Download or read book Training induced Plasticity in Resting state Sensory and Motor Networks written by Shahabeddin Vahdat and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Research on plasticity in motor systems has for the most part developed separately from work on sensory plasticity, as if training-induced changes to the brain affected each of these systems in isolation. The aim of this thesis is to explore the association between the sensory and motor systems when a new skill is acquired. The experiments reported in this dissertation systematically examine two hypotheses about neuroplasticity: (i) that motor learning changes perceptual function and the function of somatosensory areas of the brain, and (ii) that somatosensory training changes both motor function and motor areas of the brain. The first study aimed at providing a unified approach to test the first hypothesis. We combined both psychophysical and neuroimaging procedures to examine the connection between changes in the behavior and brain as a result of motor learning. We used a dynamics adaptation task as a model of motor learning in conjunction with somatosensory discrimination of the limb's movement direction which permits quantification of perceptual changes that occurs in conjunction with motor learning. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to calculate measures of functional connectivity during resting-state periods following learning. This technique allowed us to study longer lasting plasticity in the sensorimotor system, during the period in which the motor memory is being consolidated. We developed a new hypothesis-driven technique which enables us to incorporate psychophysical measures in functional connectivity analysis to identify behaviorally-related neuroplasticity as a result of learning. Using this technique, we identified a new network in motor learning involving second somatosensory cortex, ventral premotor cortex and supplementary motor area whose activation is specifically related to perceptual changes that occur in conjunction with motor learning. Subjects who showed greater change in functional connectivity within this network, also showed a greater change in perceptual function. In study two, we proposed and implemented a new analytic data-driven method based on independent component analysis (ICA), which enabled us to systematically extract and classify shared and condition-specific networks corresponding to the pre-learning and post-learning conditions. The proposed algorithm was specifically designed to solve the problems of the regular ICA approach in conducting between-condition comparisons. Using this method we identified a specific network corresponding to the post-learning condition comprising clusters in contralateral superior parietal lobule, second somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor area. The third study was aimed at testing the second hypothesis described above. Using similar procedures and techniques to those used in the first study, we found that somatosensory discrimination training combined with periods of passive movement as short as 45 minutes increased functional connectivity between sensory and motor areas of the brain and, importantly, in motor areas alone. In behavioral terms, somatosensory training facilitates motor learning. Improvements were seen in both the rate and extent of learning and they persisted for at least one day. Sensory repetition without perceptual learning was less able to induce plasticity in the motor system. This suggests that somatosensory training can induce reorganization in the motor system and benefits from cognitive involvement and skill acquisition in the sensory domain. Overall, our studies point to a unified model of sensorimotor plasticity in which the effects of learning are not local to either sensory or motor systems, but rather each has effects that spread into functionally related areas of the brain beyond the base modality." --

Download or read book Neuroscience in the 21st Century written by Donald W. Pfaff and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited and authored by a wealth of international experts in neuroscience and related disciplines, this key new resource aims to offer medical students and graduate researchers around the world a comprehensive introduction and overview of modern neuroscience. Neuroscience research is certain to prove a vital element in combating mental illness in its various incarnations, a strategic battleground in the future of medicine, as the prevalence of mental disorders is becoming better understood each year. Hundreds of millions of people worldwide are affected by mental, behavioral, neurological and substance use disorders. The World Health Organization estimated in 2002 that 154 million people globally suffer from depression and 25 million people from schizophrenia; 91 million people are affected by alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use disorders. A more recent WHO report shows that 50 million people suffer from epilepsy and 24 million from Alzheimer’s and other dementias. Because neuroscience takes the etiology of disease—the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors—as its object of inquiry, it is increasingly valuable in understanding an array of medical conditions. A recent report by the United States’ Surgeon General cites several such diseases: schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, early-onset depression, autism, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and panic disorder, among many others. Not only is this volume a boon to those wishing to understand the future of neuroscience, it also aims to encourage the initiation of neuroscience programs in developing countries, featuring as it does an appendix full of advice on how to develop such programs. With broad coverage of both basic science and clinical issues, comprising around 150 chapters from a diversity of international authors and including complementary video components, Neuroscience in the 21st Century in its second edition serves as a comprehensive resource to students and researchers alike.

Download or read book Plasticity of the Auditory System written by Thomas N. Parks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The auditory system has a remarkable ability to adjust to an ever-changing environment. The six review chapters that comprise Plasticity of the Central Auditory System cover a spectrum of issues concerning this ability to adapt, defined by the widely applicable term "plasticity". With chapters focusing on the development of the cochlear nucleus, the mammalian superior olivary complex, plasticity in binaural hearing, plasticity in the auditory cortex, neural plasticity in bird songs, and plasticity in the insect auditory system, this volume represents much of the most current research in this field. The volume is thorough enough to stand alone, but is closely related a previous SHAR volume, Development of the Auditory System (Volume 9) by Rubel, Popper, and Fay. The book fully addresses the difficulties, challenges, and complexities of this topic as it applies to the auditory development of a wide variety of species.

Download or read book Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury written by Daniel Laskowitz and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-21 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of death and permanent disability, contributing to nearly one-third of all injury related deaths in the United States and exacting a profound personal and economic toll. Despite the increased resources that have recently been brought to bear to improve our understanding of TBI, the developme

Download or read book Cognitive Plasticity in Neurologic Disorders written by Joseph I. Tracy and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2014-12-02 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume makes clear that the cognitive and behavioural symptoms of neurologic disorders and syndromes are dynamic and changing. Each chapter describes the neuroplastic processes at work in a particular condition, giving rise to these ongoing cognitive changes.

Download or read book Publication Bias in Meta Analysis written by Hannah R. Rothstein and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-11-18 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Publication bias is the tendency to decide to publish a study based on the results of the study, rather than on the basis of its theoretical or methodological quality. It can arise from selective publication of favorable results, or of statistically significant results. This threatens the validity of conclusions drawn from reviews of published scientific research. Meta-analysis is now used in numerous scientific disciplines, summarizing quantitative evidence from multiple studies. If the literature being synthesised has been affected by publication bias, this in turn biases the meta-analytic results, potentially producing overstated conclusions. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis examines the different types of publication bias, and presents the methods for estimating and reducing publication bias, or eliminating it altogether. Written by leading experts, adopting a practical and multidisciplinary approach. Provides comprehensive coverage of the topic including: Different types of publication bias, Mechanisms that may induce them, Empirical evidence for their existence, Statistical methods to address them, Ways in which they can be avoided. Features worked examples and common data sets throughout. Explains and compares all available software used for analysing and reducing publication bias. Accompanied by a website featuring software, data sets and further material. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis adopts an inter-disciplinary approach and will make an excellent reference volume for any researchers and graduate students who conduct systematic reviews or meta-analyses. University and medical libraries, as well as pharmaceutical companies and government regulatory agencies, will also find this invaluable.

Download or read book Transcranial Brain Stimulation written by Carlo Miniussi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-12-03 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the discovery of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), these non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques have been used to investigate the state of cortical excitability, and the excitability of the cortico-cortical and corticospinal pathways. In addition, these techniques have been found

Download or read book The Circuitry of the Human Spinal Cord written by Emmanuel Pierrot-Deseilligny and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-26 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of human movement have proliferated in recent years. This greatly expanded and thoroughly updated reference surveys the literature on the corticospinal control of spinal cord circuits in human subjects, showing how different circuits can be studied, their role in normal movement and how they malfunction in disease states. Chapters are highly illustrated and consistently organised, reviewing, for each pathway, the experimental background, methodology, organisation and control, role during motor tasks and changes in patients with CNS lesions. Each chapter concludes with a helpful résumé that can be used independently of the main text to provide practical guidance for clinical studies. The final four chapters bring together the changes in transmission in spinal and corticospinal pathways during movement and how they contribute to the desired movement. This book is essential reading for research workers and clinicians involved in the study, treatment and rehabilitation of movement disorders.

Download or read book Functional Neuroimaging in Exercise and Sport Sciences written by Henning Boecker and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-19 with total page 523 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regular physical exercise is associated with substantial health benefits. Recent evidence not only holds for cardiovascular effects promoting "physical health", but also for the central nervous system believed to promote "brain health”. Moderate physical exercise has been found to improve learning, memory, and attentional processing, with recent research indicating that neuroprotective mechanisms and associated plasticity in brain structure and function also benefit. Physical exercise is also known to induce a range of acute or sustained psychophysiological effects, among these mood elevation, stress reduction, anxiolysis, and hypoalgesia. Today, modern functional neuroimaging techniques afford direct measurement of the acute and chronic relation of physical exercise on the human brain, as well as the correlation of the derived physiological in vivo signals with behavioral outcomes recorded during and after exercise. A wide range of imaging techniques have been applied to human exercise research, ranging from electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to positron emission tomography (PET). All of these imaging methods provide distinct information, and they differ considerably in terms of spatial and temporal resolution, availability, cost, and associated risks. However, from a “multimodal imaging” perspective, neuroimaging provides an unprecedented potential to unravel the neurobiology of human exercise, covering a wide spectrum ranging from structural plasticity in gray and white matter, network dynamics, global and regional perfusion, evoked neuronal responses to the quantification of neurotransmitter release. The aim of this book is to provide the current state of the human neuroimaging literature in the emerging field of the neurobiological exercise sciences and to outline future applications and directions of research.

Download or read book The Neuroscience of Adolescence written by Adriana Galván and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-07-10 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by an award-winning developmental neuroscientist, this is a comprehensive and cutting-edge account of the latest research on the adolescent brain.

Download or read book Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity written by Melanie A. Woodin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-02 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will explore the most recent findings on cellular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity and its functional role in shaping neuronal circuits, their rewiring in response to experience, drug addiction and in neuropathology. Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity will be of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists.

Download or read book Neuropsychology of Memory Third Edition written by Larry R. Squire and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2003-03-13 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important reference and text brings together leading neuroscientists to describe approaches to the study of memory. Among major approaches covered are lesions; electrophysiology; single-unit recording; pharmacology; and molecular genetics. Chapters are organized into three sections, presenting state-of-the-art studies of memory in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents and birds. Each chapter explicates the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the authors' research program, reviews the latest empirical findings, and identifies salient directions for future investigation. Included are more than 50 illustrations.

Download or read book Neuroimaging of Sleep and Sleep Disorders written by Eric Nofzinger and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An up-to-date, superbly illustrated practical guide to the effective use of neuroimaging in the patient with sleep disorders. The only book to date to provide comprehensive coverage of this topic. A must for all healthcare workers interested in understanding the causes, consequences and treatment of sleep disorders.

Download or read book Brain Plasticity and Behavior written by Bryan Kolb and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1995. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Download or read book Neural Plasticity and Memory written by Federico Bermudez-Rattoni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-17 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive, multidisciplinary review, Neural Plasticity and Memory: From Genes to Brain Imaging provides an in-depth, up-to-date analysis of the study of the neurobiology of memory. Leading specialists share their scientific experience in the field, covering a wide range of topics where molecular, genetic, behavioral, and brain imaging techniq

Download or read book Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder written by David Sugden and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2005-01-28 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) is used to describe a group of children who have difficulty. with tasks involving movement such that it interferes with their daily living or academic progress. As with other developmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder, attention deficit disorder and dyslexia, DCD is now a prominent concern of both researchers and practitioners. This text is aimed at both researchers and professionals who work in a practical manner with the condition and includes professionals in health, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, health visitors, paediatricians, and - in the educational field - teachers and others who are in daily contact with the children - their parents. The essence of the text is that work with children should be guided by research evidence driving the clinical practice which in turn raisies more questions for research. The authors in this text have both experience in research and are engaged in the day-to-day clinical work with children and bring both of these to bear in the chapters they have written.

Download or read book Cognitive Enhancement in Schizophrenia and Related Disorders written by Matcheri Keshavan and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide on how to assess and treat schizophrenia and related disorders using cognitive rehabilitation.