Download or read book Using Passive Acoustic Data to Track Changes in Baleen Whale Distribution Throughout the Western North Atlantic Ocean written by Genevieve E. Davis and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Clicks and Currents written by Rebecca Emily Cohen and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The western North Atlantic is a dynamic region characterized by the Gulf Stream western boundary current and inhabited by a diverse host of odontocete, or toothed whale, top predators. Their habitats are highly exploited by commercial fisheries, shipping, marine energy extraction, and naval exercises, subjecting them to a variety of potentially harmful interactions. Many of these species remain poorly understood due to the difficulties of observing them in the pelagic environment. Their habitat utilization and the impacts of anthropogenic activities are not well known. Over the past decade, passive acoustic data has become increasingly utilized for the study of a wide variety of marine animals, and offers several advantages over traditional line-transect visual survey methods. Passive acoustic devices can be deployed at offshore monitoring sites for long periods of time, enabling detection of even rare and cryptic species across seasons and sea states, and without altering animal behaviors. Here we utilized a large passive acoustic data set collected across a latitudinal habitat gradient in the western North Atlantic to address fundamental knowledge gaps in odontocete ecology. I approached the problem of discriminating between species based on spectral and temporal features of echolocation clicks by using machine learning to identify novel click types, and then matching these click types to species using spatiotemporal correlates. I was able to identify novel click types associated with short-beaked common dolphins, Risso's dolphins, and short-finned pilot whales in this way. Next I characterized temporal patterns in presence and activity for ten different species across our monitoring sites at three different temporal scales: seasonal, lunar, and diel. I observed spatiotemporal separation of apparent competitors, and complex behavioral patterns modulated by interactions between the seasonal, lunar, and diel cycles. Finally I investigated the relationships between species presence and oceanographic covariates to predict habitat suitability across the region, and explored niche partitioning between potentially competitive species. The insights gained here significantly advance our understanding of toothed whale ecology in this region, and can be used for more effective population assessments and management in the face of anthropogenic threats and climate change.

Download or read book Ecoacoustics written by Almo Farina and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-07-24 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sounds produced by geophonic, biophonic and technophonic sources are relevant to the function of natural and human modified ecosystems. Passive recording is one of the most non-invasive technologies as its use avoids human intrusion during acoustic surveys and facilitates the accumulation of huge amounts of acoustical data. For the first time, this book collates and reviews the science behind ecoaucostics; illustrating the principles, methods and applications of this exciting new field. Topics covered in this comprehensive volume include; the assessment of biodiversity based on sounds emanating from a variety of environments the best technologies and methods necessary to investigate environmental sounds implications for climate change and urban systems the relationship between landscape ecology and ecoacoustics the conservation of soundscapes and the social value of ecoacoustics areas of potential future research. An invaluable resource for scholars, researchers and students, Ecoacoustics: The Ecological Role of Sounds provides an unrivalled set of ideas, tools and references based on the current state of the field.

Download or read book Temporal and Spatial Distributions of Baleen Whales in Central New Zealand Based on Passive Acoustic Monitoring written by Victoria Warren and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Effective management of wild animal populations relies on an understanding of their spatio-temporal distributions, and how they overlap with threats. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a non-invasive method to investigate the distribution of free-ranging species that reliably produce sound, and soundscape analysis enables an integrated approach whereby vocal species are sampled concurrently with ambient environmental information. Physical and acoustic overlaps between soundscape contributors can highlight potential interactions and threats. Worldwide, the distributions of baleen whales have proven difficult to study due to logistical constraints imposed by their offshore distributions and limited surface time. However, many baleen whales reliably produce stereotyped sound, and are therefore suitable to study acoustically. In the western South Pacific, weather and sea conditions have particularly constrained understanding of baleen whale distributions. Here, four acoustic recorders were deployed in the marine environment around central New Zealand to elucidate the spatio-temporal distributions of " ̃data deficient' baleen whales that frequent the region. The recorded data featured notable acoustic contributions from several baleen whale species. Seismic surveys, shipping and earthquakes overlapped in time, space, and frequency with baleen whale vocalisations, highlighting potential risks and stressors in New Zealand waters. An acoustic approach enabled pygmy blue whales (PBWs) to be distinguished from " ̃critically endangered' Antarctic blue whales (ABWs). PBWs were detected in the South Taranaki Bight (STB) throughout recording periods, and detection area modelling demonstrated that an aggregation of PBWs likely occurs in the STB; an industrial area. ABWs and humpback whales migrated through central New Zealand seasonally, with both species generally travelling north through Cook Strait and the STB, rather than along the east coast of the North Island. ABWs were also detected during their breeding season. Based on song content, the humpback whales were likely migrating to breed in New Caledonia, or East Australia, and song transmission may occur between the two breeding populations in the New Zealand migratory corridor. This study highlights the utility of PAM to map the distributions of free-ranging species and potential stressors, which can be challenging to study via alternative methods. Such data are essential to underpin conservation and management decisions.

Download or read book Advancing Baleen Whale Acoustic and Habitat Monitoring in the Northwest Atlantic written by Hansen Dalmasse Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Baleen whales of the Northwest Atlantic live in an urbanized ocean. They attempt a slow recovery from commercial whaling amid threats from the infrastructure, pollution, and shifting environmental baseline associated with human exploitation of the natural world. Current risk mitigation strategies all rely on a comprehensive knowledge of whale distribution, which is difficult to obtain given limited resources, a vast ocean, and the cryptic nature of whale behaviour. This thesis strives to advance baleen whale monitoring with passive acoustics, habitat ecology, and new technology. Chapters 2 and 3 use several different approaches to improve the quality and interpretation of data derived from passive acoustic monitoring. Chapter 4 introduces "WhaleMap", a tool for rapidly collating and displaying whale survey results to inform dynamic research and management activities. Chapters 5 and 6 characterize associations among baleen whale species and their oceanographic habitat to identify priority areas and times for increased monitoring and/or risk mitigation. Particular focus is paid to the North Atlantic right whale because their dire conservation status motivates much of this work, but in many cases the results apply to other baleen whale species. It is our hope that the monitoring advancements put forward by this thesis lead directly to improved conservation outcomes that help preserve these species for generations to come.

Download or read book HUMPBACK WHALE SINGING BEHAVIOUR IN THE WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC written by Katie Kowarski and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marine passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a valuable tool to assess the distribution, habitat use, and behaviour of marine mammals including the acoustically prolific humpback whale. With increasing amounts of data collected, the challenge of effectively mining PAM data for signals of interest and interpreting those signals is faced by researchers globally. I completed a literature review on the data analysis methods employed in PAM baleen whale studies (2000-2019) before exploring the dynamic and complex humpback repertoire, which is particularly challenging for PAM. The review revealed a spectrum of methodologies ranging from full manual data analysis by a human to fully automated techniques. I propose recommendations for future work to encourage the application of best practices that will result in more robust and comparable research. Humpback whale vocalizations have been studied for years, but little is known of when, where, and how seasonal male singing begins in the fall and ends in the spring. Acoustic recordings of humpback whale vocalizations from Canada, the U.S.A, and the Caribbean in 2015-2017 were manually analysed. Humpback whales were present from Labrador to Massachusetts Bay during the fall and early winter. Song development occurred gradually over weeks with vocalizations transitioning from non-song calls to song fragments to full songs. Initially sporadic in occurrence, singing began in September, but was not regularly heard until late October, when full songs were common. I found evidence that the onset of regular singing occurs earlier at lower latitudes, longer photoperiods, and higher temperatures. The theme order in early season full songs was variable, until December when theme order became more consistent with what was observed the previous spring. Dominican Republic breeding ground songs recorded in January and March were crystalized in terms of theme order. Song duration increased gradually through the breeding season. Spring song cessation was only captured at a single site/season in Canada and compared to song development, it was abrupt with few song fragments. These late season songs had consistent theme orders. I propose that the patterns observed here may in part be driven by physiological processes like those of songbirds.

Download or read book Baleen Whale Acoustic Activity in the North Pacific written by Kathleen M. Stafford and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Unclassified historic acoustic data were used to examine long time scale changes in the seasonal and geographic occurrence of large whales in the Pacific and to correlate these changes with oceanographic variables such as sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a, etc. Distribution of northeastern Pacific blue whales (as indicated by the numbers of their calls), while insignificantly related to SST, did show a clear seasonal pattern both to chl a concentration (negative) and to the mixed layer depth (positive). It was speculated that the negative correlation with chl a might be due to a lag from primary to secondary productivity: as phytoplankton are eaten by zooplankton (which in turn become available to whales), the overall amount of chl a decreases. It is recommended that in collaboration with other agencies hydrophones be deployed in the northeastern Gulf of Alaska to provide current information on the occurrence of vocally active whale species, including low frequency baleen whales and higher frequency odontocetes. A likely time might be during the Northern Edge 2008 exercise in Prince William Sound. Meanwhile, a new efficient, low-power, low-cost recorder that can be easily deployed, in an array with other instruments or independently, from a mid-size vessel is being developed.

Download or read book Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Mysticetes written by Christopher W. Clark and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-07-02 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, an international team of leading marine mammal scientists, with a remarkably diverse set of backgrounds and areas of expertise, lead you through a synthesis of current knowledge on baleen whales. Baleen whales are the largest animals ever to have lived on this planet. They also have the lowest and most intense voices on Earth, most likely evolved to take advantage of ocean acoustic transmission conditions so as to be detectable across ocean basins. Some baleen whales can live to be 150-200 years old. They migrate many thousands of kilometers between feeding and breeding areas. They produce songs and calls that serve as behavioral foundations for establishing, maintaining and expanding their cultural identities. To conclude that we know the behavioral limits of these large brained, long-lived animals would be naïve. As baleen whale scientists, we are still beginning to comprehend the enormous complexities and natural histories of these remarkable animals. Today, the fact that whales sing is known throughout much of the world. This awareness started 50 years ago with the publication and popularization of a collection of humpback song recordings that motivated research into baleen whale behavioral ethology. In this book’s chapters, a reader’s experiences will stretch from learning about baleen whale laryngeal anatomy associated with their different voices to learning about the vast ocean areas over which their voices can be heard and the emerging complexities of their culturally defined societies. These are accompanied by chapters on the fundamental ethological contexts of socializing, migrating, and foraging. Two common themes permeate the book. One theme highlights the phenomenal increase in scientific knowledge achieved through technological advancements. The other theme recognizes the impacts of human-made activities on ocean acoustic environments and the resultant influences on the health and survival of individual whales and their populations. Although the book is intentionally ambitious in its scope, as scientists, we fully recognize that baleen whale science is still in its infancy. Many profound revelations await discovery by cohorts of young, multi-talented explorers, some of whom are stretching their wings in this volume and some of whom are reading these scientific stories for the first time.

Download or read book Migrating Eastern North Pacific Gray Whale Behavior Compared Over Multiple Timescales written by Regina Anne Guazzo and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mysticetes (baleen whales) often make long, annual migrations from high latitude summer feeding areas to low latitude wintering areas. Eastern North Pacific gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) migrate within a few kilometers from shore for most of their route from summer feeding areas in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas to wintering areas in the lagoons along the south-western coast of the Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. This dissertation combines passive acoustic recordings, infrared camera video, and visual sightings to investigate gray whale behavior and how it changes across different timescales. I use a four-element hydrophone array in central California to present the first published full-season acoustic monitoring and tracking of migrating gray whales. I describe the characteristics of calls produced by migrating gray whales and analyze how these characteristics change due to propagation. I show that gray whale behavior changes on diel and seasonal timescales. Notably, gray whales increase their vocalizations at night but their mean swimming behavior does not change, contrary to previous assumptions used in population size estimates. Over seasonal timescales, vocalizing gray whale swimming behavior aligns with previous observations. I explore how passive acoustic and infrared camera monitoring can help quantify whales by calculating cue rates or call and blow rates for migrating gray whales. Acoustic calling rates indicate that the gray whale population size is greater than estimated using visual sightings alone and that calling rate increases over the southbound migration. Infrared camera blow rates are less affected by whale behavior and are useful for daytime and nighttime monitoring, but are limited by visibility and distance. To understand gray whale behavior over seven migration seasons, I use visual daily counts at two sites and single-hydrophone call detections which indicate that migratory behavior seems to be driven more by intrinsic than the tested environmental factors. I find that the proportion of the population using a coastal route through the Southern California Bight, especially past Los Angeles, increased over these years. Understanding the behavior of migrating gray whales will help improve abundance estimates and determine how these whales may be impacted by nearshore anthropogenic activities and climate change.

Download or read book Acoustic Monitoring of Large Whales to the West of Britain and Ireland Using Bottom mounted Hydrophone Arrays written by Christopher W. Clark and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Satellite Telemetry and Humpback Whales written by Amy Kennedy and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation has been prepared in manuscript format and contains four individual papers. Each paper/chapter is formatted for the journal to which it has been, or will be, submitted. In the first manuscript, “From Whaling to Tagging: The evolution of knowledge regarding humpback whales in their North Atlantic breeding grounds”, I describe the evolution of humpback whale research from the days of Yankee whaling to the most recent satellite telemetry project in the West Indies breeding grounds. The humpback whales that over-winter in the West Indies are part of one of the most heavily studied whale populations in the world; projects conducted in this area have served as models for humpback whale research world-wide. This manuscript will be submitted for publication in Mammal Review in 2014. In my second manuscript, “Local and migratory movements of humpback whales satellite tracked in the North Atlantic Ocean”, I report the results of a satellite telemetry project that was conducted in the winters of 2008 through 2012 in the breeding areas of Silver Bank (Dominican Republic) and Guadeloupe (French West Indies). The results from this project add a level of detail to the current knowledge about North Atlantic humpback whale habitat use, migration, and population structure that could not be obtained without current satellite tagging technology. This paper has been reviewed and accepted for publication by the Canadian Journal of Zoology and will be published by November, 2013 ii In my third manuscript, “Individual variation in movements of humpback whales satellite tracked in the eastern Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea”, I report the results from a satellite telemetry project conducted off Dutch Harbor, (Alaska, USA) in the summers of 2007 through 2011. Satellite telemetry from this project showed the fine-scale use of foraging habitat in a North Pacific feeding ground. Additionally, a long-distance, within-season travel event was recorded in 2010, prompting speculation about the humpback population structure throughout the Bering Sea. This manuscript has been reviewed and accepted for publication by Endangered Species Research and will be published by November, 2013. In the fourth manuscript, “Assessing implantable satellite tag extrusion using light sensors”, I report the results of a novel approach for remotely quantifying tag rejection; the use of tag-mounted light sensors to indicate extrusion rate. The data for this paper were collected during a 2011 follow-up study aimed at assessing the behavioral and physiological responses of Gulf of Maine humpback whales to current tagging methods. Tag diagnostic technology like this, while still being developed, could significantly improve future telemetry work by updating tag design and placement methods to increase overall project efficiency. This paper has been accepted as a poster presentation at the 20th Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals (December 2013, Dunedin New Zealand). It will be updated with the results from the 2013 Gulf of Maine tagging field season and submitted to a peer reviewed journal in 2014.

Download or read book Spatio temporal Patterns in Antarctic Minke Whale Balaenoptera Bonaerensis Vocal Behaviour in the Weddell Sea written by Diego Andrés Filun Hernández and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Antarctic minke whales (AMW) have a circum-antarctic distribution and are known to occur in both open and ice-covered waters of the Southern Ocean (SO). They are a pagophilic species and are regularly observed in heavily sea-ice covered areas. Because of this, current knowledge about Antarctic minke whales is scarce and limited to austral summer and ice-free regions where the majority of visual survey data have been collected. Hence, very little is known on their winter distribution in high latitude waters and to what extent the wintering individuals that are occasionally observed in Antarctic waters represent single observations or a structurally present behavioral trait of the species. Likewise, AMW population structure is poorly known. As most baleen whale species, AMWs are known to undertake annual migrations between high latitude feeding areas and low latitude breeding areas. However, available data to date suggest that for AMWs, migrations seem more protracted and complex than in other baleen whale species. The recent identification of vocalizations produced by AMWs (“bio-duck call”) now makes it possible to also use passive acoustic technology to study occurrence patterns and behavior. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) offers a versatile technology with which long-term archival data can be collected on sound-producing species using autonomous recording units. Acoustic observation has the additional advantages that it can continue data collection independent of light conditions and under poor weather conditions. Furthermore, it can monitor large areas at the same time, since it collects data omnidirectionally, and it can collect data over extended periods (i.e., multi-year time scales) through the use of autonomous devices. In the scope of this doctoral thesis, I analysed passive acoustic data from high and low latitudes collected in the Atlantic Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean (Weddell Sea) and southern Atlantic Ocean, to investigate spatio-temporal patterns in the acoustic presence and vocal behaviour of AMWs. In Chapter I, I investigate year-round spatial- temporal patterns in AMW occurrence in ice-covered areas. Our analysis was based on a 9-year passive acoustic dataset (2008- 2016) from 21 locations throughout the Weddell Sea (WS). AMW bio-duck calls were detected acoustically at all mooring locations from May to December, with the highest presence between August and November (bio-duck calls present at more than 80% of days). At the southernmost recording locations, bio-duck calls were present up to 10 months of the year. We identified a substantial inter-annual variation in the seasonality of vocal activity correlated to variation in local ice concentration. Our analysis indicates that part of the AMW population stays in the Weddell Sea during austral winter. In Chapter II, I used PAM data from 6 positions located along the WS during 2013 as well as three consecutive years of PAM data (2015-2016-2017) recorded at the stationary coastal acoustic observatory PALAOA to study both spatial and inter-annual variability in the acoustic behavior of AMWs. During 2013, between May and December throughout the WS, we detected 11 different bio-duck call types. The comparative analyses of the AMW bio-duck call repertoire throughout the WS showed that these 11 call types can be attributed to four call type groups. Furthermore, multi-year data from PALAOA on AMW repertoire composition showed an inter-annual difference in bio-duck call type usage. The observed patterns in AMW vocal behavior show that AMW vocal behavior matches the definition of song, exhibiting regional differences and highly dynamic revolutions over time. This study provides new information to potentially explore stock structures and movement patterns using passive acoustic methods. In Chapter III, my work addressed the occurrence of the AMW through bio-duck acoustic detections in the Santos Basin, South-Southeastern Brazil (22o and 28o S / 42o and 48o W), recorded between 12 November and 19 December 19, 2015, utilizing advanced passive acoustic technologies, i.e., an autonomous underwater vehicle (SeaGlider), for sampling. AMW calls were detected during 12 days. We detected and classified 9 different bio-duck calls in Brazilian coastal waters, evidencing a highly diverse acoustic behavior on this potential Antarctic minke whale breeding ground. Finally, in Chapter IV, our study investigated the temporal patterns of acoustic occurrence of baleen whales in a presumed baleen whale breeding area off Namibia. Our results show seasonal acoustic presence of humpback whales, fin whales and Antarctic minke whales from November to January and from June to August. Their acoustic absence from February to May possibly indicates that most animals migrated to other areas (presumably in higher latitudes) in austral summer to feed. Our findings support the presumed ecological importance of the oceanic area off Namibia, providing (part of) a suitable cetacean wintering and, possibly, breeding range or migratory corridor. Furthermore, the occurrence of Antarctic blue and minke whales off Namibia, concurrent with their reported acoustic presence in high-latitude feeding areas, adds to growing evidence that baleen whale migration is not obligate but much more dynamic than previously assumed. Overall, this PhD thesis highlights the significance of using long-term and large-scale datasets for the investigation of distribution patterns, habitat preferences, behavior and the effects of environmental variation on AMW distribution. The results present new information about fundamental and ecological knowledge of AMWs that can be implemented for the conservation and management of populations and ecosystems.

Download or read book Baleen Whale Distributional Patterns and the Potential Influence of Biological and Physical Processes written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Habitat Use of Calling Baleen Whales in the Southern California Current Ecosystem written by Elizabeth Tram Anh Vu and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extent to which temporal, spatial, environmental, and physiological factors influence baleen whale acoustic occurrence was investigated in the southern California Current Ecosystem, a highly productive, upwelling-driven ecosystem that hosts a large abundance of top predators. By combining data sets from ten years of passive acoustic monitoring and concurrent environmental sampling, this dissertation presents detailed intra-annual and mesoscale spatial patterns previously unknown. Analyses of temporal acoustic patterns revealed different acoustic occupancy by three species: blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), and fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). The temporal separation between blue whale feeding and breeding call types showed a shift between behavioral states throughout the year. The temporal separation between blue and humpback whale reproductive calls showed different displays of reproductive calling behavior despite their overlapping migratory and seasonal reproductive cycles. Spatial patterns revealed different onshore and offshore occupancy, dependent on season, for each species. The reconciliation between acoustic and visual seasonal abundance demonstrated an increase in individual-level acoustic reproductive display during or approaching the mating season of each species. Analyses of habitat factors on call types from each species identified association of seasonality, bathymetry, sea surface temperature, and mixed layer depth with calling behavior. Generalized additive mixed models of acoustic calling revealed significant responses to seasonality and bathymetry at three different spatial scales, indicating the importance of these factors in explaining baleen whale distribution at broad scales. Lastly, a possible physiological driver of acoustic behavior was investigated by quantifying seasonal hormone concentrations in humpback whale blubber. The results of this research advance scientific understanding of yearlong acoustic cetacean occurrence in a productive oceanographic habitat and provide additional insight into the reproduction and migration of these species.

Download or read book Hearing by Whales and Dolphins written by Whitlow W.L. Au and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here, experts in different areas of the field provide an overview of the bioacoustics of whales and dolphins as well as a thorough introduction to the subject for investigators of hearing in other animals. Topics covered include the structure and function of cetacean auditory systems, the unique sound production system of odontocetes, acoustic communication, psychoacoustics, echolocation and models of sound propagation.

Download or read book Passive Acoustic Monitoring of Cetaceans written by Walter M. X. Zimmer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-21 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Passive acoustic monitoring is increasingly used by the scientific community to study, survey and census marine mammals, especially cetaceans, many of which are easier to hear than to see. PAM is also used to support efforts to mitigate potential negative effects of human activities such as ship traffic, military and civilian sonar and offshore exploration. Walter Zimmer provides an integrated approach to PAM, combining physical principles, discussion of technical tools and application-oriented concepts of operations. Additionally, relevant information and tools necessary to assess existing and future PAM systems are presented, with Matlab code used to generate figures and results so readers can reproduce data and modify code to analyse the impact of changes. This allows the principles to be studied whilst discovering potential difficulties and side effects. Aimed at graduate students and researchers, the book provides all information and tools necessary to gain a comprehensive understanding of this interdisciplinary subject.

Download or read book The Northern Right Whale written by United States. National Marine Fisheries Service and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: