Download or read book Transition Cow Metabolism In Relation To Plane Of Energy Prepartum written by Sabine Mann and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Transition dairy cows face unique metabolic challenges with increased use of energetic substrates from mobilization of body tissue as a hallmark of this adaptation. This change is characterized by a dramatic drop in the circulating insulin concentrations with the onset of milk production and is accompanied by a significant reduction in circulating insulin concentration which may be exacerbated by insulin resistance on the receptor and post-receptor level. Feeding strategies for dry cows have continuously evolved over the last decades and increasing evidence suggests that overfeeding of energy has detrimental effects on the ability of the dairy cow to successfully accomplish this transition, reflected in increased concentration of markers of negative energy balance postpartum. However, it is unclear if dry period plane of energy has direct effects on systemic or local insulin sensitivity in the peripartum period that hamper the metabolic adaptation of the transition cow. The objectives therefore were to 1) evaluate the effect of three different dry period feeding strategies on markers of energy balance and colostrum and milk production 2) evaluate the effect of different feeding strategies on systemic glucose tolerance and insulin response 3) evaluate the effect of different feeding strategies on adipose and muscle tissue accretion and loss as well as tissue-specific insulin signaling. Cows overfed energy during the prepartum period were at higher risk of hyperketonemia and had elevated concentrations of serum nonesterified fatty acids postpartum, whereas milk production remained unchanged. Colostral IgG concentration was highest in cows fed a controlled energy diet prepartum. Whole body glucose tolerance was unaffected by plane of energy prepartum whereas resting concentrations of insulin and glucose remained more stable during the transition period in cows fed a controlled energy diet. Insulin signaling in muscle and adipose tissue was not affected by dry period feeding and overfeeding did not lead to overt inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. Overall, feeding a controlled energy diet prepartum was associated with favorable metabolic parameters in the absence of changes in early lactation milk production. Changes in glucose tolerance or insulin signaling in peripheral tissues did not provide an explanation for the underlying metabolic mechanisms.

Download or read book Prepartum Energy Intake and Its Relationship to Periparturient Inflammation and Metabolic Dysfunction in Dairy Cows written by Nicole A. Janovick and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments were conducted to evaluate prepartum plane of energy intake, metabolism, and inflammation during the periparturient period. In experiment 1 housekeeping genes were evaluated for use with qPCR experiments in liver tissue. Ribosomal protein, S9 (RPS9) was most stable over dietary treatments and physiological states. In experiment 2, a qPCR study was conducted using 6 cows per treatment group that had either restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Expression for mRNA of genes related to fatty acid oxidation was greater for controlled energy cows on d 14 postpartum and related to lower lipid accumulation postpartum. Expression of mRNA for inflammatory genes was elevated pre- and postpartum in overfed cows and was associated with total liver lipid postpartum. In experiment 3, serum from 73 cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake in the far-off period and either ad libitum or restricted intake in the close-up period was evaluated. Liver function and inflammatory variables were related to liver lipid accumulation postpartum. A poorer liver function index was noted for cows overfed energy or restricted prepartum. Experiment 4 used primiparous (n = 24) and multiparous (n = 23) cows with restricted, controlled, or excess energy intake prepartum. Controlling or restricting intake resulted in less severe change in dry matter intake and energy balance prepartum and improved metabolic profiles and health postpartum compared with cows having excess energy intake prepartum regardless of parity group. In experiment 5, a bovine oligonucleotide microarray was used to study temporal effects of mRNA transcript expression in subcutaneous adipose in 7 cows overfed energy and 7 cows with controlled energy intake prepartum from experiment 4. Over 3,400 mRNA transcripts were differentially expressed due to diet by time effects. The largest dietary effects occurred on d -14 and largest day effects between d -14 and d 1. Overconsumption of energy was linked to inflammatory markers studied in these experiments. A relationship between postpartum liver lipid accumulation and inflammation was observed. Avoiding overconsumption of energy prepartum improved metabolic status and metabolism, which was therefore beneficial to animal health and productivity. Evidence for inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in adipose tissue related to prepartum energy intake requires further study.

Download or read book Effects of Nutritional Management on Peripartum Glucose and Energy Metabolism and Postpartum Health in Transition Dairy Cows written by Winfield Scott Burhans and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 706 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Transition Period in Cows Nutrition Metabolism and Metabolic Disease written by Leilson Bezerra and published by LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. This book was released on 2014-08-11 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transition period consists of two phases, the first being formed by last three weeks before calving and the second by the first three weeks postpartum. This period is marked by metabolic diseases affecting cows. The heat increment promoted by higher energy demand that occurs during the transition period between the end of lactation and early management, combined with low dry matter intake due to fetal growth major and consequent reduced ability of the rumen, make the dairy cow highly susceptible to the metabolic diseases ketosis, milk fever and hepatic lipidosis. The increase in blood concentrations of non-esterifies fatty acids during this transition period appear to be linked to the onset of these disorders and this can be explained by the high energy mobilization because of the negative energy balance. Diets with high energy density during this period are extremely necessary to minimize the effects of negative energy balance. In addition it is recommended to feed the animals with foods smaller particles, precursors of glucose, such as propylene glycol or starchy concentrates, protected fat and vegetable oils that do not degrade the ruminal microorganisms.

Download or read book Environmental Physiology of Livestock written by R. J. Collier and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-07 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental stress is one of the most significant factors affecting livestock performance and health, and it is only expected to increase with effects of global warming. Environmental Physiology of Livestock brings together the latest research on environmental physiology, summarizing progress in the field and providing directions for future research. Recent developments in estimating heat stress loads are discussed, as well as key studies in metabolism, reproduction, and genetic expressions. Environmental Physiology of Livestock begins with a survey of current heat indexing tools, highlighting recent discoveries in animal physiology, changes in productivity levels, and new technologies available to better estimate stress response. Using this synopsis as a point of orientation, later chapters hone in on major effects of heat stress, including changing metabolic pathways and nutrient requirements, endocrine regulation of acclimation to environmental stress, and reduced reproductive performance. The text concludes with a thorough discussion of environmental effects on gene expressions, providing important insight for future breeding practices. Environmental Physiology of Livestock is a globally contributed volume and a key resource for animal science researchers, geneticists, and breeders.

Download or read book Nutritional Implications for Oxidative Status Immune Function and Energy Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows and Relationships with Postpartum Performance and Endometritis written by Takashi Yasui and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those factors are not only correlated to each other, but also related to low performance and immune suppression, which leads to development of periparturient-related diseases such as cytological endometritis (CE). The objectives of this work were to investigate the: 1) effect of source of trace minerals on production, oxidative metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 2) effect of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation on production, metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 3) effect of supplemental monensin and varying postpartum fermentable starch level on the incidence of CE and related immune functions; and 4) association of CE with energy metabolism and inflammation. The first experiment found that, compared to inorganic or organic sources, supplemental hydroxy trace minerals (HTM), a recently available source of trace minerals, improved aspects of milk production, modulated plasma indices of oxidative balance, and reduced plasma haptoglobin levels immediately after parturition, suggesting that HTM are more bioavailable and can affect the body system related to production, oxidative metabolism, and inflammatory responses. In experiment two, feeding Cr-Pro resulted in improved prepartum dry matter intake in addition to reduced prepartum plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and decreased incidence of CE along with increased uterine neutrophil influx immediately after parturition. This implies that Cr-Pro can improve periparturient energy metabolism and uterine immunity. The third experiment revealed that innate immune responses were improved during the early postpartum period in cows fed high starch diets for 3 weeks after parturition, and during early lactation in cows fed monensin. Finally, analyses conducted indicated that negative energy balance during the first 3 weeks after parturition was a critical factor to develop CE because cows with CE had higher area under the curve of plasma NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and lower calculated energy balance during that period compared to cows without CE. The findings obtained from this work give practical approaches to optimize overall performance in transition dairy cows and provide partial mechanisms for how oxidative status, metabolism, and energy balance interrelate.

Download or read book Milk Production written by Nada Ben Abdallah and published by . This book was released on 2017-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dairy farming is one of the fastest growing and developing subsectors in the agricultural industry. There has been unprecedented growth in milk production attributed by proper genetic selection, breeding, housing, and feeding programs in this subsector. Dairy farming for milk production has been the primary business for many people in different places around the world. Milk has also been and still is a key animal product in most diets consumed worldwide. With various advancements achieved in preservation of techniques for dairy products, preference of consumers for milk and milk products are higher than ever. Basic information on the technology and science used in production and processing this crucial food commodity is significant to the work of academia, governments, and industry.Several good and professionally prepared reference books are available, but the preference for any specific book greatly depends on the needs for the reader. Most of the dairy farming reference books are single-volume books, and others only cover general topics whereas other books cover specific dairy farming topics. This book has been prepared to offer essential information about basic principles involved in milk production, nutritional requirement for dairy cattle, basic management practices involved in dairy farming and health conditions that affect dairy cows in milk production to all those student taking dairy farming management courses, veterinary professionals, teachers, dairy management staffs, and even various governmental staffs involved in agricultural sectors. The general science and various production practices presently in use in dairy industry have been characterised and well described so that the reader can acquire insights into the industry. The book has been divided into four sections. Section one deal with general information and principles on dairy farming and it consist of only one chapter. Section two deals with background information on nutrition requirements in milk production and consists of four chapters. Section three deals with general management practices involved in dairy farming for maximum milk production and consist of four chapters. Lastly, section four dealing with dairy farming health problems consists of one chapter. More emphases have been put in nutrition and management practices of dairy cow because these are the two key areas where most breeders and producer focus on in order to enhance milk production. Specific areas tailored towards minimizing production costs and maximizing overall production have also received much of the attention, specifically on the second, third and fourth section of the book

Download or read book Ruminant Physiology written by Pierre Cronjé and published by CABI. This book was released on 2000 with total page 492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology (ISRP) is the premier forum for presentation and discussion of advances in knowledge of the physiology of ruminant animals. This book brings together edited versions of the keynote review papers presented at the symposium.

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-02-09 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This widely used reference has been updated and revamped to reflect the changing face of the dairy industry. New features allow users to pinpoint nutrient requirements more accurately for individual animals. The committee also provides guidance on how nutrient analysis of feed ingredients, insights into nutrient utilization by the animal, and formulation of diets to reduce environmental impacts can be applied to productive management decisions. The book includes a user-friendly computer program on a compact disk, accompanied by extensive context-sensitive "Help" options, to simulate the dynamic state of animals. The committee addresses important issues unique to dairy science-the dry or transition cow, udder edema, milk fever, low-fat milk, calf dehydration, and more. The also volume covers dry matter intake, including how to predict feed intake. It addresses the management of lactating dairy cows, utilization of fat in calf and lactation diets, and calf and heifer replacement nutrition. In addition, the many useful tables include updated nutrient composition for commonly used feedstuffs.

Download or read book Effects of Prepartum Dietary Energy and Lipid Supplementation on Hepatic Transcriptome Profiles in Dairy Cows During the Transition Period written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The gestating and lactating sow written by Chantal Farmer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last book on the lactating sow was published over 15 years ago. This new book brings us up to date in current knowledge on the gestating and lactating sow. It covers new and important topics such as conditioning of gilts for optimal reproductive performance, feeding high fibre diets to gestating sows and providing various fat sources in gestation and lactation. It also describes the several key success factors to group-housing systems in gestation, which is a must due to the current move towards group-housing. The new concept of transition feeding for sows is discussed, as well as the factors involved in mammary development of gilts and sows, both of which are instrumental for maximum colostrum and/or milk yields. The impact of the human-animal interactions on sow welfare and performance is discussed with focus on new handling practices that could be developed to overbalance the negative interactions inherent to pig management systems. Updates on must-have topics, such as amino acid and energy requirements of sows, colostrum and milk yield and composition, and sow health are also provided. The subjects covered in this book will assist animal scientists, nutritionists, veterinarians and swine producers in learning the most recent information on relevant and current topics affecting sow production, and in knowing which areas are in need of further research efforts.

Download or read book Controlling Energy Intake in the Prepartum Period to Improve Transition Cow Health written by Lori Ann Vickers and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Techniques in Free Radical Research written by A.T. Diplock and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1991-12-11 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Free radical species are generally short-lived due to their high reactivity and thus direct measurement and identification are often impossible. ESR is the only technique which has the potential for direct detection of radicals but in biological systems even these must be trapped by a spin-trapping agent. Thus most investigations involve recognition of indicators of the presence of radicals in vivo or "FOOTPRINTS" of radical-mediated damage. Techniques in Free Radical Research assembles and critically assesses the most relevant and reliable experimental approaches used towards the measurement of radicals and radical-mediated damage in chemical systems, in cells and in tissues under the following six headings: a) Footprints of DNA damage, b) Footprints of protein damage, c) Footprints of lipid peroxidation, d) Footprints of antioxidant consumption, e) Footprints via indirect radical assays, and f) Footprints via the availability of transition metal complexes.

Download or read book Biotechnology in Animal Feeds and Animal Feeding written by R. John Wallace and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-07-11 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the dramatically rising sophistication of biological methods and products and the increasing use of recombinant DNA technology, now is an apt time to review the status of biotechnology in animal feeding. This book gives succinct yet comprehensive coverage of products of biotechnology and allied sciences used in animal feed and feeding industries. Particular emphasis is placed on: - Conservation and upgrading of feeds and feed components - Increasing the protein value of feeds - Antimicrobials - Microbial feed additives - Increasing the energy value of feeds. Moreover, increasing environmental concerns are reflected in chapters describing dietary products which may help to reduce environmental hazards from animal feeding enterprises. A discussion of social and legislative aspects relating to biotechnology and animal feeding rounds off this useful compilation of timely articles.

Download or read book Effects of Modified Insulin Resistance on Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism During Late Gestation in Dairy Cattle written by Katie Marie Schoenberg and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In dairy cattle, insulin resistance of peripheral tissues during the transition from pregnancy to lactation is a normal adaptation to spare glucose for the gravid uterus and mammary gland. Exaggerated insulin resistance, a potential factor in overfed dry cows, may contribute to excess mobilization of adipose tissue in early lactation. The objectives were to determine the mechanism by which an insulin sensitizing agent (2,4-thiazolidinedione; TZD) and plane of nutrition (PON) can affect the metabolic health of transition cows. In experiment one, plasma leptin and tumor necrosis factor-[alpha], and adipose tissue peroxisome proliferator activated-[gamma] (PPAR[gamma]) mRNA were increased by prepartum TZD administration. The effects of PON and feed deprivation on insulin responses were measured in experiment two via glucose tolerance test (GTT) and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HEC) techniques. Cows subjected to high and low PON and then subjected to feed deprivation had different responses in glucose and lipid metabolism as measured by both GTT and HEC. The effects of feed deprivation were much greater than PON. Cows deprived of feed had much slower clearance of glucose during GTT, suggesting greater insulin resistance. Following feed deprivation, cows had greatly attenuated insulin response to GTT. In the final experiment, the effects of both PON and TZD were investigated using GTT, insulin challenge (IC), and adipose tissue mRNA analysis. There were differential effects of PON on glucose and fatty acid metabolism such that cows fed a lower PON had smaller glucose but larger NEFA responses following GTT. The only significant interactions of PON and TZD administration were that plasma NEFA responses were most dramatic for cows treated with TZD and fed lower PON. While TZD administration or diet did not affect fatty acid synthase, leptin, TNF[alpha], or adiponectin mRNA expression, the higher energy level diet increased mRNA of PPAR[gamma] and lipoprotein lipase. It is possible that these effects and interactions of diet and TZD would be more dramatic closer to the time of calving. Results from GTT and IC indicate that PON and insulin-sensitizing agents affect glucose and lipid metabolism during the dry period, which may have implications for the transition period.

Download or read book Lipid Metabolism in Ruminant Animals written by William W. Christie and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2014-05-19 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lipid Metabolism in Ruminant Animals is a nine-chapter book that first discusses the anatomy, physiology, and microbiology of the ruminant digestive tract. Subsequent chapters center on lipid metabolism in the rumen; digestion, absorption and transport of lipids in ruminant animals; the composition, structure and function of lipids in the tissues of ruminant animals; and the effects of diet and other factors on the lipid composition of ruminant tissues and milk. Other chapters focus on lipid metabolism in the mammary gland, adipose tissue, liver, and other selected tissues of ruminant animals.

Download or read book Quantitative Aspects of Ruminant Digestion and Metabolism written by Jan Dijkstra and published by CABI. This book was released on 2005 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first edition of this book. Published in 1993, was very well received as providing a comprehensive review of the digestion and metabolism of ruminant animals. Since its publication, much new research has been conducted in the subject and knowledge has increased. This new edition includes Dr. Dijkstra as an additional editor and four completely new chapters. These cover: the gas production technique in feed evaluation; the relationship between pasture characteristics and animal performance; calorimetry; and feed processing. Other chapters have been expanded or updated as appropriate.