Download or read book Toxoplasma Gondii Host Interactions A Story of Immune Attack and Parasite Counterattack written by Jeroen P. J. Saeij and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-08-10 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect all warm-blooded animals, including an estimated ~30% of humans. It can cause severe disease in immune-suppressed individuals and in fetuses as well as blinding chorioretinitis in adults and children. Toxoplasma-innate immune system interactions determine early parasite control and activation of the adaptive immune system by the host and are therefore critical in determining host survival during the acute phase of infection. However, induction of an exaggerated inflammatory response can also lead to pathology. Only the chronic tissue cyst form of Toxoplasma is orally infectious. It is therefore critical for the parasite’s survival during the chronic phase to escape immune responses at this stage as well. Toxoplasma exists as genetically divergent strains mostly depending on geography, with the most strain diversity being found in South America. The key to Toxoplasma’s successful co-option of the host are proteins secreted from its rhoptry and dense granule secretory organelles. Rhoptry proteins (ROPs) are secreted into the host cell cytoplasm upon invasion while dense granule proteins (GRAs) are secreted once the parasite establishes itself in its parasitophorous vacuole (PV). GRAs can localize to the PV, the PV membrane, or are secreted beyond the PVM into the host cytoplasm. Many ROPs and GRAs are involved in modulating host cell signaling pathways and evasion of host immune responses and play important roles in Toxoplasma virulence. Polymorphisms in Toxoplasma’s ROPs and GRAs, likely determine how well these effectors bind to the divergent substrates in different host species, which can explain Toxoplasma strain differences in virulence in a particular host species. By studying Toxoplasma we have not only started to unravel how the parasite modulates immune responses to enhance its survival, replication, and transmission but we have also learned a lot about the immune system. Many unique mechanisms of immunity have indeed been defined using Toxoplasma and this parasite has aided our understanding of tissue-specific immune responses in the brain and intestine. This Research Topic will give a comprehensive overview of Toxoplasma-host immune response interactions. Most Toxoplasma virulence determinants to date have been established in murine systems and it is unclear how the parasite interacts with other intermediate hosts and humans. In addition, the interactions of Toxoplasma with some of the most relevant cell types during infection, including dendritic cells, neurons, intestinal epithelial cells or vascular endothelial cells, remain poorly understood.
Download or read book Toxoplasma gondii written by Uwe Gross and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, toxoplasmosis has been known as disease mostly affecting newborns. Since immunocompromised patients (AIDS) present a high risk of reactivation of chronic toxoplasmosis this parasitic disease has gained increasing interest. Besides presenting clinical and therapeutical concepts, this volume provides current knowledge about genetics and immunology of T. gondii and the interaction with its 'host'. Since in vivo and in vitro models of toxoplasmosis exist, and genetic manipulation has become possible, this protozoan parasite has recently been accepted as a model for understanding the pathogenesis and persistance of other intracellular parasites. The articles of the book compromise both reviewing current concepts and reporting on yet unpublished results of leading scientists in this field.
Download or read book Elucidating Toxoplasma Gondii s Engagement with the Host written by Anjali Joshi Shastri and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ubiquitous parasite Toxoplasma gondii has developed an exquisite arsenal of effectors to support its intracellular lifestyle and its persistence within its diverse hosts. In order to survive and resist clearance, this obligate intracellular parasite must contend with the host immune response. Different strains of the parasite vary dramatically in their interaction with the immune system, and studying these strain differences has furthered our understanding of the spectrum of host-pathogen interactions and led to the identification of parasite effectors. The work described here dissects the interactions between different strains of the parasite and host macrophages: innate immune cells that paradoxically both serve as a niche for parasite replication and defend the host against parasite infection. Chapter 1 introduces Toxoplasma, the immune response to infection, and discusses the role of known parasite effectors. Experiments described in Chapter 2 identify a novel secreted parasite factor, GRA25, which modulates cytokine secretion in macrophages and controls parasite virulence in mice. In Chapter 3, high throughput methods are used to characterize the transcriptional and phosphorylation landscape of macrophages infected with different Toxoplasma strains. These analyses demonstrate that a secreted polymorphic tyrosine kinase, ROP16, directs murine macrophage polarization towards an alternatively activated phenotype. They also reveal that Toxoplasma parasites activate the Type I interferon response, a response classically associated with cytosolic pathogens. Chapter 4 describes work demonstrating that Toxoplasma strain-specifically modulates the innate immune response via secretion of a parasite factor, MAF1, which recruits host mitochondria to the parasitophorous vacuole. Finally, Chapter 5 discusses the future directions and implications of this work in the broader context of host-pathogen interactions.
Download or read book The Role of Novel Toxoplasma Dense Granule Proteins in Establishing Infection and Modulating Host Interactions written by Amara Thind and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite that can infect any warm-blooded mammal, making it one of the most successful parasites in the world. It is estimated to infect approximately one-third of the global human population and can cause life threatening complications in immunocompromised individuals and congenitally infected neonates. During the acute infection, rapidly multiplying T. gondii tachyzoites must balance between avoiding clearance to ensure the infection and limiting parasite replication to avoid killing the host. While most tachyzoites are eliminated during the acute infection by the host's immune response, a fraction converts into slow growing bradyzoites that are encased by a cyst wall that constitute the chronic infection. These infectious tissue cysts remain largely undetected from the host's immune surveillance.The ability of T. gondii to survive intracellularly and establish a productive infection relies significantly on its capacity to regulate host cell functions. One way the parasite achieves this is through the secretion of dense granule proteins (GRAs) that are involved in remodeling the parasitophorous vacuole (PV), obtaining nutrients from the host, manipulating the host cell cycle, and modulating the immune response. Because of their diverse functions during infection, the goal of this work is to identify and characterize novel GRAs in the acute and chronic infection to better understand the array of effectors this parasite uses to colonize its mammalian hosts. This work first describes a proximity labeling experiment to identify several novel T. gondii GRAs, GRA55-59, that are expressed in bradyzoites. Deletion of these GRAs does not affect parasite fitness in vitro. Further characterization of GRA55 reveals that its deletion does not impact virulence during the acute infection but does reduce brain cyst burden in infected mice. This suggests that GRA55 is an important secreted protein for the establishment or maintenance of the chronic infection in mice. The next section identifies the dense granule protein GRA83 and reveals that this effector is secreted into the PV and plays a role in modulating a key element of the host's innate immune response. Disruption of GRA83 impacts proinflammatory cytokine production and increases T. gondii's virulence during the acute infection. This also results in a significantly higher brain cyst burden during the chronic infection in mice. Therefore, this effector functions in a pro-host manner to limit unrestricted parasite growth. Lastly, this work describes the novel secreted effector, GRA84, that is exported to the host cell nucleus. GRA84 is dependent on the aspartyl protease (ASP5) and the MYR translocon to traverse the PV barrier and reach the host cell nucleus. Disruption of GRA84 does not substantially impact in vitro parasite growth or the chronic infection in mice. Most interestingly, this work demonstrates that GRA84 is proteolytically cleaved for maturation in its N-terminus and that this processing event is essential its ability to translocate across the vacuolar membrane to reach its destination in the host nucleus. Together, this thesis identifies and characterizes an array of novel GRA proteins that regulate Toxoplasma infection, which is likely to aid in the development of new treatments or therapeutics that can ultimately clear this widespread human infection.
Download or read book Essential Immunology written by Ivan Maurice Roitt and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Metabolic Interaction in Infection written by Ricardo Silvestre and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-06 with total page 478 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on host–pathogen interactions at the metabolic level. It explores the metabolic requirements of the infectious agents, the microbial metabolic pathways that are dedicated to circumvent host immune mechanisms as well as the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens hijack host cell metabolism for their own benefit. Finally, it provides insights on the possible clinical and immunotherapeutic applications, as well as on the available experimental and analytical methods. The contributions break new ground in understanding the metabolic crosstalk between host and pathogen.
Download or read book Parasitology written by Eric Loker and published by Garland Science. This book was released on 2015-03-02 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach focuses on the conceptual basis of parasitology, with the goal of providing students with an enriched view of parasites and their biology. Concentrating on concepts will enable readers to gain a broader perspective that will increase their ability to think critically about all kinds of parasitic associations. The interfaces between the study of parasitism and prominent biological disciplines such as biodiversity, immunology, ecology, evolution, conservation biology, and disease control are highlighted. Studying individual parasites is an essential part of parasitology so Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach contains an appendix which provides a concise overview of the biology of important human and veterinary parasites. End-of-chapter questions are provided, as is an instructor manual.
Download or read book The Rapture of the Nerds written by Cory Doctorow and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 2012-09-04 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the two defining personalities of post-cyberpunk SF, a brilliant collaboration to rival 1987's The Difference Engine by William Gibson and Bruce Sterling
Download or read book The Emperor of All Maladies written by Siddhartha Mukherjee and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-08-09 with total page 624 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize and a documentary from Ken Burns on PBS, this New York Times bestseller is “an extraordinary achievement” (The New Yorker)—a magnificent, profoundly humane “biography” of cancer—from its first documented appearances thousands of years ago through the epic battles in the twentieth century to cure, control, and conquer it to a radical new understanding of its essence. Physician, researcher, and award-winning science writer, Siddhartha Mukherjee examines cancer with a cellular biologist’s precision, a historian’s perspective, and a biographer’s passion. The result is an astonishingly lucid and eloquent chronicle of a disease humans have lived with—and perished from—for more than five thousand years. The story of cancer is a story of human ingenuity, resilience, and perseverance, but also of hubris, paternalism, and misperception. Mukherjee recounts centuries of discoveries, setbacks, victories, and deaths, told through the eyes of his predecessors and peers, training their wits against an infinitely resourceful adversary that, just three decades ago, was thought to be easily vanquished in an all-out “war against cancer.” The book reads like a literary thriller with cancer as the protagonist. Riveting, urgent, and surprising, The Emperor of All Maladies provides a fascinating glimpse into the future of cancer treatments. It is an illuminating book that provides hope and clarity to those seeking to demystify cancer.
Download or read book Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development written by George A. Parker and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-03-28 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a fundamental understanding of immunopathology and immunopathologic processes, with particular attention to nonclinical toxicology studies. Chapters provide an overview of general immunobiology, cells of the immune system, signaling and effector molecules, and immunopathology assays. A companion volume, Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development: Volume 2, Organ Systems, offers summaries of organ-specific immunobiology and immunopathology as well as common responses to xenobiotics. These informative and strategic books were created in response to the large segment of drug development that focuses on chronic diseases, many of which involve alterations to the immune system. Therapies that target these diseases commonly involve some form of immunomodulation. As a result, the two volumes of Immunopathology in Toxicology and Drug Development are critical texts for individuals involved in diverse aspects of drug development. Readers will acquire a thorough understanding of immunopathology for detection and accurate interpretation of pathologic effects of xenobiotics on the immune system.
Download or read book Hugo and Russell s Pharmaceutical Microbiology written by Stephen P. Denyer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-04-15 with total page 494 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Completely revised and updated Pharmaceutical Microbiologycontinues to provide the essential resource for the 21st centurypharmaceutical microbiologist "....a valuable resource for junior pharmacists graspingan appreciation of microbiology, microbiologists entering thepharmaceutical field, and undergraduate pharmacy students." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy ".....highly readable. The content is comprehensive, withwell-produced tables, diagrams and photographs, and is accessiblethrough the extensive index." Journal of Medical Microbiology WHY BUY THIS BOOK? Completely revised and updated to reflect the rapid pace ofchange in the teaching and practice of pharmaceuticalmicrobiology Expanded coverage of modern biotechnology, including genomicsand recombinant DNA technology Updated information on newer antimicrobial agents and theirmode of action Highly illustrated with structural formulas of organiccompounds and flow diagrams of biochemical processes
Download or read book Microbiology Demystified written by Tom Betsy and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2005-04-21 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a must-have supplement for pre-med, nursing, and medical science students, and anyone else wanting to improve their understanding of microbiology Utilising a unique self-teaching approach, the authors follow the syllabus of the leading textbooks and translate complex terms and concepts into an easy-to-read and understand format. Follows syllabus of leading textbooks, but translates complex terms and concepts into a format that’s easy to read and understand.Includes a 10-question quiz at the end of each chapter, and a 100-question exam at the end of the book.
Download or read book The Xavante in Transition written by Carlos E. A. Coimbra and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2010-04-23 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Xavánte in Transition presents a diachronic view of the long and complex interaction between the Xavánte, an indigenous people of the Brazilian Amazon, and the surrounding nation, documenting the effects of this interaction on Xavánte health, ecology, and biology. A powerful example of how a small-scale society, buffeted by political and economic forces at the national level and beyond, attempts to cope with changing conditions, this study will be important reading for demographers, economists, environmentalists, and public health workers. ". . . an integrated and politically informed anthropology for the new millennium. They show how the local and the regional meet on the ground and under the skin." --Alan H. Goodman, Professor of Biological Anthropology, Hampshire College "This volume delivers what it promises. Drawing on twenty-five years of team research, the authors combine history, ethnography and bioanthropology on the cutting edge of science in highly readable form." --Daniel Gross, Lead Anthropologist, The World Bank "No doubt it will serve as a model for future interdisciplinary scholarship. It promises to be highly relevant to policy formulation and implementation of health care programs among small-scale populations in Brazil and elsewhere." --Laura R. Graham, Professor of Anthropology, University of Iowa Carlos E. A. Coimbra Jr. is Professor of Medical Anthropology at the National School of Public Health, Rio de Janeiro.Nancy M. Flowers is Adjunct Associate Professor of Anthropology, Hunter College. Francisco M. Salzano is Emeritus Professor, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Ricardo V. Santos is Professor of Biological Anthropology at the National School of Public Health and at the National Museum IUFRJ, Rio de Janeiro.
Download or read book The Chinese written by and published by . This book was released on 1851 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Overcoming Liver Fluke as a Constraint to Ruminant Production in South East Asia written by R. S. Copland and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Liver fluke is an important internal parasite of ruminants. It debilitates livestock from a wide range of economically important species including cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats. This monograph addresses the knowledge gaps in the genetics, immunology, epidemiology and control of liver fluke disease --Website of online version, viewed 26 June, 2008.
Download or read book Oxford Handbook of Paediatrics written by Robert C. Tasker and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2013-01-31 with total page 1125 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully revised for the new edition, this handbook covers all significant aspects of acute and chronic paediatrics. Areas such as neonatology, surgery, genetics and congenital malformations and child protection are covered in a user-friendly and succinct style.
Download or read book HIV AIDS Care Counselling written by Alta C. Van Dyk and published by Cape Town, [Great Britain]: Pearson Education. This book was released on 2005 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A textbook which provides care workers with practical information when dealing with HIV/AIDS. Issues addressed include the fundamental facts about the virus and its spread. principles for behavioural change, education of children, pre and post test counselling, nursing care principles and the legal and ethical aspects of HIV/AIDS.
