Download or read book Universal Service Obligations and Broadband written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Universal Service Obligations and Broadband written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book New Issues in Universal Service Obligation written by Cristina Murroni and published by Institute for Public Policy Research. This book was released on 1995 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Universal Service Obligations and Broadband written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Universal Service written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A New Broadband Universal Service Obligation written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A New Broadband Universal Service Obligation written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Information for a Better World Shaping the Global Future written by Malte Smits and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-22 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume set LNCS 13192-12193 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Information for a Better World: Shaping the Global Future, held in February 2022. Due to COVID-19 pandemic the conference was held virtually. The 32 full papers and the 29 short papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 167 submissions. They cover topics such as: Library and Information Science; Information Governance and Ethics; Data Science; Human-Computer Interaction and Technology ̧ Information Behaviour and Retrieval ̧ Communities and Media ̧ Health Informatics.
Download or read book S 2686 the Communications Consumer s Choice and Broadband Deployment Act of 2006 S 2686 the Communications Consumer s Choice and Broadband Deployment Act of 2006 June 13 2006 written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Rethinking Universal Service for a Next Generation Network Environment OECD Digital Economy Papers written by Patrick Xavier and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 61 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a clear need, in view of significant competitive, technological and service changes taking place in the telecommunications sector, to review universal service obligations, their coverage, how they are financed and who is responsible for providing them. In many OECD countries, a primary longer term issue is how to provide universal service in the new competitive environment where voice is ubiquitous and cheap, voice revenues low and where voice has become just one of many applications provided on networks. Access too is changing, with more choice in platforms available that allow access to voice applications. This paper overviews the main issues that need to be examined in such a review with a view to the reform of universal service in a way consistent with emerging technological realities and competitive circumstances. The paper draws a number of conclusions outlined below. Important changes have already taken place in universal service in OECD countries, where market liberalization and technological developments in the telecommunications sector have resulted in improvements in telecommunications availability (through increased penetration of fixed line and wireless as well as enhanced quality of service), affordability (through lower prices, in overall terms, and through pre-paid mobile) and accessibility (improved through voluntary but also through regulatory schemes). As a result, there has been significant progress towards universal service. In an NGN [Next Generation Networks] environment where new technologies are competing, a question that arises is whether an approach towards universal service that was framed for a legacy network is still the appropriate policy? An increase in communications facilities and service competition is expected over the next ten years as the communications sector converges, shifts technology to one based on IP [Internet Protocol] protocol and gravitates towards new kinds of networks built with technologies such as wireless, wireline, fibre, cable, powerline, and satellite. With such technological developments and a more competitive environment, cross-subsidy practices are likely to be increasingly unsustainable and an increasing number of countries are turning to the use of Universal Service Funds in order that the burden of USOs [universal service obligations] can be shared more equitably and flexibly among market participants. But as competition from sources such as VoIP [Voice over Internet Protocol], cable telephony, e-mail, instant messaging, pre-paid mobile and pre-paid cheap long distance/international calling erodes the revenue base of telecommunications operators, Universal Service Funds too may come under pressure. The growing diversity of technologies and the capabilities of these new technologies require more precise reflection on what it is about telecommunications services that justifies a universal service policy, and how these telecommunications services should be defined. With the technological changes on the horizon, there seems significant potential for "availability" of telecommunications access, and hence services, in rural and remote areas to be largely achieved over the next ten years. Whether this potential materialises will depend importantly on the removal of disincentives to invest and barriers to entry (including those due to spectrum policy that generates artificial scarcity). This includes minimising price controls and subsidies that discourage competitive entry. All this is consistent with forbearance of regulation in a dynamic, increasingly competitive and convergent communications sector. If availability of telecommunications access is achieved, is universal service policy still necessary? If so, would access alone achieve the goals of universal service, or is it some package of affordable services that require access which should be the objective? Universal service policies in an NGN environment should be constrained by the recognition that USOs should be specifically defined and targeted, transparent, competitively and technology neutral and cost-effective. Universal service objectives such as "affordability" and "accessibility" may be addressed by specifically targeted subsidies (including vouchers) that allow consumers in a multi-platform NGN environment to themselves choose the service provider and technology most suitable to their needs. In appropriate competitive circumstances, the use of well-designed competitive tenders can help generate incentives to contain costs, innovate, and reveal the true cost of delivering universal service thus minimising the subsidy required. At the same time, it needs to be recalled that, in most OECD countries, the PSTN [public switched telecommunications networks] incumbent is still dominant in terms of access to traditional telephone service and the only operator with national (regional) coverage. As broadband access matures, it is becoming clearer that not all broadband access is the same. Each broadband technology has its own performance and economic characteristics, and positive or negative technical aspects. For example, cable, fibre, and DSL technologies have significant bandwidth advantages over broadband wireless local loop, BPL [broadband over power lines], and VSAT [very small aperture terminals]. However, cable, DSL, and fibre work best in high population density areas and may be uneconomic in less densely populated areas. A potential scenario in many OECD countries, therefore, is an environment where metropolitan areas have significantly richer capabilities than the rural areas. This may have long-term effects on social and economic opportunities in rural areas. Moreover, in the future, the quality of access, not merely the availability of access, may become the major consideration in setting policy. In rethinking "universal" access to the range of NGN services, a core issue is whether broadband should be part of USOs. The EU has already moved from voice USOs to include a data USO with a "functional Internet access" provision in its current USO Directive. No doubt there will be close examination of whether "functional access" in an NGN environment necessitates an upgrade to broadband access. Indeed, there are strident calls for such a policy already. But "at least at this early stage of broadband penetration" there are strong reasons to be wary of using a "blunt", blanket USO approach that could distort competition and investment incentives. However, this view may require regular reconsideration because universal service is an evolving concept. More generally, as competition develops through the use of unbundling in a number of countries, it may be necessary to determine the role of unbundled lines in the provision of universal service. In an NGN environment, current funding arrangements for USOs may be unsustainable. A variety of alternative arrangements can be envisaged ranging from a tax on each telephone number to financing through general taxation revenue. They should be thoroughly assessed against a number of criteria, such as economic efficiency, equity and competitive entry as well as against current practice where the infrastructure and service providers directly fund universal service. As part of this assessment, governments may want to consider advantages that could be gained by funding the cost of pursuing the "social" objectives of USOs from government general taxation revenue. Importantly, government funding would link decisions concerning the nature and scope of universal service closely with financial responsibility for such decisions. This could prevail against excessive growth by installing in-built incentives to restrain political disposition for widening universal service expenditure. Certainly, while political advantages flowing from universal service programmes can be gained at the expense of operators and/or consumers, restraint over universal service (needed to stimulate innovation, best practice and cost-effective USO programmes and to minimise the distortions that can arise from excessive USO programmes) is less likely. (Contains 73 notes, 7 figures, and 9 boxes.).
Download or read book How Internet Protocol enabled Services are Changing the Face of Communications written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Universal Service written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book FCC Record written by United States. Federal Communications Commission and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 990 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Regulating Telecommunications in South Africa written by Charley Lewis and published by Palgrave Macmillan. This book was released on 2021-06-25 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the first full account of the 20-year story of universal access and service in South Africa’s ICT sector. From 1994 the country’s first democratic government set out to redress the deep digital divide afflicting the overwhelming majority of its citizens, already poor and disenfranchised, but likewise marginalised in access to telephone infrastructure and services. By this time, an incipient global policy regime was driving reforms in the telecomms sector, and also developing good practice models for universal service. Policy diffusion thus led South Africa to adopt, adapt and implement a slew of these interventions. In particular, roll-out obligations were imposed on licensees, and a universal service fund was established. But an agency with a universal service mandate was also created; and licences in under-serviced areas were awarded. The book goes on to identify and analyse the policy success and failure of each of these interventions, and suggests some lessons to be learned.
Download or read book Universal Service written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book ICT Infrastructure in Emerging Asia written by Rohan Samarajiva and published by IDRC. This book was released on 2008 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines how theoretically optimal concepts actually get implemented in the hard terrain of emerging Asia. It gleans lessons from five Asian countries \2014 Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and Sri Lanka \2014 based on their experiences with expanding ICT connectivity. It reports the findings of a cutting-edge 3000+ sample demand-side survey of telephone use at the "bottom of the pyramid" in India and Sri Lanka. It considers the problem of expanding connectivity from different angles: that of the user, the operator, the policymaker, the regulator, and civil society. And it sheds light on a range of situations and technologies, like telephone use in post-conflict regions of Sri Lanka, Wi-Fi deployment in Indonesia, and universal service obligations in India
Download or read book Universal Service in WTO and EU law written by Olga Batura and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-10-07 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a systematic comparative study of WTO and EU law relevant for universal service provision, and a timely contribution to the ongoing scholarly and policy debates about the concept and scope of universal service. Universal service is one of the most significant regulatory issues worldwide and it is likely to remain so. The central question dealt with by the author is how the technologically intensive sector of telecommunications services can be regulated in a socially fair way in the light of liberalisation and the immense importance of ICTs in the Information Society. The author investigates whether the legal frameworks of WTO and EU can meet the challenges of the rapid and dramatic technological and social change and formulates relevant policy recommendations. The book is of interest to both scholars and practitioners in several disciplines, such as EU and WTO law, telecommunications law and regulation, political science regarding market regulation and governance as well as European integration and WTO. Olga Batura is affiliated to the Leuphana Law School, University of Lüneburg, Germany, and to the European Humanities University in Vilnius, Lithania.
