Download or read book Treatability of Perchlorate in Groundwater Using Ion Exchange Technology Phase II written by L. Aldridge and published by IWA Publishing (International Water Assoc). This book was released on 2005-04-30 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1997, several perchlorate treatment technologies have proven to be technically feasible at drinking-water treatment scale: biological reduction, ion exchange, reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and granular activated carbon (GAC). The objectives of this project were to demonstrate the long-term performance of conventional ion-exchange technology for perchlorate removal and evaluate three disparate alternatives (chemical, biological, electrolytic) for brine treatment and reuse. This project evaluated three fundamentally different brine treatment and reuse processes. The first process, the biological brine treatment system, operated as a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). Spent 3 percent (0.5 N NaCl) brine was introduced to the nitrate and perchlorate degrading culture in the reactor and acetic acid was supplied to this culture as an electron donor for the reduction process. Once the nitrate and perchlorate were biodegraded, the mixture was settled, filtered, and amended with chloride before its reuse as regenerant solution. The second process, the physical/chemical brine treatment system, employed a high-pressure and high-temperature catalytic process to reduce the nitrate and perchlorate in the spent brine. After the process, the treated brine was ready for reuse without subsequent treatment. The system used a stoichiometric dose of a chemical reductant (ammonia) based on the measured concentrations of nitrate and perchlorate in the spent brine. The last process, a simple bipolar electrochemical cell, electrolytically reduced the perchlorate and/or nitrate present in the spent ion exchange brine. Once reduced, the brine could be immediately reused. This process did not require the addition of an electron donor as with the biological process, or a reductant as with the physical/chemical treatment process.
Download or read book Treatment of Perchlorate in Groundwater by Ion Exchange Technology written by Dennis A. Clifford and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2003 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this research project was to provide information, based on laboratory experiments and bench-scale testing and verification, to suggest perchlorate ion exchange treatment options suitable for pilot-scale testing. The large experimentally determined range of perchlorate selectivity exhibited by commercially available ion exchange resins suggested three treatment options: (1) conventional exhaustion regeneration with polyacrylic resins; (2) partial exhaustion followed by elevated-temperature regeneration and destruction of perchlorate and nitrate prior to brine reuse with polystyrene type I resins; and (3) complete exhaustion and replacement of the ion exchange resin for highly perchlorate-selective resins. Biological reduction of both perchlorate and nitrate in the spent brine was demonstrated as a possible pretreatment step prior to brine reuse. The goals of this work were met, and the options are now being implemented in phase II pilot-scale testing.
Download or read book Treatment of Perchlorate Using Single Use Ion Exchange Resins written by L. Aldridge and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2005-01-01 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this project was to update the exis
Download or read book Perchlorate in the Environment written by Edward Todd Urbansky and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a symposium sponsored by the Environmental Division of the American Chemical Society, Perchlorate in the Environment is the first comprehensive book to address perchlorate as a potable water contaminant. The two main topics are: analytical chemistry (focusing on ion chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry), and treatment or remediation. Also included are topics such as ion exchange, phytoremediation, bacterial reduction of perchlorate, bioreactors, and in situ bioremediation. To provide complete coverage, background chapters on fundamental chemistry, toxicology, and reulatory issues are also included. The authors are environmental consultants, government researchers, industry experts, and university professors from a wide array of disciplines.
Download or read book Perchlorate written by Baohua Gu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-07-02 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a detailed description of perchlorate chemistry and recent advances in innovative remediation technologies for perchlorate contamination and their pros and cons Additionally, the first book to describe the natural occurrence of perchlorate and its unique isotopic signatures for environmental forensics and its detection in the environment, particularly the real-time analysis using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Download or read book Treatment of Perchlorate Using Single use Ion Exchange Resins written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Treatment of Perchlorate Contaminated Groundwater Using Highly Selective Regenerable Anion Exchange Resins at Edwards Air Force Base written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selective ion exchange is one of the most effective treatment technologies for removing low levels of perchlorate (ClO[sub 4][sup -]) from contaminated water because of its high efficiency without adverse impacts on the water quality caused by adding or removing any chemicals or nutrients. This report summarizes both the laboratory and a field pilot-scale studies to determine the ability and efficiency of the bifunctional synthetic resins to remove ClO[sub 4][sup -] from the contaminated groundwater at the Edwards Air Force Base in California. Regeneration of the resins after groundwater treatment was also evaluated using the FeCl[sub 3]-HCl regeneration technique recently developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. On the basis of this study, the bifunctional resin, D-3696 was found to be highly selective toward ClO[sub 4][sup -] and performed much better than one of the best commercial nitrate-selective resins (Purolite A-520E) and more than an order of magnitude better than the Purolite A-500 resin (with a relatively low selectivity). At an influent concentration of[approx] 450[micro]g/L ClO[sub 4][sup -] in groundwater, the bifunctional resin bed treated[approx] 40,000 empty bed volumes of groundwater before a significant breakthrough of ClO[sub 4][sup -] occurred. The presence of relatively high concentrations of chloride and sulfate in site groundwater did not appear to affect the ability of the bifunctional resin to remove ClO[sub 4][sup -]. However, the presence of high iron or iron oxyhydroxides and/or biomass in groundwater caused a significant fouling of the resin beds and greatly influenced the effectiveness in regenerating the resins sorbed with ClO[sub 4][sup -]. Under such circumstances, a prefilter ([approx] 0.5-1[micro]m) was found to be necessary to remove these particulates and to reduce the risk of fouling of the resin beds. Without significant fouling, the resin bed could be effectively regenerated by the FeCl[sub 3] displacement technique. Nearly 100% of the sorbed ClO[sub 4][sup -] was displaced or recovered after elution with only[approx] 2-5 bed volumes of the FeCl[sub 3]-HCl regenerant solution. On the basis of both the laboratory and field pilot-scale studies, they therefore anticipate that a combination of the selective ion exchange and the FeCl[sub 3]-regeneration technologies may offer a cost-effective means to remove ClO[sub 4][sup -] from contaminated groundwater with significantly reduced waste generation and operational cost.
Download or read book Treatability of Perchlorate Containing Water by RO NF and UF Membranes written by Gary Amy and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The California Department of Health Services has established a provisional action level of 4 ug/L for perchlorate in drinking water due to its toxicity. There are 14 states in the United States that have thus far confirmed perchlorate in ground or surface waters. Ongoing research is investigating other treatment technologies for perchlorate rejection, including biological degradation, ion exchange, and activated carbon. The major objectives of this project were to: determine the removal/rejection of perchlorate (ClO4-) ion by high pressure membranes, including reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), and tight ultrafiltration (UF); evaluate the effects of water quality parameters, pH, ionic strength (conductivity), and co-ions and counter-ions, on process performance; and study membrane operating conditions (e.g., recovery) on perchlorate rejection and potential scaling. Water quality is a determining factor in applying high pressure membranes to perchlorate rejection. Effective rejection of perchlorate by RO, NF, and tight UF has been demonstrated according to two rejection mechanisms: steric (size) versus electrostatic (charge) exclusion. Based on its size (hydrodynamic radius), perchlorate is selectively rejected over chloride through size exclusion; however, based on charge exclusion, sulfate is selectively rejected over perchlorate. Originally published by AwwaRF for its subscribers in 2003. This publication can also be purchased and downloaded via Pay Per View on Water Intelligence Online
Download or read book Perchlorate written by Kathleen Sellers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-08-30 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of analytical methods for identifying widespread perchlorate contamination brought about an explosion of research into the environmental problems and their potential solutions along with a corresponding increase in the availability of information. Unlike reference works that focus on only a few aspects of this contaminant, Perchlorate: Environmental Problems and Solutions offers a comprehensive, single source of information on perchlorate contamination in the environment. Summarizing the state of the science and developments in engineering, the book describes: Common sources of perchlorate Its behavior in the environment Methods for analyzing perchlorate in environmental samples Potential risks to human health and the environment Regulatory standards and criteria Techniques for remediating environmental contamination The authors illustrate these points with case studies of perchlorate contamination in soil, groundwater, and surface water. These case studies provide perspective on issues commonly faced by scientists, engineers, and managers of perchlorate-impacted sites. Organized to follow the logical sequence of identifying and solving contamination problems, the book provides the foundation necessary to understand perchlorate's occurrence, environmental behavior, regulatory status, and remediation.
Download or read book Ion Exchange written by C E Harland and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2007-10-31 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ion Exchange, 2nd Edition is a totally revised and updated version of the highly popular Monograph for Teachers, first published by The Royal Society of Chemistry in 1975. It covers the practical application of ion exchange and the synthesis of organic ion exchange resins, which have spanned nearly 60 years of development since the pioneering work of Adams and Holmes in 1935. This book covers the theory, development, and application in considerable detail and describes the history of development of ion exchange materials and the advances in their utilization in industrial processes. Key applications in such areas as water purification, hydrometallurgy, and chromatography are described and supported by chapters on the related scientific fundamentals governing equilibria and kinetics of ion exchange. Twenty-two experiments using inexpensive equipment are detailed, which not only complement a chapter dedicated to the characterization of organic exchangers, but also serve to illustrate several other pure and applied principles related to ion exchange phenomena. It is anticipated that the unique inclusion of experiments and the broad coverage of the whole text should appeal to a wide readership and offer particular relevance to practitioners in schools, colleges, and industry.
Download or read book Selectivity Considerations in Modeling the Treatment of Perchlorate Using Ion Exchange Processes written by Anthory Roy Tripp and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic Contaminants in Ground Water written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: V.3 ... consists of individual chapters that describe 1) the conceptual background for radionuclides, including tritium, radon, strontium, technetium, uranium, iodine, radium, thorium, cesium, plutonium-americium and 2) data requirements to be met during site characterization.
Download or read book Perchlorate written by Brian Scott Aikin and published by Lawyers & Judges Publishing. This book was released on 2006-01 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perchlorate, a naturally occurring and synthesized chemical, is generating intense publicity, scientific debate, regulatory scrutiny, and litigation across the United States. The substance has been widely used for over sixty years in the production of rocket fuel, flares, fireworks, electronics, and munitions, but did not emerge as a significant environmental issue until the mid-1990s, when improved analytical testing methods permitted its detection in groundwater at 4 parts per billion. As of 2005, perchlorate has been detected in forty-nine of the fifty states, and is the focus of mounting regulatory enforcement actions and widespread civil litigation. Perchlorate: A Scientific, Legal, and Economic Assessment is designed to educate and inform business, environmental, legal, and academic audiences about the history and development of the perchlorate controversy. It is also intended to provide practical advice and guidance to those involved in perchlorate litigation, remediation, and regulation. The book identifies and discusses existing and anticipated liability theories and damage claims asserted in perchlorate litigation. The authors explain the theories of environmental liability, identify the tort claims most commonly asserted in environmental litigation, and provide an overview of environmental class actions. The book includes chapters covering key practical issues raised in perchlorate litigation, such as estimating monetary damages, the retention and use of experts, and obtaining insurance coverage for liabilities. These important topics will assist legal and other professionals involved in current perchlorate litigation and provide a broad base of knowledge to apply in future environmental contamination litigation.
Download or read book Remediation Technologies for Perchlorate Contamination in Water and Soil PERC 2 written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perchlorate, an anion, consists of one chlorine atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (ClO4 –) and is both naturally occurring and manmade. Highly soluble and mobile in water, perchlorate is generally very stable in the dissolved state. Most of the attention focused on perchlorate has concerned its presence in groundwater and surface water. However, perchlorate can also be found in soil and vegetation and has entered the human and environmental food chains. Perchlorate occurrence in drinking water and food supplies is a human health concern because it can interfere with iodide uptake by the thyroid gland and result in decreased thyroid hormone production. Past management practices were not concerned with the release of perchlorate to the environment because it was not recognized or regarded as a contaminant of concern. Widespread perchlorate presence in the United States was observed after the spring of 1997 when an analytical method was developed with a quantitation level of 4 parts per billion. Subsequent advances in analytical chemistry have proven perchlorate to be more widespread in the environment than previously thought. Chapter 1 provides an overview of perchlorate issues.
Download or read book Assessment of the Electrochemical Reduction of the Perchlorate Ion written by Thomas L. Theis and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2001 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of a Biological Process for the Treatment of Perchlorate in Ion exchange Spent Brine written by Tanushree Hiremath and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Perchlorate written by Kathleen Sellers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-08-30 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of analytical methods for identifying widespread perchlorate contamination brought about an explosion of research into the environmental problems and their potential solutions along with a corresponding increase in the availability of information. Unlike reference works that focus on only a few aspects of this contaminant, Perchlora
