. As wastewater monitoring continues to move from the research community into applied public health agencies, there is a need to develop standard methods and data analytics for specific applications. Establishing WBE at the frontier of global public health requires a clearer understanding and acknowledgment of its value by public health policy makers, regulators and government. This book presents a broad view of WBE thinking and practice, delineating the current understanding and future potential of the field. The topics covered range from geographically distinct reports on the use of WBE to inform on pathogen circulation in a population, through technical developments and data utility, to commentaries on future challenges and opportunities including for WBE ‘beyond the pandemic’. In Focus – a book series that showcases the latest accomplishments in water research. Each book focuses on a specialist area with papers from top experts in the field. It aims to be a vehicle for in-depth understanding and to inspire further conversations in the sector.
Download or read book Handbook of Research on Pathophysiology and Strategies for the Management of COVID 19 written by El Hiba, Omar and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-08-13 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus (SARS-Cov2), which may cause mild to moderate respiratory complications in most infected people. Older people and those with chronic and/or acute illnesses may present serious complications. Underlying mechanisms of the cellular responses to the virus are not fully revealed; therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is crucial to provide efficient data to define the appropriate and effective therapeutic strategies to cure and prevent COVID-19-associated complications. The Handbook of Research on Pathophysiology and Strategies for the Management of COVID-19 summarizes and assembles the published data on COVID-19 and provides an answer to the reader for the mystery of SARS-Cov2’s impact on human health through a deep analysis of the current data available in the literature. This book addresses the epidemiology and infectious patterns of the disease and the recent pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and relationships to the medical history of the patient. Covering topics from the tie between COVID-19 and respiratory disease to vaccination information, this comprehensive reference source is ideal for clinicians, health professionals, pathologists, virologists, researchers, academicians, and medical and PhD students.
Download or read book The Future of Public Health written by Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-01-15 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The Nation has lost sight of its public health goals and has allowed the system of public health to fall into 'disarray'," from The Future of Public Health. This startling book contains proposals for ensuring that public health service programs are efficient and effective enough to deal not only with the topics of today, but also with those of tomorrow. In addition, the authors make recommendations for core functions in public health assessment, policy development, and service assurances, and identify the level of government--federal, state, and local--at which these functions would best be handled.
Download or read book Legal Aspects of HIV AIDS written by and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an invaluable resource for lawyers, policy makers, and other practitioners with an interest in countries' responses to HIV/AIDS. Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Policy and Law Reform covers 65 wide-ranging topics in a concise, accessible format, explaining how laws and regulations can either underpin or undermine public health programs and responsible personal behavior. For each topic, the Guide summarizes the key legal or policy issues, provides relevant "practice examples" (citing actual laws and regulations), and offers a selective list of references that may be consulted for more information. Laws relating to many areas of our lives - from intimate physical conduct to international travel - can contribute to stigma, discrimination, and exclusion or, contrariwise, can help remedy these inequities. In order to create a supportive legal framework for responding to HIV/AIDS, it is important that governments effectively address gaps and other problematic aspects in their legislation and regulatory systems. This book, written by a team of leading legal experts, helps them do so.
Download or read book Management of Legionella in Water Systems written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-02-20 with total page 291 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legionnaires' disease, a pneumonia caused by the Legionella bacterium, is the leading cause of reported waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. Legionella occur naturally in water from many different environmental sources, but grow rapidly in the warm, stagnant conditions that can be found in engineered water systems such as cooling towers, building plumbing, and hot tubs. Humans are primarily exposed to Legionella through inhalation of contaminated aerosols into the respiratory system. Legionnaires' disease can be fatal, with between 3 and 33 percent of Legionella infections leading to death, and studies show the incidence of Legionnaires' disease in the United States increased five-fold from 2000 to 2017. Management of Legionella in Water Systems reviews the state of science on Legionella contamination of water systems, specifically the ecology and diagnosis. This report explores the process of transmission via water systems, quantification, prevention and control, and policy and training issues that affect the incidence of Legionnaires' disease. It also analyzes existing knowledge gaps and recommends research priorities moving forward.
Download or read book Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment written by Charles N. Haas and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-06-09 with total page 439 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the latest QMRA methodologies to determine infection risk cause by either accidental microbial infections or deliberate infections caused by terrorism • Reviews the latest methodologies to quantify at every step of the microbial exposure pathways, from the first release of a pathogen to the actual human infection • Provides techniques on how to gather information, on how each microorganism moves through the environment, how to determine their survival rates on various media, and how people are exposed to the microorganism • Explains how QMRA can be used as a tool to measure the impact of interventions and identify the best policies and practices to protect public health and safety • Includes new information on genetic methods • Techniques use to develop risk models for drinking water, groundwater, recreational water, food and pathogens in the indoor environment
Download or read book International Health Regulations 2005 written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2008-12-15 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to the call of the 48th World Health Assembly for a substantial revision of the International Health Regulations, this new edition of the Regulations will enter into force on June 15, 2007. The purpose and scope of the Regulations are "to prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unnecessary interference with international traffic and trade." The Regulations also cover certificates applicable to international travel and transport, and requirements for international ports, airports and ground crossings.
Download or read book Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in the Environment written by Christian Gaaei Daughton and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume breaks new ground in applying the current body of knowledge in the study of pharmaceuticals, personal care products and their environmental impact to the assessment of the magnitude and extent of the use of illicit drugs at the local community level. It offers new insights on the use of environmental monitoring and includes discussion on waste treatment, ecotoxicological issues, and risk assessment.
Download or read book Environmental Health Literacy written by Symma Finn and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-09-12 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores various and distinct aspects of environmental health literacy (EHL) from the perspective of investigators working in this emerging field and their community partners in research. Chapters aim to distinguish EHL from health literacy and environmental health education in order to classify it as a unique field with its own purposes and outcomes. Contributions in this book represent the key aspects of communication, dissemination and implementation, and social scientific research related to environmental health sciences and the range of expertise and interest in EHL. Readers will learn about the conceptual framework and underlying philosophical tenets of EHL, and its relation to health literacy and communications research. Special attention is given to topics like dissemination and implementation of culturally relevant environmental risk messaging, and promotion of EHL through visual technologies. Authoritative entries by experts also focus on important approaches to advancing EHL through community-engaged research and by engaging teachers and students at an early age through developing innovative STEM curriculum. The significance of theater is highlighted by describing the use of an interactive theater experience as an approach that enables community residents to express themselves in non-verbal ways.
Download or read book Rapid Expert Consultations on the COVID 19 Pandemic written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-05-30 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a request from the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a standing committee of experts to help inform the federal government on critical science and policy issues related to emerging infectious diseases and other 21st century health threats. This set of Rapid Expert Consultations are the first of their kind and represent the best evidence available to the Committee at the time each publication was released. The science on these issues is continually evolving, and the scientific consensus the Committee reaches on these topics will likely evolve with it. The standing committee includes members with expertise in emerging infectious diseases, public health, public health preparedness and response, biological sciences, clinical care and crisis standards of care, risk communication, and regulatory issues.
