Download or read book Variable Airflow Management with Direct Expansion Computer Room Air Conditioning DX CRAC Units in Data Centers written by Dennis Symanski and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Optimum Cooling of Data Centers written by Jun Dai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-20 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the use of free air cooling to improve the efficiency of, and cooling of, equipment for use in telecom infrastructures. Discussed at length is the cooling of communication installation rooms such as data centers or base stations, and this is intended as a valuable tool for the people designing and manufacturing key parts of communication networks. This book provides an introduction to current cooling methods used for energy reduction, and also compares present cooling methods in use in the field. The qualification methods and standard reliability assessments are reviewed, and their inability to assess the risks of free air cooling is discussed. The method of identifying the risks associated with free air cooling on equipment performance and reliability is introduced. A novel method of assessment for free air cooling is also proposed that utilizes prognostics and health management (PHM). This book also: Describes how the implementation of free air cooling can save energy for cooling within the telecommunications infrastructure. Analyzes the potential risks and failures of mechanisms possible in the implementation of free air cooling, which benefits manufacturers and equipment designers. Presents prognostics-based assessments to identify and mitigate the risks of telecommunications equipment under free air cooling conditions, which can provide the early warning of equipment failures at operation stage without disturbing the data centers' service. Optimum Cooling for Data Centers is an ideal book for researchers and engineers interested in designing and manufacturing equipment for use in telecom infrastructures.
Download or read book Air Flow Management in Raised Floor Data Centers written by Vaibhav K. Arghode and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-23 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Brief discuss primarily two aspects of air flow management in raised floor data centers. Firstly, cooling air delivery through perforated tiles will be examined and influence of the tile geometry on flow field development and hot air entrainment above perforated tiles will be discussed. Secondly, the use of cold aisle containment to physically separate hot and cold regions, and minimize hot and cold air mixing will be presented. Both experimental investigations and computational efforts are discussed and development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based models for simulating air flow in data centers is included. In addition, metrology tools for facility scale air velocity and temperature measurement, and air flow rate measurement through perforated floor tiles and server racks are examined and the authors present thermodynamics-based models to gauge the effectiveness and importance of air flow management schemes in data centers.
Download or read book Data Centers HVAC DESIGN written by Charles Nehme and published by Charles Nehme. This book was released on 2022-02-22 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses HVAC design criteria for Data centres. I have written it with the knowledge of my 15 years of involvement in Data centers on every continent. I have worked on the construction and implementation of Data centers, on the facilities maintenance and operations and many years as Quality Assurance Manager. I have kept it simple yet concise. #datacenters #book #engineering #hvac #cooling #it
Download or read book Computer Room Air Conditioners written by Charles Nehme and published by Charles Nehme. This book was released on with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction In today's data-driven world, the importance of maintaining stable and controlled environments for critical infrastructure cannot be overstated. Data centers, server rooms, telecommunications facilities, and industrial control centers all rely on precise temperature and humidity regulation to ensure the reliable operation of sensitive equipment and protect valuable data. At the heart of these control systems lies the crucial role of CRAC units, or Computer Room Air Conditioners. The Significance of CRAC Units CRAC units are specialized HVAC systems designed specifically to meet the stringent cooling requirements of critical environments. These units are typically compact and modular, making them well-suited for installation in confined spaces. They operate using a refrigeration cycle, absorbing heat from the room and expelling it to the outside environment, thereby maintaining a controlled climate within the facility.
Download or read book Experimental Study on Effects of Segregated Cooling Provisioning on Thermal Performance of Information Technology Servers in Air Cooled Data Centers written by Ashwin Venugopal Siddarth and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern Information Technology (IT) equipment are typically assumed to operate in quiescent airflow conditions in an uncontained data center facility. In this study, the multi-scaled thermal management strategies are reconsidered at the IT chassis and rack level for a containment system. For an ideal containment configuration of airflow provisioning the entirety of conditioned air provided by the Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) unit would flow through the IT equipment and return back to the CRAC. But in actuality a lack of interfaced airflow distribution exists between the amount of conditioned air provisioned to the rack and the volume capacity ingested by the IT equipment thereby decreasing the efficiency of the overall cooling system. This work evaluates the thermal performance of IT servers when operating in a representative cold aisle containment system. In this study, the impact of positive and negative static pressure differentials between the inlet and exhaust of a representative rack is experimentally studied. The effect of fan proximity in the chassis layout to variations in pressure differentials is assessed. This information can be helpful in optimizing the desired static pressure set points within the room and define coupled internal fan control strategies to achieve the most energy efficient use of cooling resources.
Download or read book Precision Cooling Optimizing Climate Control in Critical Environments written by Charles Nehme and published by Charles Nehme. This book was released on with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the contemporary landscape of technology and industry, the need for controlled environmental conditions transcends mere comfort, becoming critical for the operational integrity of numerous high-stakes fields. Precision cooling stands as a pillar in this arena, ensuring that sensitive environments—ranging from bustling data centers to meticulous laboratory settings—maintain the necessary conditions for optimal performance and reliability. The advent of precision cooling technologies marks a pivotal evolution from traditional cooling methods, addressing the nuanced demands of modern electronic and industrial equipment susceptible to damage from even minor fluctuations in temperature or humidity. This book, "Precision Cooling: Ensuring Operational Excellence in Critical Environments," aims to provide a comprehensive exploration of precision cooling systems. It delves into the technical underpinnings, practical applications, and strategic importance of maintaining stringent environmental controls. Our journey will navigate through the core concepts of temperature, humidity, and airflow management, extending into the sophisticated technologies that enable such precise regulation. We begin by laying a foundation with a historical perspective on the evolution of cooling technologies, leading up to the sophisticated systems in use today. Subsequent chapters dissect the mechanisms of action, design considerations, and operational nuances of modern precision cooling systems. We delve deep into case studies from industries where precision cooling is non-negotiable, such as data centers, pharmaceuticals, and aerospace, illustrating the critical role these systems play in ensuring safety, efficiency, and sustainability. In addressing the technical facets, this book also explores the cutting-edge innovations shaping the future of precision cooling. From advancements in AI and IoT for smarter cooling solutions to the integration of green technologies for energy efficiency, the narrative is both current and forward-looking. Designed for engineers, facility managers, IT professionals, and anyone involved in managing or designing environments where precise control of cooling is essential, this book aims to be both a primer for those new to the field and a reference for seasoned professionals. By the end, readers will gain a holistic understanding of how precision cooling systems are designed, implemented, and managed, as well as the trends and challenges that will shape their future. With every chapter, "Precision Cooling: Ensuring Operational Excellence in Critical Environments" strives to equip its readers with the knowledge and insights necessary to navigate the complexities of precision cooling, fostering environments where technology and precision meet to create stability and progress.
Download or read book Experimental and Computational Study of Multi level Cooling Systems at Elevated Coolant Temperatures in Data Centers written by Manasa Sahini and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data centers house a variety of compute, storage, network IT hardware where equipment reliability is of utmost importance. Heat generated by the IT equipment can substantially reduce its service life if Tj,max, maximum temperature that the microelectronic device tolerates to guarantee reliable operation, is exceeded. Hence, data center rooms are bound to maintain continuous conditioning of the cooling medium. This approach often results in over-provisioned cooling systems. In 2014, U.S. Data center electricity consumption is about 1.8% of the total electrical energy in the country. Hence, data center power and cooling have become significant issues facing the IT industry. The first part of the study focuses on air cooling of electronic equipment at room level. Data centers are predominantly cooled by perimeter computer air handling units that supply cold air to the raised floor plenum and the cold air helps in removing the heat generated by IT equipment. This method tends to be inadequate especially when the average power density per rack rises above 4 kW. As a solution to mitigate this problem, different rack and row based cooling solutions have been proposed and used. The primary focus of these cooling methods is to bring cooling closer to the heat source which is the IT rack thereby improving the heat dissipation process along with controlled air flow management in the data center room. Mostly known close-coupled cooling solutions include rear-door heat exchanger, in-row coolers, and over-head cooling. In this study, a new end-of-aisle close-coupled cooling solution for small data center cooling room has been proposed. As oppose to the existing designs, this design is distinctive in eliminating the risk of placing the liquid on top of IT racks along with achieving cooling energy efficiency. Three different configurations of the proposed designs are studied for its thermal performance using computational modeling. The second part of the study focuses on liquid cooling at rack level. Liquid cooling addresses the critical issues related to typical air cooling in servers because of its better heat transfer characteristics. Water-cooling at the device level can be an efficient solution since water has higher thermal capacitance when compared to traditional heat carrying medium i.e., air. The emerging practice in the data center industry is to maximize the use of economizer usage by reducing/eliminating the usage of chiller while taking advantage of outside ambient conditions to cool the data centers. Liquid cooled racks are generally designed with different configuration of pumping systems. Empirical study is conducted on a state-of-art liquid cooled electronic rack for high coolant inlet, commonly known as warm-water cooling in order to evaluate the cooling performance of distributed vs. centralized coolant pumping systems. Experimental set up is instrumented such that detailed analysis is employed to study component temperatures as well as cooling performance of the rack at elevated inlet conditions. The third part of the study focuses on the impact of high server inlet temperatures to static power at server level. In order to maximize the use of economizers, the IT hardware will be exposed to higher inlet temperatures which would lead to higher operating temperatures of the processors. The operating temperature of the CPU has direct influence on the static power due to subthreshold leakage which is known to reduce the performance of the processor. The current work serves as a firsthand investigation to study trade-off between IT performance and energy efficiency for elevated inlet temperature in air vs. liquid cooled servers. Air cooled IT along with the liquid cooled counter-parts are instrumented and extensively tested to simulate the high ambient conditions at the test bed data center.
Download or read book Data Centers Air Conditioning Design Common Problems Solutions written by Charles Nehme and published by Charles Nehme. This book was released on with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data centers are heavily dependent on HVAC systems for cooling, and any problems in the HVAC system can cause a significant disruption to the functioning of the data center. Common HVAC problems in data centers include: 1. Poor Airflow: Poor airflow can be caused by a number of factors, such as clogged filters, blocked vents, or poorly-placed supply and return ducts. Poor airflow can cause the data center to overheat, leading to hardware failure and reduced efficiency. 2. Incorrect Temperature Settings: If the temperature settings are incorrect, the data center can become too hot or too cold. This can cause hardware damage and inefficient cooling, leading to higher energy costs. 3. Leaks: Leaks in the HVAC system can cause humidity levels to rise, which can lead to condensation and corrosion of the hardware. 4. Faulty Components: Faulty components, such as bad fans or compressors, can cause the data center to become too hot or too cold, leading to hardware failure and other issues. 5. Poor Maintenance: Poor maintenance of the HVAC system can lead to a decrease in efficiency and a higher risk of system failure. Regular maintenance and inspections are essential to ensure the data center is running optimally. These are just a few of the potential HVAC problems that can occur in data centers. To prevent these problems, it is important to ensure the HVAC system is properly maintained and inspected on a regular basis.
Download or read book Maximizing Use of Air side Economization Direct and Indirect Evaporative Cooling for Energy Efficient Data Centers written by Betsegaw Kebede Gebrehiwot and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data centers house information technology (IT) equipment such as servers and network switches which are vital for our networked modern society by providing digital data storage, data processing and connectivity. Data centers house few hundreds to tens of thousands of IT equipment that consume few kilowatt-hours to multi-megawatt-hours of electrical energy that gets dissipated as heat. IT equipment need to be properly cooled so that they operate reliably for their expected lifetime. For air cooled IT equipment, manufacturers provide heat sinks, cold plates, fans, et cetera to remove heat from the vicinity of heat dissipating components and data centers need to continuously supply cold air to the IT equipment and remove hot from the vicinity of the IT equipment. Type of cooling system used in a data center is an important factor in the overall efficiency and reliability of the data center. This dissertation focuses on use of air-side economization (ASE), direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and indirect/direct evaporative cooling (I/DEC) as a way to reduce cooling cost of data centers. A test bed modular data center, which has a cooling unit that operates in ASE or two-stage I/DEC modes, and located in Dallas, TX, is primarily used for this study. Included in the study are analysis of weather data to determine what percentage of a year these cooling systems can be used, modeling of the test bed modular data center using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tool, discussion on improvements that can be made to the cooling system and factors that limit use of ASE and I/DEC, method for improving the DEC control system, et cetera. In addition, CFD modeling of another modular data center is used to show importance of proper airflow management within cold aisle of data centers and impact of hot aisle pressurization on operating point of server fans.
Download or read book Variable Air Volume Systems written by Leo A. Meyer and published by HVAC Books—Best on the Web. This book was released on 1998 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book HVAC Variable Refrigerant Flow VRF Systems written by A. Bhatia and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-12-06 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: VRF (Variable refrigerant flow) is an air-condition system configuration where there is one outdoor condensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term variable refrigerant flow (VRF) refers to the ability of the system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the use of many evaporators of differing capacities and configurations connected to single condensing unit. The arrangement provides an individualized comfort control, and simultaneous heating and cooling in different zones. Currently widely applied in large buildings especially in Japan and Europe, these systems are just starting to be introduced in the U.S. The VRF technology/system was developed and designed by Daikin Industries, Japan who named and protected the term variable refrigerant volume (VRV) system so other manufacturers use the term VRF "variable refrigerant flow". In essence both are same. With a higher efficiency and increased controllability, the VRF system can help achieve a sustainable design. Unfortunately, the design of VRF systems is more complicated and requires additional work compared to designing a conventional direct expansion (DX) system. This 3 -hour quick book provides an overview of VRF system technology. Emphasis is placed on the control principles, terminology, basic components, advantages and design limitations. This course is aimed at the personnel who have some limited background in the air conditioning field and is suitable for mechanical, electrical, controls and HVAC engineers, architects, building designers, contractors, estimators, energy auditors and facility managers.The course includes a multiple-choice quiz consisting of fifteen (15) questions at the end. Learning ObjectiveAt the conclusion of this course, the reader will: * Understand the difference between multi-split air conditioning system and VRF systems;* Understand the operating principle of direct expansion split and VRF system;* Understand the concept of thermal zone;* Understand how VRF with heat recovery are different from ordinary heat pump systems;* Understand the operation of thermostatic expansion valve (TXV) and electronic expansion valve (EEV);* Understand the influence of building characteristics and load profile on selection of VRF system;* Learn the advantages and application of VRF systems;* Understand the design limitations and challenges in design of VRF systems.
Download or read book Liquid Cooling Guidelines for Datacom Equipment Centers written by and published by Ashrae. This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dual unitsData center IT equipment today is predominantly air cooled. However, with rack heat loads steadily climbing, the ability for many data centers to deliver either adequate airflow rates or sufficient chilled air is now being stretched to the limit. These trends in the heat load generated from IT equipment can have detrimental side effects, such as decresed equipment availability, wasted floor space, and inefficient cooling system operation. This situation is creating a need for implementing liquid cooling solutions. The overall goals of the liquid implementations include aspects such as trasferring as much waste heat to the facility liquid cooling loop as possible, reducing the overall volume of airflow needed by the racks, and reducing processor temperatures such that increased compute performance can be achieved.This book on liquid cooling is divided into six chapters and includes definitions for liquid and air cooling as it applies to the IT equipment, describing the various liquid loops that can exist in a building that houses a data center. It also provides the reader an overview of the chilled-water and condenser water systems and an overview of datacom equipment cooling options. The book also bridges the liquid cooling systems by providing guidelines on the interface requirements between the chilled-water system and the technology cooling system and outlines the requirements of those liquid-cooled systems that attach to a datacom electronics rack and are implemented to aid in data center thermal management.This book is the fourth in a series of datacom books published by ASHRAE and authored by TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment. The other books, listed in order of publication, are Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments, Datacom Equipment Power Data center IT equipment today is predominantly air cooled. However, with rack heat loads steadily climbing, the ability for many data centers to deliver either adequate airflow rates or sufficient chilled air is now being stretched to the limit. These trends in the heat load generated from IT equipment can have detrimental side effects, such as decresed equipment availability, wasted floor space, and inefficient cooling system operation. This situation is creating a need for implementing liquid cooling solutions. The overall goals of the liquid implementations include aspects such as trasferring as much waste heat to the facility liquid cooling loop as possible, reducing the overall volume of airflow needed by the racks, and reducing processor temperatures such that increased compute performance can be achieved.This book on liquid cooling is divided into six chapters and includes definitions for liquid and air cooling as it applies to the IT equipment, describing the various liquid loops that can exist in a building that houses a data center. It also provides the reader an overview of the chilled-water and condenser water systems and an overview of datacom equipment cooling options. The book also bridges the liquid cooling systems by providing guidelines on the interface requirements between the chilled-water system and the technology cooling system and outlines the requirements of those liquid-cooled systems that attach to a datacom electronics rack and are implemented to aid in data center thermal management.This book is the fourth in a series of datacom books published by ASHRAE and authored by TC 9.9, Mission Critical Facilities, Technology Spaces, and Electronic Equipment. The other books, listed in order of publication, are Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments, Datacom Equipment Power Trends and Cooling Applications, and Design Considerations for Datacom Equipment Centers.
Download or read book Computer Room Air Conditioners written by Charles Nehme and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2024-01-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction In today's data-driven world, the importance of maintaining stable and controlled environments for critical infrastructure cannot be overstated. Data centers, server rooms, telecommunications facilities, and industrial control centers all rely on precise temperature and humidity regulation to ensure the reliable operation of sensitive equipment and protect valuable data. At the heart of these control systems lies the crucial role of CRAC units, or Computer Room Air Conditioners. The Significance of CRAC Units CRAC units are specialized HVAC systems designed specifically to meet the stringent cooling requirements of critical environments. These units are typically compact and modular, making them well-suited for installation in confined spaces. They operate using a refrigeration cycle, absorbing heat from the room and expelling it to the outside environment, thereby maintaining a controlled climate within the facility.
Download or read book Computer Room Air Handler CRAH Subfloor Airflow Analysis for Datacenters written by Brian Andrew Barrie and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Data center energy efficiency is becoming a huge topic of research as more IT infrastructure moves from local resources into the cloud. New data centers designed with energy efficiency in mind have achieved impressive results, but legacy datacenters (10-20 years old) make up a significant portion of the total data center space in the U.S. These sites can benefit the most from having an independent energy audit done with the focus on using new technologies to save substantial energy while maintaining reliability. One of these new technologies is wireless mesh sensor networks. Wireless mesh sensor networks allow large amounts of sensors to be deployed without running expensive power and communication cabling to the sensors. This technology allows a very granular view of the pressure and temperature conditions in real time on the data center floor. This large amount of real time data also provides a factor of safety when changes are made to the cooling system in the quest for energy savings. Because IT loads in data centers change frequently, it is difficult to match cooling capacity with the heat load in the room and as a result, there is usually too much or too little cooling in the data center. Estimating how much energy may be saved depends on determining the factors that affect the cooling efficiency of the data center. This study seeks to determine how physical variables such as floor depth, CRAH arrangement, fan types, fan speed, perforated tile placement and IT equipment layout impact sub-floor pressure distribution. If the subfloor pressure is evenly distributed the fan speeds can be run lower, resulting in increased data center cooling efficiency. In the study thousands of wireless sensors are installed throughout a data center as part of an environmental monitoring and control solution for a large telecommunications company. These wireless devices are capable of monitoring the sub-floor pressure, subfloor temperature, CRAH supply and return temperatures and server rack inlet temperatures at three different heights. When changes are made to the fan speed settings, or supply air temperature, the wireless sensors will capture the changes to the sub-floor pressure and server rack inlet temperatures. The data from the wireless sensors is time stamped and sent wirelessly every 5 minutes back to a central server. This server uses a MySQL database to organize and store all the sensor data. This data can then be accessed and exported for analysis. Once the impacts of these variables have been established, optimal energy savings improvements can be made and are provided in the study.
Download or read book HVAC for Data Centers written by A. Bhatia and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-09-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basic physics of a data center is that electricity is converted to heat. Equipment in the data center expends power, generating heat, requiring air conditioning and ventilation equipment to keep them cool and running well. If the temperature rises too high, equipment will begin to malfunction or become damaged; as the internal components begin to swell and pull away from each other (or simply burn-up). The cooling system is also required to adjust the humidity of the air and to remove particles. Depending upon the climate at a data center's location, moisture may need to be added or removed. Similarly, the types and amount of particles to be removed from the air are determined by the location and external events. Data center cooling is a highly specialized area that uses precision cooling equipment that differs from the conventional comfort equipment. The combination of heat and the high sensitivity of electronic components in data center environments demand maximum availability and performance of the cooling equipment. Precision cooling systems have been designed specifically for this purpose. This 5-hr course presents a detailed discussion on the key concepts and practices relating to data cooling technology, air flow practices that improve conditions for IT equipment and reduce overall HVAC energy consumption. This course is aimed at mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, HVAC consultants and engineers, architects, O & M professionals, facility managers, estimators and general audience. No specific prerequisite training or experience is required. The course includes a multiple-choice quiz at the end, which is designed to enhance the understanding of course materials.
Download or read book Cooling System in Submerged Data Centers A Step by Step Guide written by Charles Nehme and published by Charles Nehme. This book was released on with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the relentless pursuit of technological advancement, data centers have become the beating heart of our digital age, powering everything from social media to cloud computing. However, the rapid expansion of these data hubs brings forth significant challenges, particularly in energy consumption and thermal management. Traditional data centers, often sprawling across vast expanses of land, consume enormous amounts of electricity and generate substantial heat, necessitating sophisticated cooling systems that further strain our energy resources. The concept of submerged data centers, also known as underwater data centers, emerges as a groundbreaking innovation addressing these critical issues. By placing data centers beneath the ocean’s surface, we can leverage the natural cooling properties of seawater, drastically reducing the need for energy-intensive air conditioning. This novel approach not only enhances energy efficiency but also offers potential environmental benefits, such as minimizing the physical footprint on land and reducing carbon emissions. This preface aims to delve into the multifaceted world of submerged data centers, exploring their technological underpinnings, the engineering marvels they represent, and the potential they hold for a sustainable future. We will examine case studies, such as Microsoft's Project Natick, which have pioneered this field, providing valuable insights into the operational dynamics and real-world feasibility of underwater data centers. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges and limitations inherent in this approach, from maintenance complexities to environmental impacts, ensuring a balanced and comprehensive understanding of this emerging technology. In an era where digital transformation is both inevitable and indispensable, submerged data centers offer a promising glimpse into a future where innovation and sustainability go hand in hand. This exploration invites you to consider the possibilities and implications of submerging our digital infrastructure beneath the waves, embarking on a journey towards a more efficient and environmentally conscious digital future.
