Download or read book Transportation Costs of Fossil Fuels written by United States. Bureau of Mines and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Volumes and Transportation Costs of Fossil Fuels Shipped Between Census Regions written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regional transportation options and costs of transmitting present and future energy sources influence selective choices. A multi-regional model permits energy policies to be addressed at a regional level of disaggregation. A multi-regional linear programming model of the nation's energy system is currently being developed at the National Center for Analysis of Energy Systems, Brookhaven National Lab. The two essential components providing the analytical power to such a model are: (1) an adequate representation of the regional cost structure of energy transportation, and (2) region-specific resource-supply functions. In support of these modeling activities, the Logistics Management Institute (LMI) has derived the volumes and transportation unit costs of coal, crude oil and natural gas shipped between the Nation's Census Regions. LMI has also provided regional supply functions in these same resources. The volumes and costs are based upon the 1985 Reference Case of the Federal Energy Administration's Project Independence Evaluation System (PIES) Model. Results in terms of volumes and unit costs of fossil fuels moved between Census Regions are shown in matrices. Coal movements are covered in Chapter I, crude oil in Chapter II, and natural gas in Chapter III. Coal supply curves are presented in Appendix A, oil supply curves in Appendix B, and natural gas supply curves in Appendix C. (MCW).
Download or read book Volumes and Transportation Costs of Fossil Fuels Shipped Between Census Regions written by Logistics Management Institute and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Volumes and Transportation Costs of Fossil Fuels Shipped Between Census Regions written by Michael L. Shaw and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Hidden Costs of Energy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.
Download or read book Transportation Energy Data Book written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Comparative Transportation Costs of Supplying Low sulfur Fuels to Midwestern and Eastern Domestic Energy Markets written by Paul H. Mutschler and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Systems written by Nick Jenkins and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-02 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Modern societies require energy systems to provide energy for cooking, heating, transport, and materials processing, as well as for electricity generation. Energy systems include the primary fuel, its conversion, and transport to the point of use. In many cases this primary fuel is still a fossil fuel, a one-use resource derived from a finite supply within our planet, causing considerable damage to the environment. After 300 years of increasing reliance on fossil fuels, particularly coal, it is becoming ever clearer that the present energy systems need to change. In this Very Short Introduction Nick Jenkins explores our historic investment in the exploitation of fossil energy resources and their current importance, and discusses the implications of our increasing rate of energy use. He considers the widespread acceptance by scientists and policy makers that our energy systems must reduce emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse gases, and looks forward to the radical changes in fuel technology that will be necessary to continue to provide energy supplies in a sustainable manner, and extend access across the developing world. Considering the impact of changing to an environmentally benign and low-carbon energy system, Jenkins also looks at future low-carbon energy systems which would use electricity from a variety of renewable energy sources, as well as the role of nuclear power in our energy use. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
Download or read book Long term Price Uncertainties of Fossil Primary Fuels and Implications for the Electricity Industry written by Wolfgang Walther and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2009-10-13 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy has become an essential resource for today’s industrial societies. In particular, the availability of electricity is essential for the functioning of almost every sector of modern civilization, be it in industrial production, transportation, communication, housing, healthcare or any other sector conceivable. The effects of insufficiencies in the electricity supply system were shown dramatically through the blackouts in Europe and the U.S.A. in 2003. Therefore, a timely and accurate planning of construction and deployment of power plant capacities is essential. Among all the decisions connected to the investment in a new power plant, the choice of fuel stands out. This decision will impact the profitability of a power plant until its very last day of operation, and, particularly for nuclear plants, even beyond. Unfortunately, future paths of fuel prices and CO2 emissions costs are far from certain and thus investment decisions are taken under considerable uncertainty. Fossil fuel prices are determined by multiple key drivers, e.g. not only of geological, economic, technological and environmental but also of geopolitical and financial nature. Each key driver bears an element of uncertainty concerning its future development, usually with the degree of uncertainty increasing over time. Any deterministic forecast of future developments of fossil fuel prices, especially for such long periods as required for power plant investments, is highly prone to error on multiple dimensions This study describes a stochastic modeling approach aimed at analyzing the impact of selected uncertainties in the formation of fossil fuel prices and at depicting the probability range of prices on a 5-year basis until 2050. Worldwide production and transportation of fossil fuels is analyzed based on the final energy demand in four demand sectors and seven geographic regions. Developments in energy conversion efficiency rates, fuel production capacities, transportation routes and costs as well as CO2 emission costs are taken into account. The ability to calculate a probability-weighted range of prices is gained by implementing the most relevant key drivers and their related uncertainties as stochastic input parameters in a linear optimization framework. Therefore, the model follows a successive two-step approach. In a first step, the expected development is calculated in an intertemporal deterministic optimization. In the second step, stochastic shocks are applied and restricted optimizations are carried out, taking into account notably the locked demand and other constraints from previous periods. As result, the model delivers scenarios on global fuel production volumes and import prices for all geographic regions from 2005 to 2050 in 5-year-steps. It also can provide information on the development of fuel production capacities in each region. Finally, the results for fossil fuel price corridors are applied to an existing model for investments in the German power generation market. It turns out that for 2010, a high share of coal-fired plants (nearly 60 percent) and a share of gas-fired combined cycle plants in the magnitude of 30 percent is to be expected. The rest is covered by lignite-fired plants. After 2010, the largest share of capacity investments is made in gas-fired combined cycle plants. Comparing these stochastic results to those of a deterministic optimization run, it becomes obvious that the existence of uncertainties has an impact on optimal investment decisions. Uncertainty benefits technologies with low investment costs (in this case gas-fired power plants) even though this type of plants is exposed to higher fuel price risks.
Download or read book Securing Our Transportation Future Through Changes to the Energy Model written by Michael Ahn and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transportation is the lifeblood of any modern society. Without the ability to economically transport people and goods throughout the country, the standard of living for each citizen would decline. Today, with the rising cost of fossil fuels transportation costs are skyrocketing, making the price of basic goods almost unaffordable for the ordinary citizen. This places a heavy strain on our economy, and also on our national security, as so much of our commerce and military depend on oil as their primary transportation fuel. This paper will discuss the economic and security implications of our current dependency on oil as our primary transportation fuel. The paper then reviews the existing energy policies of various federal agencies, followed by a description of efforts that the Department of Defense and Department of Energy are working on to reduce the national dependency on oil as the main transportation fuel. Finally, the paper provides justification for an alternative energy model for transportation fuel that includes the policy and funding changes needed to make the United States more economically competitive and secure.
Download or read book Vision 21 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vision 21 reviews the goals of the Department of Energy's (DOE) Vision 21 Program (DOE's vision for the future of coal-based power generation) and to recommend systems and approaches for moving from concept to reality. Vision 21 is an ambitious, forward-looking program for improving technologies and reducing the environmental impacts of using fossil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, and coal) to produce electricity, process heat, transportation fuels, and chemicals.
Download or read book Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming written by National Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-02-01 with total page 945 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global warming continues to gain importance on the international agenda and calls for action are heightening. Yet, there is still controversy over what must be done and what is needed to proceed. Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming describes the information necessary to make decisions about global warming resulting from atmospheric releases of radiatively active trace gases. The conclusions and recommendations include some unexpected results. The distinguished authoring committee provides specific advice for U.S. policy and addresses the need for an international response to potential greenhouse warming. It offers a realistic view of gaps in the scientific understanding of greenhouse warming and how much effort and expense might be required to produce definitive answers. The book presents methods for assessing options to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, offset emissions, and assist humans and unmanaged systems of plants and animals to adjust to the consequences of global warming.
Download or read book America s Energy Future written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-01-15 with total page 736 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For multi-user PDF licensing, please contact customer service. Energy touches our lives in countless ways and its costs are felt when we fill up at the gas pump, pay our home heating bills, and keep businesses both large and small running. There are long-term costs as well: to the environment, as natural resources are depleted and pollution contributes to global climate change, and to national security and independence, as many of the world's current energy sources are increasingly concentrated in geopolitically unstable regions. The country's challenge is to develop an energy portfolio that addresses these concerns while still providing sufficient, affordable energy reserves for the nation. The United States has enormous resources to put behind solutions to this energy challenge; the dilemma is to identify which solutions are the right ones. Before deciding which energy technologies to develop, and on what timeline, we need to understand them better. America's Energy Future analyzes the potential of a wide range of technologies for generation, distribution, and conservation of energy. This book considers technologies to increase energy efficiency, coal-fired power generation, nuclear power, renewable energy, oil and natural gas, and alternative transportation fuels. It offers a detailed assessment of the associated impacts and projected costs of implementing each technology and categorizes them into three time frames for implementation.
Download or read book Still Not Getting Energy Prices Right A Global and Country Update of Fossil Fuel Subsidies written by Ian Parry and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-09-24 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides a comprehensive global, regional, and country-level update of: (i) efficient fossil fuel prices to reflect their full private and social costs; and (ii) subsidies implied by mispricing fuels. The methodology improves over previous IMF analyses through more sophisticated estimation of costs and impacts of reform. Globally, fossil fuel subsidies were $5.9 trillion in 2020 or about 6.8 percent of GDP, and are expected to rise to 7.4 percent of GDP in 2025. Just 8 percent of the 2020 subsidy reflects undercharging for supply costs (explicit subsidies) and 92 percent for undercharging for environmental costs and foregone consumption taxes (implicit subsidies). Efficient fuel pricing in 2025 would reduce global carbon dioxide emissions 36 percent below baseline levels, which is in line with keeping global warming to 1.5 degrees, while raising revenues worth 3.8 percent of global GDP and preventing 0.9 million local air pollution deaths. Accompanying spreadsheets provide detailed results for 191 countries.
Download or read book Critical Technologies written by National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Critical Technologies: The Role of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering in Maintaining and Strengthening American Technology and published by National Academies. This book was released on 1992 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book When Trucks Stop Running written by A.J. Friedemann and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-09 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In lively and engaging language, this book describes our dependence on freight transport and its vulnerability to diminishing supplies and high prices of oil. Ships, trucks, and trains are the backbone of civilization, hauling the goods that fulfill our every need and desire. Their powerful, highly-efficient diesel combustion engines are exquisitely fine-tuned to burn petroleum-based diesel fuel. These engines and the fuels that fire them have been among the most transformative yet disruptive technologies on the planet. Although this transportation revolution has allowed many of us to fill our homes with global goods even a past emperor would envy, our era of abundance, and the freight transport system in particular, is predicated on the affordability and high energy density of a single fuel, oil. This book explores alternatives to this finite resource including other liquid fuels, truck and locomotive batteries and utility-scale energy storage technology, and various forms of renewable electricity to support electrified transport. Transportation also must adapt to other challenges: Threats from climate change, financial busts, supply-chain failure, and transportation infrastructure decay. Robert Hirsch, who wrote the “Peaking of World Oil Production” report for the U.S. Department of Energy in 2005, said that planning for peak world production must start at least 10, if not 20 years ahead of time. What little planning exists focuses mainly on how to accommodate 30 percent more economic growth while averting climate change, ignoring the possibility that we are at, or near, the end of growth. Taken for granted, the modern transportation system will not endure forever. The time is now to take a realistic and critical look at the choices ahead, and how the future of transportation may unfold.
Download or read book The Going Rate written by James John MacKenzie and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Making the case for transport reforms - more efficient conventional vehicles, more attractive public transport and the introduction of environmentally friendly vehicles - this report argues that these initiatives are likely to fail unless drivers pay more of the true cost of motoring.
