Download or read book Wage Differentials and the Responsiveness of Labor Supply written by Geraint Johnes and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Wage and Employment Adjustment in Local Labor Markets written by Randall W. Eberts and published by W. E. Upjohn Institute. This book was released on 1992 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyses the adjustment patterns of regional labour markets to changing demand between 1973 and 1987.

Download or read book Unemployment Search and Labour Supply written by Richard Blundell and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1986-04-17 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together recent work analysing the labour market behaviour of agents, particularly with regard to unemployment, job search, and labour supply. It considers the economic and demographic factors involved, and in particular the responsiveness of labour market behaviour to changes in these factors. There has been considerable recent progress in the design of appropriate econometric techniques and models with which to confront labour market theories with available data. The contributions to this volume represent important extensions or applications by some of the foremost researchers in the field, provide tests of the available theories, and draw the consequent conclusions for policy. Subjects covered include unemployment, the duration of unemployment, the effects of insurance, benefits and taxation, youth unemployment, models of labour supply, and female participation. The contributors come from the USA, Canada, UK, France, Sweden, and Denmark.

Download or read book The Response of Wages and Labor Supply Movements to Employment Shocks Across Europe and the United States written by Mr.Alun H. Thomas and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1994-12-01 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the responsiveness of wages and labor force movements to employment shocks across British and U.S. regions and across Europe using a multivariate vector autoregression technique. The paper finds inflexible real wages in all three areas in that each area’s real wage responds very little to employment shocks. However, the response of the labor force to employment shocks is much greater in the United States compared to Europe. The strong labor force response in the United States prevents any persistence in relative regional unemployment rates whereas the lack of mobility in Europe results in persistent unemployment rate differentials across British regions and European nations. Europe must therefore adopt measures to reduce barriers to immobility if it is to succeed in moderating the persistence in relative unemployment rates.

Download or read book Efficiency Wage Theory Labor Markets and Adjustment written by Luis A. Riveros and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efficiency wage theory suggests that wages (and hence labor markets) may be unresponsive to typical macroeconomic policies that seek to lower real wages, change resource allocation, and reduce open unemployment. Under this theory, firms will react to macroeconomic shocks by altering employment (laying workers off), not wages.

Download or read book The Labor Market and Economic Adjustment written by Pierre-Richard Agénor and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1995-11-01 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the role of the labor market in the transmission process of adjustment policies in developing countries. It begins by reviewing the recent evidence regarding the functioning of these markets. It then studies the implications of wage inertia, nominal contracts, labor market segmentation, and impediments to labor mobility for stabilization policies. The effect of labor market reforms on economic flexibility and the channels through which labor market imperfections alter the effects of structural adjustment measures are discussed next. The last part of the paper identifies a variety of issues that may require further investigation, such as the link between changes in relative wages and the distributional effects of adjustment policies.

Download or read book Mobility and Wage Equilibration in the Educator Labor Market written by William H. Baugh and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Wages and Earnings written by Sang-bong Oh and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation I first try to explain how the wage is determined from a theoretical perspective. Then I provide a test regarding a phenomenon which has not been well explained so far. Finally I turn to an important issue in studies on taxation. In the first chapter I provide models considering when firm sets wage either above or below the market clearing wage although previous models take as granted that the efficiency wage is above the market clearing wage. A simple model, the "selection model", is different from previous models in that the firm considers workers' choices on labor supply as an important factor when it makes decisions on wages and employment. I then set up the "effort model", in which the effort function is determined by the worker while the ability function is exogenously given the selection model. As a result, the models produce set of possible choices which resembles backward-bending labor supply curve. The shape helps explain the minimum wage paradox. In the second chapter I test whether efficiency wage models contribute to explaining interindustry wage differentials. First, I find two variables which could cause firms to pay different wages to seemingly identical workers: the internal and external reference wages. Then, I estimate wage equations with and without those variables, and find that those variables help explain interindustry wage differentials by reducing the standard deviation of wage differentials. In the final chapter I address a problem that study of the behavioral response to the changes in the individual tax rate always encounters: endogeneity. I first develop novel instruments for the marginal tax rate and net-of-tax rate (1 - marginal tax rate). Then, I run regression using the new instruments for the net-of-tax rate and also using either no instrument or an improper instrument. Regressions suggest that the tax rates are endogenous to income and replacing the tax rates with the counterfactual tax rates solves the endogeneity problem. They also imply that the tax rate changes have no significant effect on medium-income earners in the short run.

Download or read book Gender Wage Differentials in a Competitive Labor Market written by Patrick Francois and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Wage Differentials written by Carrie Glasser and published by . This book was released on 1940 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Toward a Theory of Occupational Wage Differentials written by Louis Romov Salkever and published by . This book was released on 1951 with total page 884 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Labor Supply written by Nail Hassairi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of essays studying labor supply empirically through the use of an experimental platform set up on Amazon Mechanical Turk online labor market. The essays contribute to measuring labor supply elasticties; response of effort to pay; and the willingness to pay for job attributes. What these topics have in common is that a) it's extremely hard to estimate these parameters using observational data, b) the parameters estimated from these studies serve as input parameters for macroeconomic models of employment, welfare policy, and tax policy. The notion that increased pay raises productivity, either through sorting or incentives, lies at the heart of the efficiency wage theory. The alternative competitive model also implies a correlation between wages and productivity, however, the causal effect implied is from productivity to pay, that is more productive workers receive higher pay. A conclusive test with the ability to nest both of these hypotheses and rule between them then has to provide a credible evidence of the direction of causality in the wage-productivity relationship. This challenge has so far been unmet in the literature. To provide an unequivocal answer, the first essay in this volume presents findings from a large-scale field experiment conducted on Amazon Mechanical Turk. The findings confirm the intuition behind the efficiency wage theory, demonstrating that increase in pay indeed has a causal effect on productivity; through sorting, and, to a lesser extent, incentives. These findings also suggest that this causalrelationship between pay and productivity is dynamic in nature, weakening over the course of the tenure of a worker. The findings also indicate that heterogeneity in tenure length among workers is correlated with their heterogeneity in response to higher pay. As the competitive model continues to be used as a microeconomic foundation of macroeconomic theories of unemployment, these findings give a vote of confidence to its main alternative - the efficiency wage theory. An integral part of Adam Smith's compensating wage differentials theory is that work- ers trade off between job characteristics and wage. Other than risk of death, however, no job characteristics have consistently been found to affect wages, likely because of problems with self-selection and unobservable job characteristics. The second essay in this volume presents results from the experiments on Mechanical Turk, randomizing offered pay and job characteristics, thereby overcoming both problems. The findings indicate, as predicted by the theoretical model, that increasing job disamenities significantly reduces both likelihood of working and amount of work supplied. Correspondingly, the wage increases necessary to compensate workers for worse job disamenities are substantial. The last essay in this volume estimates extensive and intensive margin labor supply elasticity. Contrary to prior analyses using micro data, the findings indicate that the intensive margin elasticities are more than twice the size of extensive margin elasticities and that both are substantial, even if conditioning on working. Furthermore, using data on all workers in the experiments whether they decide to work on the experiments or not, the elasticities range from 1.2 to 2.9, depending on experiment and specification. These results are consistent with the idea that off-line labor markets are characterized by frictions that lower elasticities and may reverse the ordering of extensive margin and intensive margin elasticities.

Download or read book Permanent and Transitory Wage Effects in a Multiperiod Family Labor Supply Model written by Geoffrey Carliner and published by London : Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario. This book was released on 1980 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-13 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration finds that the long-term impact of immigration on the wages and employment of native-born workers overall is very small, and that any negative impacts are most likely to be found for prior immigrants or native-born high school dropouts. First-generation immigrants are more costly to governments than are the native-born, but the second generation are among the strongest fiscal and economic contributors in the U.S. This report concludes that immigration has an overall positive impact on long-run economic growth in the U.S. More than 40 million people living in the United States were born in other countries, and almost an equal number have at least one foreign-born parent. Together, the first generation (foreign-born) and second generation (children of the foreign-born) comprise almost one in four Americans. It comes as little surprise, then, that many U.S. residents view immigration as a major policy issue facing the nation. Not only does immigration affect the environment in which everyone lives, learns, and works, but it also interacts with nearly every policy area of concern, from jobs and the economy, education, and health care, to federal, state, and local government budgets. The changing patterns of immigration and the evolving consequences for American society, institutions, and the economy continue to fuel public policy debate that plays out at the national, state, and local levels. The Economic and Fiscal Consequences of Immigration assesses the impact of dynamic immigration processes on economic and fiscal outcomes for the United States, a major destination of world population movements. This report will be a fundamental resource for policy makers and law makers at the federal, state, and local levels but extends to the general public, nongovernmental organizations, the business community, educational institutions, and the research community.

Download or read book Efforts and Wages written by Edward E. Leamer and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We provide evidence that US workers face a wage-effort offer curve with the high-wage high-effort jobs occurring in the capital intensive sectors. We find that real wage offers rose at every level of effort during the 1960's, a shift which is consistent with a decline in the rental cost of capital. During the 1970's, when relative prices of labor-intensive goods declined, the wage-effort offer curve twisted, offering lower pay for the low-paid jobs in the labor-intensive sectors but higher pay for the high-paid jobs in the capital-intensive sectors. In the 1980's, workers at every wage level began to work more hours for the same weekly wage. This we loosely attribute either to the increasing cost of non-wage benefits, especially health care, or to the introduction of new equipment. In studying the wage-effort offer curve rate of unionization, education, and rent sharing.

Download or read book Regional Wage Differentials written by Christopher Lon Erickson and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays in Wage Determination and Labor Market Inequality written by Zoe B. Cullen and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation explores questions in labor economics with a particular focus on economic inequality. As one might expect, race, gender, and location are recurring themes. The dissertation makes headway on long-standing questions in economics, in large part, through the collection of administrative datasets, and complementary field experiments. In the first chapter, I present evidence that employers pay a premium to equalize pay between workers if those workers can share information about their compensation. To establish a causal relationship between pay transparency and wage compression, I work with the operator of an online labor market who granted me access to detailed records of the tasks that employers advertise and the prices at which workers are willing to do them. These data capture the entire wage determination process, making it possible to observe the drivers of wage compression and the gender wage gap. Three facts emerge. First, for a particular multi-worker setting, pay between any two workers differs on average by over fifty percent when workers propose a price for their services. Second, when workers are in the same location, employers deliberately raise the pay of lower bidders, reducing dispersion, irrespective of differences in assessed productivity or reservation values. Finally, employers who compress pay when workers work in the same place will allow disparities when workers are physically separated. Overall, we find that even in this short-term spot market for labor, consideration of relative pay are quantitatively important for both wages and labor supply. We combine these online platform data with a field experiment to show that, with few institutional constraints, paying a premium to compress pay may be efficient when workers can communicate pay. Our field experiment shows that when pay is unequal, workers strategically use information about co-worker pay to negotiate higher wages that can double the time it takes to complete a job. Worker morale response to lower relative pay can lead quality of output to fall by a full standard deviation. An employer can make trade-offs between these costs by adjusting the terms of negotiation or compressing pay. A profit maximizing employer may optimally equalize wages ex-ante in equilibrium. An important extension to this empirical result is the effect of gender on the ramifications of pay transparency. While a male worker who communicates with co-workers is, on average, able to close the wage gap between the highest paid work and himself by 85 percent, a female worker in the same position closes the gap by 12 percent. This result may give pause to advocates of pay transparency policies if their goal is more equal pay for men and women. The second and third chapter examine the relationship between place and productivity. In the second chapter, I study the impact on aggregate productivity of policies that affect a firm's choice of where to locate. In particular, I study the relationship between state corporate taxes and the investment of firms in R & D, as captured by new patents. While tax advantaged-areas make investment cheaper for firms, they often require firms to locate where their productivity will be lower. In this chapter, I create a unique patent-establishment panel dataset by linking the residence of scientists on each patent application granted, over a thirty-year window, with the address of U.S. establishments. With this dataset, I show that innovation productivity is lower in low tax places, suggesting that place-based productivity is a more important determinant of innovative activity than traditional explanations which focus on the cost of investment. Our analysis proceeds in three steps. First, we analyze establishment mobility and show that lower taxes attract establishments. In particular, a one percent lower corporate tax rate increases the share of establishments in a local area by roughly 3.4%. Second, we exploit establishment migration to separate variation in innovation productivity due to establishment-specific and place-specific characteristics. We show that moving to a place that is 5% more productive increases a given firm's patent activity by 1\%. We follow this literature in evaluating the validity of this variation using pre-move behavior and control functions in the spirit of Dahl (2002). We then relate these place effects to corporate taxes and document that low tax places tend to have lower innovation productivity. The third chapter provides evidence that the voluntary choice of African-Americans to move from Northern regions in the U.S. to Southern regions is responsible in part for lower occupational standing and real income. I find that these migration patterns are also part of a trend that accelerated during the early 21st century among Northern born African-Americans. We combine evidence from four nationally-representative surveys, the U.S. Census, American Community Survey, Current Population Survey, and the Survey of Income Program and Participation, to statistically assess the forces behind a reverse migration from North to South and associated economic trade-offs. Using variation in the precise timing of individual moves and a model of the wage process, I provide evidence that, on average, African-American are moving to places where their earnings are lower after adjusting for regional price differences, and much lower relative to non-Hispanic white migrants. As suggestive evidence about the reason for these moves, we find that the magnitude of the economic trade-off between origin and destination is proportional to the severity and duration of riots which occurred in Northern cities at the time of the earlier Great Migration. We conclude from this that attractive amenities of the South may play a minor role in driving a reverse migration relative to the failure of some Northern cities to integrate during the 20th century. In chapters 1 and 2, I work closely with co-authors Bobak Pakzad Hurson, currently a classmate of mine, and Juan Carlos Suarez Serrato, who was a post-doc at Stanford at the inception of our collaboration, and who has since take a faculty position at Duke University.