Download or read book Tribology Of 316l Austenitic Stainless Steel Carburized At Low Temperature written by Lucas John O'Donnell and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically it has been very difficult to harden the surface of stainless steels without the loss of corrosion resistance. A novel low temperature carburization process developed by Swagelok Co. which greatly improves the wear resistance of stainless steel has accomplished this feat. This project has studied the friction and wear behavior of low temperature carburized AISI 316L; 1.) Sliding against hard materials, 2.) Sliding under a range of contact stresses and sliding speeds, and 3.) The relationship of wear resistance to the properties of the surface hardened region. It was found that low temperature carburization provided an immense improvement in wear resistance when sliding against hard materials, and this improvement is maintained under stresses and sliding speeds that are too severe for non-treated stainless steels. Furthermore, the improvement in wear resistance was found to be heavily dependent on the hardness and thickness of the case hardened region.
Download or read book Low Temperature Acetylene Based Carburization and Nitrocarburization of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel written by Yindong Ge and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 217 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-temperature gas-phase carburization dramatically improves the hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels. However, successful application of this technology requires in situ removal of the spontaneously formed Cr2O3-rich passive film which otherwise inhibits or prevents uptake of carbon during carburization. It has been demonstrated by both thermodynamic calculations and experiments that acetylene (C2H2) can be used for this zactivationy step. On electropolished surfaces of AISI 316L steel, a 16 hour acetylene-based carburization treatment at 450 °C generated a continuous case (hardened surface layer) with up to 15 at.% carbon and>3% lattice parameter expansion. This increased the surface hardness from 3.5 GPa to 13 GPa. As in earlier observations on 316L after activation with a different method, acetylene-based carburization produced a colossal supersaturation of the austenite with carbon, even though needle-shaped carbide particles were observed on the specific processing conditions applied here. The stoichiometry of the carbides was M7C3, which demonstrated a specific orientation relationship with the austenite matrix. Despite the presence of carbide precipitates, the pitting corrosion resistance of the material in the chlorine-containing environments was significantly improved. The current work revealed a strong influence of surface finish on the efficacy of low-temperature acetylene-based carburization of AISI 316L. Finer finished samples obtained thicker cases and larger surface carbon concentrations than coarser finished samples. TEM (transmission electron microscopy) revealed that the difference is due to the deformation-induced disturbed layers on the steel surfaces. A thick (>400 nm) disturbed layer consisting of fine nano-crystalline grains ({u02DC}10 nm diameter) inhibits acetylene-based carburization. Systematic experiments demonstrated that low-temperature carburization is more effective after removal of this layer. In addition to carburization, low-temperature acetylene-based nitrocarburization was achieved by adding a small amount of ammonia gas to the carbonaceous gas mixture. The effects of temperature and gas composition on the acetylene-based carburization/ nitrocarburization were also studied. It was found that adding nitrogen to the gas can suppress carbide precipitation without compromising the properties of such interstitially hardened steel.
Download or read book Green Tribology Green Surface Engineering and Global Warming written by Ramnarayan Chattopadhyay and published by ASM International. This book was released on 2014-01-01 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes green engineering concepts to improve energy efficiency by reducing energy losses due to friction and wear in metalworking operations and by extending component life.
Download or read book Influence of Low temperature Carburization on Fatigue Crack Growth of Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L written by Jui-Po Hsu and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Tribological Behavior and Corrosion Resistance of Kolsterized AISI316L Austenitic Stainless Steel written by L. Ceschini and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper the effect of Kolsterizing, a commercial low temperature carburizing process, on the dry sliding wear behaviour and corrosion resistance of the AISI316L austenitic stainless steel is presented and discussed, together with some applications of the process in the automotive field. The treatment significantly enhances the surface hardness of the steel; this hardness increase is due to the formation of a carbon-supersaturated austenite phase, without carbide precipitation. The Kolsterizing process also significantly increases the dry sliding wear resistance of the steel, both against metallic and ceramic countermaterials. Severe wear occurs in the case of the untreated steel, with strong adhesion, abrasion, and severe plastic deformation; while a moderate oxidative wear regime is observed for the low temperature carburized steel. The corrosion resistance in H2SO4 0.5 M and chloride-containing electrolytes is also significantly improved, thanks to the formation of a C-rich surface layer that ennobles the treated steel. At very high anodic potentials this surface layer is locally penetrated, producing a pitting-like corrosion form.
Download or read book Low temperature Carburizing nitriding of Austenitic Stainless Steels written by Giulio Maistro and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Structural Evolution During Low Temperature Carburization of 17 7 Precipitation Hardened Stainless Steel written by Chieh-Wen Chen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low temperature paraequilibrium carburization is an effective method to enhance surface hardness and corrosion resistance in austenitic stainless steels, provided that equilibrium carbide formation is suppressed [1]. In this study, 17-7 precipitation-hardening stainless steel (PH SS) was subjected to paraequilibrium carburization at 350 and 380 °C. Metallographic images taken on etched cross sections of carburized samples and the hardness depth profile are consistent with the results found in carburized austenitic stainless steels -- a hardened, etch-resistant surface layer can be formed. Besides, experimental results from X-ray Diffraction (XRD), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of carburized 17-7 PH SS have shown a carburization-induced transformation form martensite to austenite during paraequilibrium carburization, which results from the known ability of carbon to act as an austenite stabilizer. Although EBSD results reveal that e-ferrite remains the same phase after paraequilibrium carburization, a higher carbon concentration than the calculated value using the CALPHAD method in e-ferrite was measured. In this work, the carburization-induced phase transformation and the effect of low temperature carburization on 17-7 PH SS have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (XEDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), XRD, EBSD and TEM. The goal of this study is to identify the structural evolution and transformation mechanism in carburized 17-7 PH SS in order to understand the relationship between carburization and the martensitic transformation.
Download or read book Advances in Steel Research and Application 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in Steel Research and Application / 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Steel. The editors have built Advances in Steel Research and Application / 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Steel in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Advances in Steel Research and Application / 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Download or read book Effect Of Low Temperature Carburization On The Mechanical Behavior Of Gaseous Hydrogen Charged 316l Stainless Steel written by Danqi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanical behavior of hydrogen-charged 316L stainless steel has been studied in samples containing sharp fatigue-induced pre-cracks, and compared with material that had been carburized at low temperatures following pre-cracking. The hydrogen charging involved exposure to high pressure (~138 MPa) H2 at 573 K for 24 days. Non-treated samples either stayed elastic in low stress intensity range or exhibited plasticity at the crack tip at high range; no hydrogen-induced cracking could be observed. On the carburized sample, however, the main crack extended during loading. The variation of crack depth along the crack was verified and reveals that the crack becomes shallower as it approached the newly extended crack tip. The threshold stress intensity factor for the hardened case, Kth, is calculated based on this observation. Plastic zone evolution at the crack tip suggests the presence of hydrogen facilitates the motion of dislocations at the room temperature.
Download or read book Low Temperature Gas Phase Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing of 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel written by Dandan Wu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low temperature paraequilibrium nitriding is an effective method to enhance surface hardness and corrosion resistance in austenitic stainless steels, provided that equilibrium nitride formation is suppressed. Following the standard double HCl zactivation & rdquo; procedure developed by Swagelok Company to remove the passivating Cr2O3-rich native oxide, nitriding was done in a gas mixture of NH3/H2/N2. Three processing parameters (nitriding temperature, nitriding activity and duration) were controlled independently to understand both thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the process. Supersaturated nitrogen interstitials (7 ~ 25 at.%) were introduced into 316L stainless steel samples, which yielded a lattice expansion ranging from 1% to 10%. Room temperature ferromagnetism in expanded austenite in stainless steels was then induced due to the great increase in Fe-Fe interatomic distance. A combined of XRD, MFM and EBSD study revealed that the minimum lattice expansion required for ferromagnetism is ~ 5%. A nitrogen content of ~ 14 at.% was estimated (by AES) as the threshold required for the paramagnetic-to-ferromagnetic transition. The correlation of lattice parameter expansion and nitrogen content indicates that transition from paramagnetic austenite to ferromagnetic austenite played a role in the highly distorted lattice parameters of nitrogen-enriched expanded austenite. Orientation-dependent nitrogen surface concentration and case depth were investigated using EBSD orientation mapping and AES cross-sectional line scans. In particular, 100-oriented grains demonstrated a higher surface nitrogen concentration and a deeper case depth as compared to 111-oriented grains. Three different scenarios of low-temperature gas-phase nitrocarburizing processes were designed and compared. Dual-layered expanded austenites were obtained. The concentration depth profiles of nitrogen and carbon atoms can all be described as an outer layer of nitrogen-enriched region, with carbon atoms accumulated at the diffusion front of nitrogen. The total case depth obtained is mainly determined by the diffusion time of carbon. Grazing angle XRD and TEM were employed to study the precipitates formed after nitrocarburizing.
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Tribology written by Q. Jane Wang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-09-26 with total page 4139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: TRIBOLOGY – the study of friction, wear and lubrication – impacts almost every aspect of our daily lives. The Springer Encyclopedia of Tribology is an authoritative and comprehensive reference covering all major aspects of the science and engineering of tribology that are relevant to researchers across all engineering industries and related scientific disciplines. This is the first major reference that brings together the science, engineering and technological aspects of tribology of this breadth and scope in a single work. Developed and written by leading experts in the field, the Springer Encyclopedia of Tribology covers the fundamentals as well as advanced applications across material types, different length and time scales, and encompassing various engineering applications and technologies. Exciting new areas such as nanotribology, tribochemistry and biotribology have also been included. As a six-volume set, the Springer Encyclopedia of Tribology comprises 1630 entries written by authoritative experts in each subject area, under the guidance of an international panel of key researchers from academia, national laboratories and industry. With alphabetically-arranged entries, concept diagrams and cross-linking features, this comprehensive work provides easy access to essential information for both researchers and practicing engineers in the fields of engineering (aerospace, automotive, biomedical, chemical, electrical, and mechanical) as well as materials science, physics, and chemistry.
Download or read book Stainless Steel 2000 written by Tom Bell and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-01-31 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Austenitic stainless steels lend themselves to a wide range of applications. However, they normally stiffer from poor wear resistance and do not respond well to traditional surface treatments. This volume. the fruit of a current status seminar, reflects the enormous strides which have been made in the last few years in the study of the expanded austenite phase (also called the S phase) and the development of new surface treatment techniques. As well as the papers presented at the seminar, the book contains selection from related papers and a comprehensive bibliography of the literature on the subject from 1979 to 2000.
Download or read book Surface Hardening of Austenitic Stainless Steels Via Low temperature Colossal Supersaturation written by Yan Cao (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advanced Materials Sports Equipment Design written by De Huai Yang and published by Trans Tech Publications Ltd. This book was released on 2013-10-31 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of selected, peer reviewed papers from the 2013 International Conference on Advanced Materials & Sports Equipment Design (AMSED 2013), September 21-23, 2013, Singapore. Volume is indexed by Thomson Reuters CPCI-S (WoS). The 73 papers are grouped as follows: Chapter 1: Materials and Their Application; Chapter 2: Biochemistry and Medicine; Chapter 3: Engineering Research; Chapter 4: Development of Sport Equipment; Chapter 5: Computer Technology in Sports; Chapter 6: Applied Research in Sport.
Download or read book Surface Modification of Superaustenitic and Maraging Stainless Steels by Low temperature Gas phase Carburization written by Johannes Gentil and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hybrid Process of Low Temperature Nitriding carburizing for Austenitic Stainless Steel written by Askar Triwiyanto and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Austenitic stainless steels are the most widely used in the chemical and petrochemical industry, cryogenic vessels, heat exchangers, machinery for paper, pulp, textile, pharmaceutical, and domestic equipment. This type of steels has excellent corrosion resistance and forming characteristics. However, due to its inherent austenitic structure this material has relatively low hardness as well as poor wear resistance. Earlier attempts to increase the surface hardness and wear resistance of austenitic stainless steels by surface treatments, such as conventional nitriding and nitrocarburizing, led to the deterioration in corrosion resistance arising from the depletion in chromium in the hardened layer. Attempts have been made to harden the surface of these materials without compromising their good corrosion resistance. These led to the development of low temperature nitriding and carburizing processes which are carried out at temperatures lower than 500 °C. So far, low temperature nitriding and caruburising of austenitic stainless steels have been successfully conducted by innovative techniques, including plasma nitriding, ion beam nitriding and ion implantation. However, no attempts have been made to harden these materials commercially using conventional processes such as gaseous and fluidized bed processes. This work describes the results of diferent thermochemical treatments of austenitic stainless steels carried out at 450 oC and 470 oC in a fluidised bed furnace which nitriding, carburizing and the newly developed hybrid process involving the simultaneous and sequential incorporation of nitrogen and carbon to form a dual layer structure. All these treatments formed alloyed layers with a common feature of being precipitation-free and supersaturated with nitrogen, or carbon or both in the austenite lattice which is known as S-Phase or expanded austenite. However the layer thickness was not uniform in any of these treatments and an effective layer was produced after 8h treatment duration. The nitriding treatment produced thicker and harder layer compared to other treatments; the maximum hardness was over 1500 Hv for nitriding and it was 500 Hv for carburizing treatment. The nitriding treatment sample showed better wear properties due to higher hardness value. The hybrid process of this thermochemical treatment at 470 oC showed superior thickness of 8.4 @m to 12.2 @m expanded austenite layer compared to another treatments at 450 oC without the presence of nitride particles.
Download or read book Improvement of Fatigue Properties of Stainless Steel by Low Temperature Carburization written by Nikhil Agarwal and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
