Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation of Energy Homeostasis and Metabolism in the Central Nervous System written by Marianne Bettina Ernst and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Neural Regulation of Metabolism written by Qi Wu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book systemically describes the mechanisms underlying the neural regulation of metabolism. Metabolic diseases, including obesity and its associated conditions, currently affect more than 500 million people worldwide. Recent research has shown that the neural regulation of metabolism is a central mechanism that controls metabolic status physiologically and pathophysiologically. The book first introduces the latest studies on the neural and cellular mechanisms of hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamic glial cells, neural circuitries, cellular signaling pathways, and synaptic plasticity in the control of appetite, body weight, feeding-related behaviors and metabolic disorders. It then summarizes the humoral mechanisms by which critical adipocyte-derived hormones and lipoprotein lipase regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, and examines the role of the hypothalamus-sympathetic nerve, a critical nerve pathway from CNS to peripheral nervous system (PNS), in the regulation of metabolism in multiple tissues/organs. Furthermore, the book discusses the functions of adipose tissue in energy metabolism. Lastly, it explores dietary interventions to treat neural diseases and some of the emerging technologies used to study the neural regulation of metabolism. Presenting cutting-edge developments in the neural regulation of metabolism, the book is a valuable reference resource for graduate students and researchers in the field of neuroscience and metabolism.
Download or read book Fuel Homeostasis and the Nervous System written by Mladen Vranic and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has a dual purpose, to review in depth the control of fuel homeostasis in the brain and the role of the nervous system in the control of fuel deposition in the body. From the methodological point of view the emphasis is on the application of advanced technologies to assess fuel transport and brain metabolism, the role of peptides in the neuroendocrine system and the response of the brain to hypoglycemia. These technologies include positron emmission tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, immunocytochemistry, molecular biology, autoradiography. To study fuel homeostasis in the body advanced tracer methods that include modelling are set out. From the pathophysiological point of view the emphasis is on abnormalities in stress, brain metabolism in diabetes, eating and degenerative disorders. This book contains contributions from endocrinologists, physiologists, neurologists, psychoneuroendocrinOlogists, biophysicists, biochemists and experts in nutrition. This authorship represents a unique diversity of researchers who, for the first time, cover comprehensively the interaction between the nervous system and fuel homeostasis, both in health and disease. We hope this book will be an important source of information for both researchers and practicing clinicians. Mladen Vranic Suad Efendic Charles Hollenberg v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Symposium from which this volume arose (University of Toronto, June 27-28, 1990) was the first Toronto-Stockholm symposium on Perspectives in Diabetes Research. These Symposia are organized triennially by the Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto and the Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.
Download or read book Energy Metabolism Regulates Retinoic Acid Synthesis and Homeostasis in Physiological Contexts written by Kristin Marie Obrochta and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 119 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mounting evidence supports a regulated and reciprocal relationship between retinoid homeostasis and energy metabolism, with a physiologically relevant consequence of disrupted energy balance. This research was motivated by an observation that all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA), and biosynthetic precursors, were responsive to acute shifts in energy status, in wild type animals with normal body weight and glucose tolerance, i.e. not consequent to metabolic syndrome. My dissertation was designed to characterize associations of retinoid changes under different metabolic conditions by targeting synthesis of retinoic acid, identifying underlying mechanism(s), and describing consequent function(s) in four contexts. A model that compared fasted versus re-fed ad-libitum animals was used to evaluate the impact of an acute shift in whole body metabolism on retinoid status. In liver, atRA was elevated in fasted mice, and reduced by 50% in re-fed counterparts. Consistent with synthesis driving the atRA concentration in liver, expression of retinol dehydrogenase (Rdh) genes, Rdh10 and Rdh1, were elevated by fasting, and reduced 50% in re-fed as well as glucose and insulin treated mice, which preceded the reduction in atRA. Subsequent characterization of Rdh10 and Rdh16 (human orthologue of mouse Rdh1) regulation in a human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line identified transcriptional repression by insulin that required PI3K, Akt (PKB) and suppression of the transcription factor FoxO1, which was required for optimal expression of Rdhs. Conversely, expressions of Rdhs were elevated and stabilized in serum free medium conditions. This study illustrated that liver atRA, and specifically its synthesis, is regulated by acute changes in feeding status. This controlled fluctuation in atRA concentration enables transcriptional regulation by atRA in a physiological context, and reinforces an established link between atRA and liver glucose metabolism via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase. In pancreas tissue, the 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) concentration was reduced in animals that were fed ad-libitum, versus a fasted state, and also decreased rapidly and transiently in response to a glucose bolus versus a fasted state. 9cRA functions in pancreas to attenuate insulin secretion and synthesis, with the physiological impact of preventing hypoglycemia. In a fed, or glucose treated state, reduced 9cRA sensitizes pancreas for optimum insulin secretion. To understand metabolic regulation of 9cRA, synthesis was characterized with focus on Rdh5 expression in a beta cell model (832/13 rat insulinoma cells). Rdh5 expression and activity were reduced by glucose and cAMP, and overexpression of Rdh5 was sufficient to increase 9c-retinal and 9cRA synthesis. This work identified Rdh5 as a physiologically relevant regulator of 9cRA synthesis in beta cells. A third project aimed to characterize a regulatory function of atRA in central nervous system (CNS) mediated energy balance. The hypothalamus brain region is an integrative center for peripheral signals, and regulates a range of functions including reproduction, autonomic nervous system, immune response, sleep, thermoregulation, fluid homeostasis, food intake and energy expenditure. Research established active atRA metabolism by regionally distinct concentrations of atRA, expression of genes for synthesis and response to atRA, and in situ synthesis of atRA in hypothalamus tissue explants. However, the atRA concentration did not change during dietary interventions of acute fasting and feeding, high fat diet feeding, or to cold exposure. Nuclear receptor PPAR[delta] localized to nuclei and axon structures of neurons in hypothalamus and other brain regions, as demonstrated by immuno-histochemistry and confocal microscopy. This work set a foundation for study of atRA activity, and non-genomic function of PPAR[delta] in hypothalamus, but was unsuccessful in establishing a regulatory function of atRA on CNS mediated energy balance. The impact of dietary vitamin A on retinoid levels was evaluated in multiple tissues of five mouse strains, over three generations. The model transitioned mice from chow diet, containing copious vitamin A, to a semi-purified, vitamin A sufficient (VAS) diet. Three generations of VAS feeding decreased atRA in most tissues of most strains, in some cases more than 50%, and maintained an order of liver = testis> kidney> white adipose tissue = serum. Neither serum retinol nor atRA reflected tissue atRA concentrations. Strain and tissue-specific differences in retinol and atRA that reflect different amounts of dietary vitamin A could have profound effects on retinoid action, and are predictive of strain dependent differences in enzymes regulating atRA synthesis and catabolism. Consequently, the lab has continued to provide semi-purified VAS diet in mouse studies that evaluate retinoid homeostasis. In total, this collection of work provides original and novel insights into metabolic regulation of atRA biosynthesis. The controlled fluctuation in atRA concentrations, as demonstrated in multiple contexts of physiologically relevant shifts in energy status, enables dynamic regulation of downstream transcriptional targets of atRA.
Download or read book Central Nervous System Nutrient sensing and the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis written by Ka Lo Carol Lam and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Central Nervous System Nutrient sensing and the Regulation of Energy and Glucose Homeostasis written by Carol Ka-Lo Lam and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hypothalamic lactate metabolism regulates hepatic glucose and lipid homeostasis, however it remains unclear whether hypothalamic lactate also controls energy homeostasis. Furthermore, the precise downstream molecular and signaling pathway(s) involved in hypothalamic lactate-sensing is yet to be fully elucidated. To specifically address these two questions, we tested the hypothesis that hypothalamic lactate metabolism regulates energy homeostasis (Study 1) and assessed whether the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) of the brainstem is required for hypothalamic lactate, and sufficient per se, to regulate glucose homeostasis (Study 2). In an in vivo rat model, we reported in Study 1 that central lactate lowers food intake and body weight through its metabolism into pyruvate. In Study 2, we identified that hypothalamic lactate metabolism requires the activation of NMDA receptors in the NTS to lower hepatic glucose production. Moreover, we showed that the activation of NTS NMDA receptors per se lowers hepatic glucose production. In summary, these findings advance the understanding of central nutrient-sensing in the regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, which is critical in bridging the therapeutic gap of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Download or read book Intersections Between Diet Metabolism and Peripheral Afferent Neuron Biology written by Tamara N. Dunn Hall and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metabolic homeostasis is maintained through a complex process involving cross-talk between different organ systems. Understanding the driving nutritional and molecular mechanisms that integrate these biological systems is important as it relates to energy balance and maintenance of a healthy body weight. Well-known examples of systems that regulate whole-body metabolic homeostasis include humoral factors (e.g., endocrine hormones such as adipose-derived leptin, pancreatic insulin and glucagon, gut-derived hormones such as cholecystokinin) and central nervous system (CNS) pathways that ultimately elicit peripheral effects through efferent signals. Less well-appreciated is the role of the afferent peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is the focus of this thesis. First, I review the role of the peripheral afferent nervous system in regulating energy balance, feeding behavior, and the obese phenotype. Metabolic status, in particular obesity, insulin resistance and frank diabetes, can disrupt normal afferent nerve function. Second, I explore the molecular regulation of a gene encoding the protein synuclein-[gamma], a factor highly expressed in both adipocytes and the PNS. Recent evidence points to a role for synuclein-[gamma] in metabolism and adipocyte lipid dynamics, and suggests in adipocytes synuclein-[gamma] is regulated by PPAR[gamma] , a metabolically responsive transcription factor. Synuclein-[gamma] (Sncg) mRNA expression was down regulated by thiazoladinediones (TZDs), PPAR-[gamma] agonists, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and white adipose tissue from two independent cohorts of human subjects, and is strongly correlated to leptin gene expression consistent with a metabolic role. TZD did not affect Sncg mRNA expression in murine primary cultured dorsal root ganglion cells, suggesting that PPAR-[gamma] regulation of the gene is context- or adipose-specific. Third, using a multivariate statistical analysis approach combining adiposity and associated metabolic and inflammatory outcomes with targeted lipidomics analysis, the influence of dairy and calcium on systemic low abundance signaling lipids was investigated, in two well-characterized studies of diet-induced obese mice. Oxylipins and endocannabinoids are classes of bioactive fatty acids with many structural members that influence insulin signaling, adipose function and inflammation. Endocannabinoids exert their effects through central and peripheral nervous system signaling, but can also act on peripheral tissues such as adipocytes, hepatocytes, and the gastrointestinal tract. A diet rich in dairy and/or calcium (Ca) has been associated with improvements in body composition and inflammatory status, but effects on these bioactive fatty acids have received little attention. Mice fed a nonfat-dry-milk based high Ca diet (NFDM), displayed elevated plasma monoacylglycerols, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), and reduced fatty acid diols. Differences in specific plasma lipid mediator profiles reflect the metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes seen in NFDM feeding, which include reduced weight gain, improved glucose homeostasis, avoidance of steatosis and dampened inflammatory markers.
Download or read book Brain Energy Metabolism written by Johannes Hirrlinger and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2014-09-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain Energy Metabolism addresses its challenging subject by presenting diverse technologies allowing for the investigation of brain energy metabolism on different levels of complexity. Model systems are discussed, starting from the reductionist approach like primary cell cultures which allow assessing of the properties and functions of a single brain cell type with many different types of analysis, however, at the expense of neglecting the interaction between cell types in the brain. On the other end, analysis in animals and humans in vivo is discussed, maintaining the full complexity of the tissue and the organism but making high demands on the methods of analysis. Written for the popular Neuromethods series, chapters include the kind of detailed description and key implementation advice that aims to support reproducible results in the lab. Meticulous and authoritative, Brain Energy Metabolism provides an ideal guide for researchers interested in brain energy metabolism with the hope of stimulating more research in this exciting and very important field.
Download or read book Endocrinology of the Gut written by Frank P. Brooks and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bariatric Endocrinology written by J. Michael Gonzalez-Campoy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-26 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique book – the first ever on bariatric endocrinology – is a comprehensive endocrine and metabolism approach to the diseases that result from excess fat mass accumulation and adipose tissue dysfunction. It takes an approach that places adipose tissue at the center of the clinical approach to patients, as opposed to the complications of adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction, which has been the dominant approach to date. Initial chapters include discussion of adipose tissue physiology and pathophysiology (adiposopathy), hormonal, central nervous system, and gut microbiome regulation of energy balance and stores, and primary and secondary causes of adipose tissue weight gain. Subsequent chapters cover the evaluation and treatment of dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and hyperglycemic states, hypertension, neoplasia, and gonadal function in men and women. Management strategies, such as nutrition, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric procedures, round out the presentation. Each chapter is bookended by bullet-pointed clinical pearls at the beginning and a full reading list at the end. Written and edited by experts in the field of endocrinology and obesity management, Bariatric Endocrinology redefines practice to focus not just on weight loss as measured in pounds lost, but on adipose tissue mass and pathology, decreasing fat mass for adiposity-related diseases and returning adipose tissue to normal function.
Download or read book Biology for AP Courses written by Julianne Zedalis and published by . This book was released on 2017-10-16 with total page 1923 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biology for AP® courses covers the scope and sequence requirements of a typical two-semester Advanced Placement® biology course. The text provides comprehensive coverage of foundational research and core biology concepts through an evolutionary lens. Biology for AP® Courses was designed to meet and exceed the requirements of the College Board’s AP® Biology framework while allowing significant flexibility for instructors. Each section of the book includes an introduction based on the AP® curriculum and includes rich features that engage students in scientific practice and AP® test preparation; it also highlights careers and research opportunities in biological sciences.
Download or read book Textbook of Energy Balance Neuropeptide Hormones and Neuroendocrine Function written by Eduardo A. Nillni and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-06 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook presents for the first time a comprehensive body of the latest knowledge in the field of neuropeptides and their action on energy balance. It contains a detailed and comprehensive account of the specific hypothalamic peptides in regards to their roles in energy balance, food intake control and co-morbidities, to better understand the patho-physiology of obesity. The textbook includes an examination the history of the evolution of human society from a thin to the obese phenotype and, within that context, how modern society habits and industrial food production did not respect the evolutionary trait resulting in changes in the energy balance set point. It provides a novel conceptualization of the problem of obesity when considering the biochemistry of peptide hormones and entertaining novel ideas on multiple approaches to the problems of energy balance, as well as demonstrates and explains why alterations in pro-hormone processing are paramount to understand metabolic disease. This text is excellent material for teaching graduate and medical school courses, as well as a valuable resource for researchers in biochemistry, cell, and molecular biology, neuroscientists, physician endocrinologists, and nutritionists.
Download or read book Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus written by E. I. Sokolov and published by VSP. This book was released on 1997-04 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the result of the study of metabolic and hormonal disorders in patients suffering obesity and diabetes mellitus, focusing on mechanisms of formation of atherosclerotic changes in the myocardium and vessels in diabetes mellitus patient.
Download or read book Metabolism at a Glance written by J. G. Salway and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-02-06 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metabolism at a Glance presents a concise, illustrated summary of metabolism in health and disease. This essential text is progressively appropriate for introductory through to advanced medical and biochemistry courses. It also provides a succinct review of inborn errors of metabolism, and reference for postgraduate medical practitioners and biomedical scientists who need a resource to quickly refresh their knowledge. Fully updated and extensively illustrated, this new edition of Metabolism at a Glance is now in full colour throughout, and includes new coverage of sports biochemistry; the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates and cholesterol; glyceroneogenesis, α-oxidation and ω-oxidation of fatty acids. It also features the overlooked “Krebs Uric Acid Cycle”. Metabolism at a Glance offers an accessible introduction to metabolism, and is ideal as a revision aid for students preparing for undergraduate and USMLE Step 1 exams.
Download or read book Transcriptional Regulation by Neuronal Activity written by Serena Dudek and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-11-24 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulation of gene transcription by neuronal activity is evident in a large number of neuronal processes ranging from neural development and refinement of neuronal connections to learning and response to injury. In the field of activity-dependent gene expression, rapid progress is being made that can impact these, and many other areas of neuroscience. This book offers an up-to-date picture of the field.
Download or read book Concepts of Biology written by Samantha Fowler and published by . This book was released on 2017-12-30 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Concepts of Biology is designed for the introductory biology course for nonmajors taught at most two- and four-year colleges. The scope, sequence, and level of the program are designed to match typical course syllabi in the market. Concepts of Biology includes interesting applications, features a rich art program, and conveys the major themes of biology. The images in this textbook are grayscale.
Download or read book Gut Hormones written by Stephen Robert Bloom and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
