Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscope In Situ Straining Technique to Directly Observe Defects and Interfaces During Deformation in Magnesium written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 8 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Dynamic Processes in Solids written by James E. House and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2023-05-26 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The results obtained from kinetic studies on reactions in solids often depend on numerous factors. Therefore, it is important for researchers to understand how both chemical factors related to composition and procedural choices may influence outcomes. Dynamic Processes in Solids provides an authoritative overview of reactions in solids and helps readers interpret the results obtained from kinetic studies. In chapters written by active researchers, the reader will learn about choosing appropriate experimental techniques and their limitations for studying various types of reactions. Beginning with an introduction to numerous aspects of rate processes in solids and experimental techniques, information is provided on rate laws, factors affecting rates, diffusion, and sintering. Subsequent chapters deal with electrical conductivity in dispersed phase polymers, thermochemical reactions for producing solid materials, reactions in coordination compounds, dynamic observations on plastic deformation, light driven phenomena in quantum materials, decomposition of perovskite photovoltaic compounds, and reaction of oxygen radicals with surfaces. This book is a practical introduction to the field for chemists and researchers whose work is directly related to dynamic changes in solids, and additionally for those in related fields whose work would be enhanced by an understanding of these types of rate processes. Presents useful discussions of the applications of several experimental techniques Describes approaches for synthesis of solid materials by thermochemical reactions Presents theoretical interpretation structural dynamics and processes at the molecular level in solids Provides information on the relationships between performance and rate processes in several types of materials related to electronic behavior
Download or read book In situ Electron Microscopy At High Resolution written by Florian Banhart and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008-07-29 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-situ high-resolution electron microscopy is a modern and powerful technique in materials research, physics, and chemistry. In-situ techniques are hardly treated in textbooks of electron microscopy. Thus, there is a need to collect the present knowledge about the techniques and achievements of in-situ electron microscopy in one book. Since high-resolution electron microscopes are available in most modern laboratories of materials science, more and more scientists or students are starting to work on this subject.In this comprehensive volume, the most important techniques and achievements of in-situ high-resolution electron microscopy will be reviewed by renowned experts. Applications in several fields of materials science will also be demonstrated.
Download or read book In Situ Micromechanical Testing in Extreme Environments written by Amanda Sofia Lupinacci and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract In-Situ Micromechanical Testing in Extreme Environments By Amanda Sofia Lupinacci Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering - Materials Science and Engineering University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew M. Minor, Chair In order to design engineering applications that can withstand extreme environments, we must first understand the underlying deformation mechanisms that can hinder material performance. It is not enough to characterize the mechanical properties alone, we must also characterize the microstructural changes as well so that we can understand the origin of material degradation. This dissertation focuses on two different extreme environments. The first environment is the cryogenic environment, where we focus on the deformation behavior of solder below the ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The second environment is the irradiated environment, where we focus on the effects that ion beam irradiation has on both the mechanical properties and microstructure of 304 stainless steel. Both classes of materials and testing environments utilize novel in situ micromechanical testing techniques inside a scanning electron microscope which enhances our ability to link the observed deformation behavior with its associated mechanical response. This dissertation presents the development of a novel in situ cryogenic micromechanical testing apparatus in a SEM. This technique makes it possible to directly link the observed deformation behavior of solders with the mechanical response below the DBTT. This dissertation also presents a novel method for linking the observed changes in mechanical properties of ion irradiated steels with changes in the defect density by the use of both nanoindentation, laue microdiffraction and in-situ micromechanical testing. Characterizing plasticity mechanisms below the DBTT is traditionally difficult to accomplish in a systematic fashion. Here, we use a new experimental setup to perform in situ cryogenic mechanical testing of pure Sn micropillars at room temperature and at -142 °C. Subsequent electron microscopy characterization of the micropillars shows a clear difference in the deformation mechanisms at room temperature and at cryogenic temperatures. At room temperature, the Sn micropillars deformed through dislocation plasticity while at -142 °C they exhibited both higher strength and deformation twinning. Two different orientations were tested, a symmetric (100) orientation and a non-symmetric (45 & hibar;1) orientation. The deformation mechanisms were found to be the same for both orientations. This approach was also extended to a more complex solder alloy that is commonly used in industry, Sn96. In the case of the solder alloy more complex geometries were also utilized to obtain better understanding of the deformation mechanisms in the presence of a preexisting defect, such as a crack. Similar twinning behavior is observed in the Sn96 alloy however, it was also found that grain boundaries and second phase intermetallics can act as sources for dislocation motion and generation. The observations and analysis in this thesis give novel insight into the deformation mechanisms of two materials in extreme environments. In the case of cryogenic testing we have demonstrated the preference for Sn based solders to undergo deformation twinning as a primary deformation mechanism below the DBTT of the alloy. Prior to this study, deformation mechanisms of pure Sn below the DBTT were not well characterized due to a lack of experimental methods for doing so. In this study, we have developed a novel in situ cryogenic apparatus that has made it possible to systematically study plasticity mechanisms down to -142 °C. Through EBSD and TEM characterization of the twinning behavior at cryogenic temperatures, we have gained a greater understanding of the deformation mechanisms that are active below the DBTT. Furthermore, we have extended this technique to a more complex alloy, Sn96 as well as more complex geometries (clamped beam geometry). In the case of ion irradiated stainless steel, which is a surrogate for neutron irradiations, we have correlated the mechanical property response that is associated with various irradiation conditions with the defects induced during irradiation. Due to the fact that ion beam irradaion has a limted penetration depth, nanoindetation and micro compression testing needed to be deployed. Through both nanoindentation and Laue micro diffraction we have shown a direct correlation between the observed radaition induced increase in hardness and the radaition induced increase in FWHM. We found that 10dpa ion beam irradaion is enough to saturate the material in hardening as well as lattice strain which is related to the defects present. It was found that the 304SS shows no FWHM gradient assocatied with the ion beam irradiation The use of micropillars also enabeld us to characterize the dramatic change in yield strength due to ion beam irradiation while a detaield charactreisation of each micro pillar in regards to the critical resolved shear strenght is conducted. It was found that the radiation envrionment causes not just an increace in critical resolved shear stress but the material also looses its workhardenability completely. It is also shown that post testing TEM investigation of the pillars on 304 stainless steel apears not possible due to the fact that FIB damage induces a stress induced phase transfomration and therefore a detailed crystallogprahic examination using TEM cannot be conducted. In summary this thesis demonstrate novel small scale mechanical testing techniques on engineering applications which opens the gate to utilize basic scientific tools on engineering problems.
Download or read book Materials Processing Defects written by M. Predeleanu and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1995-02-24 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The technological field of defects, and more appropriately, avoidance of them, is very current in perhaps all sectors of the manufacturing industry. This is particularly important to reduce/minimize waste everywhere to address lean production procedures. The recent advances in finite plasticity and visioplasticity, damage modelling, instability theories, fracture modelling, computer numerical techniques and process simulation etc. offer new approaches and tools for defect prediction, analyses and guidelines for designing components to be manufactured by traditional and emerging process technologies. This volume contains contributions from well known researchers and experts in the field presenting an up-to-date overview of advances in this area. Subjects covered include: micro- and macro-scale observation of defects; localization and instability analysis; damage modelling and fracture criteria; defect prediction methods; design considerations to avoid defects.
Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscopy of Minerals and Rocks written by Alex C. McLaren and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-09-29 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of the many techniques that have been applied to the study of crystal defects, none has contributed more to our understanding of their nature and influence on the physical and chemical properties of crystalline materials than transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM is now used extensively by an increasing number of earth scientists for direct observation of defect microstructures in minerals and rocks. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Rocks and Minerals is an introduction to the principles of the technique and is the only book to date on the subject written specifically for geologists and mineralogists. The first part of the book deals with the essential physics of the transmission electron microscope and presents the basic theoretical background required for the interpretation of images and electron diffraction patterns. The final chapters are concerned with specific applications of TEM in mineralogy and deal with such topics as planar defects, intergrowths, radiation-induced defects, dislocations and deformation-induced microstructures. The examples cover a wide range of rock-forming minerals from crustal rocks to those in the lower mantle, and also take into account the role of defects in important mineralogical and geological processes.
Download or read book In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments written by Renu Sharma and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2023-05-15 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments Design and execute cutting-edge experiments with transmission electron microscopy using this essential guide In-situ microscopy is a recently-discovered and rapidly-developing approach to transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that allows for the study of atomic and/or molecular changes and processes while they are in progress. Experimental specimens are subjected to stimuli that replicate near real-world conditions and their effects are observed at a previously unprecedented scale. Though in-situ microscopy is becoming an increasingly important approach to TEM, there are no current texts combining an up-to-date overview of this cutting-edge set of techniques with the experience of in-situ TEM professionals. In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments meets this need with a work that synthesizes the collective experience of myriad collaborators. It constitutes a comprehensive guide for planning and performing in-situ TEM measurements, incorporating both fundamental principles and novel techniques. Its combination of technical detail and practical how-to advice makes it an indispensable introduction to this area of research. In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments readers will also find: Coverage of the entire experimental process, from method selection to experiment design to measurement and data analysis Detailed treatment of multimodal and correlative microscopy, data processing and machine learning, and more Discussion of future challenges and opportunities facing this field of research In-Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Experiments is essential for graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and early career researchers entering the field of in-situ TEM.
Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscopy written by C. Barry Carter and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-08-24 with total page 543 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This text is a companion volume to Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science by Williams and Carter. The aim is to extend the discussion of certain topics that are either rapidly changing at this time or that would benefit from more detailed discussion than space allowed in the primary text. World-renowned researchers have contributed chapters in their area of expertise, and the editors have carefully prepared these chapters to provide a uniform tone and treatment for this exciting material. The book features an unparalleled collection of color figures showcasing the quality and variety of chemical data that can be obtained from today’s instruments, as well as key pitfalls to avoid. As with the previous TEM text, each chapter contains two sets of questions, one for self assessment and a second more suitable for homework assignments. Throughout the book, the style follows that of Williams & Carter even when the subject matter becomes challenging—the aim is always to make the topic understandable by first-year graduate students and others who are working in the field of Materials Science Topics covered include sources, in-situ experiments, electron diffraction, Digital Micrograph, waves and holography, focal-series reconstruction and direct methods, STEM and tomography, energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging, and spectrum imaging. The range and depth of material makes this companion volume essential reading for the budding microscopist and a key reference for practicing researchers using these and related techniques.
Download or read book Time resolved and Three dimensional Study of Dislocation particle Interactions in Aluminum and Copper Alloys written by Grace Liu and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dislocation-particle interactions in three alloys systems, Al-Cu, Al-Mg-Sc, and Cu-Co have been investigated using in situ straining experiments inside the transmission electron microscope, post mortem analysis, and electron tomographic reconstructions. Specifically, diffraction-contrast electron tomography was developed during the course of this work as a 3D imaging technique for crystalline systems such that the dislocation and defect arrangement could be fully characterized and spatially-resolved. Micrographs imaged using two-beam and kinematical bright-field and weak-beam dark-field conditions were acquired over an angular range then used to reconstruct the tomograms. Supplemental advances to the technique include: Visualization of dislocations in color based on Burgers vector or other relevant characteristics; determination of the specimen coordinate system in the tomogram; and overcoming the g 8́9 b invisibility condition by dual-axes tomography. In the Al-Cu system, which contained Al2Cu plate-shaped particles residing on {001}Al habit planes, in situ straining experiments revealed glide of lattice dislocations in the coherent side of the particle-matrix interface. The confined dislocations escaped the interface by cross-slip after reaching one end of the Al2Cu plate or by shearing the particle, as observed during post mortem analysis. Dislocations bypassed the particles by shear at multiple locations along their length, suggesting that a shearing site becomes more unfavorable with each dislocation passage such that adjacent slip systems must be activated in order to continue shear. When highly deformed, the inter-particle region was shown by electron tomography to be populated with a complex configuration of lattice dislocations pinned at both ends on a particle interface as well as debris created from dislocation-dislocation interactions. In the Cu-Co system, semicoherent Co-rich octahedral particles normally unshearble by lattice dislocations were observed to be sheared by small twins emanating from the Cu matrix. This new deformation behavior was attributed to the high strain rates associated with twinning and a small increase in interfacial energy associated with shearing of Co particles, which has the same stacking as the Cu matrix. Interactions with lattice dislocations, on the other hand, exhibited similar behavior during in situ and post mortem observations as the Al-Mg-Sc system, which contained Al3Sc particles. In the semi-coherent regime, between 40 nm and up to around 200 nm for Al3Sc and 100 nm for Co, an initial elastic interaction from the misfit strain field gave way to a novel bypass mechanism involving the creation of half-loops attached on one side to the particle interface via bowing and cross-slip while locally pinned at on the particle interface. Bypass of such a particle also involved interfacial dislocations, which increased the complexity of the particle-matrix interface and impeded subsequent bypass of the same particle. In all cases, multiple interactions with lattice dislocations resulted in the evolution of defect structures around a particle over time and the interactions examined were more complex than single dislocation-single particle interactions depicted in classical theoretical models.
Download or read book Electron Tomography written by Joachim Frank and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-05 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This definitive work provides a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical background and working methods of three-dimensional reconstruction from tilt series. Special emphasis is placed on the problems presented by limitations of data collection in the transmission electron microscope. The book, extensively revised and updated, takes the reader from biological specimen preparation to three-dimensional images of the cell and its components.
Download or read book In situ TEM Study of Dislocation Interface Interactions written by Nan Li and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this chapter, we highlighted the in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of the interactions of dislocations with three types of interfaces: (i) twin boundaries in Cu; (ii) metallic interphase boundaries; and (iii) metal/ceramic interfaces. Interface structures, interface properties, and dislocation-interface interactions are characterized in a high-resolution TEM. These knowledge provided insights into the understanding of the physical properties of materials, developing materials modeling tools incorporating interface deformation physics, and designing materials with desired properties.
Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscopy written by David B. Williams and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 708 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electron microscopy has revolutionized our understanding the extraordinary intellectual demands required of the mi of materials by completing the processing-structure-prop croscopist in order to do the job properly: crystallography, erties links down to atomistic levels. It now is even possible diffraction, image contrast, inelastic scattering events, and to tailor the microstructure (and meso structure ) of materials spectroscopy. Remember, these used to be fields in them to achieve specific sets of properties; the extraordinary abili selves. Today, one has to understand the fundamentals ties of modem transmission electron microscopy-TEM of all of these areas before one can hope to tackle signifi instruments to provide almost all of the structural, phase, cant problems in materials science. TEM is a technique of and crystallographic data allow us to accomplish this feat. characterizing materials down to the atomic limits. It must Therefore, it is obvious that any curriculum in modem mate be used with care and attention, in many cases involving rials education must include suitable courses in electron mi teams of experts from different venues. The fundamentals croscopy. It is also essential that suitable texts be available are, of course, based in physics, so aspiring materials sci for the preparation of the students and researchers who must entists would be well advised to have prior exposure to, for carry out electron microscopy properly and quantitatively.
Download or read book Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy written by Frances M. Ross and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2.6.2 Electrodes for Electrochemistry
Download or read book In Situ Nanomechanical Testing of Twinned Metals in a Transmission Electron Microscope written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper focuses on in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) characterization to explore twins in face-centered-cubic and body-centered-cubic monolithic metals, and their impact on the overall mechanical performance. Taking advantage of simultaneous nanomechanical deformation and nanoscale imaging using versatile in situ TEM tools, direct correlation of these unique microscopic defects with macroscopic mechanical performance becomes possible. This article summarizes recent evidence to support the mechanisms related to strengthening and plasticity in metals, including nanotwinned Cu, Ni, Al, Au, and others in bulk, thin film, and nanowire forms.
Download or read book Advances in Wrought Magnesium Alloys written by Colleen Bettles and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-04-25 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important book summarises the wealth of recent research on our understanding of process-property relationships in wrought magnesium alloys and the way this understanding can be used to develop a new generation of alloys for high-performance applications. After an introductory overview of current developments in wrought magnesium alloys, part one reviews fundamental aspects of deformation behaviour. These chapters are the building blocks for the optimisation of processing steps covered in part two, which discusses casting, extrusion, rolling and forging technologies. The concluding chapters cover applications of wrought magnesium alloys in automotive and biomedical engineering. With its distinguished editors, and drawing on the work of leading experts in the field, Advances in wrought magnesium alloys is a standard reference for those researching, manufacturing and using these alloys. Summarises recent research on our understanding of process-property relationships in wrought magnesium alloys Discusses the way this understanding can be used to develop a new generation of alloys for high-performance applications Reviews casting, extrusion, rolling and forging technologies, fundamental aspects of deformation behaviour, and applications of wrought magnesium alloys in automotive and biomedical engineering
Download or read book Scanning Microscopy for Nanotechnology written by Weilie Zhou and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-03-09 with total page 533 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fundamentals and applications for nanotechnology. It includes integrated fabrication techniques using the SEM, such as e-beam and FIB, and it covers in-situ nanomanipulation of materials. The book is written by international experts from the top nano-research groups that specialize in nanomaterials characterization. The book will appeal to nanomaterials researchers, and to SEM development specialists.
Download or read book Transmission Electron Microscopy written by David Bernard Williams and published by Plenum Publishing Corporation. This book was released on 1996 with total page 729 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This groundbreaking text provides the necessary instructions for hands-on application of this versatile materials characterization technique and is supported by over 600 illustrations and diagrams.
