Download or read book Toxicity Report on Reproductive Dose Range Finding Study of Genistein CAS No 446 72 0 Administered in Feed to Sprague Dawley Rats written by K. Barry Delclos and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-04 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genistein is a naturally occurring isoflavone that interacts with estrogen receptors & multiple other molecular targets. Human exposure to Genistein is through consumption of soy products, including soy-based infant formula & dietary supplements. A series of short-term studies with Genistein was conducted with two goals: to obtain data necessary to establish dose levels for subsequent multi-generation reproductive & chronic toxicity studies; & to evaluate the effects of Genistein on endpoints outside the reproductive tract. This report focuses on the reproductive & toxicology endpoints. Data obtained in separate evaluations of behavioral, neuroanatomical, neurochemical, & immunological endpoints are also discussed. Illustrations.

Download or read book Technical Report on the Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Study of Genistein CAS No 446 72 0 in Sprague Dawley Rats Feed Study written by D. A. Casciano and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2008-10 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genistein is an isoflavone that occurs in soy products incl. soy-based infant formulas. It is known as ¿environmental estrogens¿ which can affect the hormone activities and possibly reproductive function of wildlife and humans through exposure. Studies were conducted on 3 such chemicals to see if exposure to such chemicals could have any effect on animals¿ reproductive systems or development of cancers. Rats were exposed to genistein for part or all of the study period and examined at the end of 2 years. Exposure to Genistein for 2 years caused tumors of the mammary gland and pituitary gland in female rats. Exposure to Genistein for shorter durations was also assoc. with increased rates of pituitary gland and mammary gland tumors. Ill.

Download or read book NTP Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity Technical Report on the Modified One generation Study of 2 Ethylhexyl P Methoxycinnamate CASRN 5466 77 3 Administered in Feed to Sprague Dawley Hsd Sprague Dawley r SD r Rats with Prenatal Reproductive Performance and Subchronic Assessments in F1 sOffspring written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2-Ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC), also known as octinoxate and octyl methoxycinnamate, is a common component of sunscreens, cosmetics, and personal care products. Mechanistic screening studies have purported that EHMC, and its metabolites, are capable of activating the estrogen receptor to varying degrees. The objective of this study was to characterize the potential for EHMC to adversely affect any phase of rat development, maturation, and ability to reproduce. The potential for EHMC to induce subchronic toxicity in the F1\sgeneration, to adversely affect the ability of the F1\sgeneration to reproduce viable F2\soffspring, and to adversely affect the F2\sembryo-fetal development was assessed in Sprague Dawley (Hsd:Sprague Dawley(r) SD(r)) rats administered EHMC in 5K96 feed, a diet low in phytoestrogens, using the National Toxicology Program modified one-generation (MOG) study design. The dietary route of administration was selected to approximate continual exposure in group-housed animals. EHMC exposure via the diet, rather than topical application, was selected for this study to sustain internal exposure; if applied topically, the internal dose would have been influenced by intra- and interanimal grooming behavior. Exposure concentration selection for the MOG study was based on a dose range-finding study in which time-mated rats were exposed to 0, 2,250, 5,000, 10,000, or 20,000\sppm EHMC in the diet from gestation day (GD)\s6 through lactation day (LD)\s28. Dams exposed to 20,000\sppm displayed significantly decreased mean body weights on GD\s21 and body weight gain from GD\s6 through GD\s21. Dams exposed to 20,000\sppm displayed lower live litter size, and pups in this group displayed significantly decreased PND\s1 weights and lower postnatal viability resulting in the group being removed from study on postnatal day (PND)\s14. Pup body weights of the 10,000\sppm group were also lower than those in the control group. Therefore, exposure concentrations of 0, 1,000, 3,000, and 6,000\sppm were selected for the subsequent MOG study. Test article consumption was exposure concentration-proportional. EHMC intake for F0\sfemales in the 2,250, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000\sppm groups, based on feed consumption and dietary concentrations for GD\s6 through GD\s21, was approximately 161, 365, 714, and 1,841\smg EHMC/kg body weight/day (mg/kg/day), respectively; from LD\s1 through LD\s14, EHMC intake was approximately 410, 925, and 1,615\smg/kg/day for the 2,250, 5,000, and 10,000\sppm groups, respectively.MODIFIED ONE-GENERATION STUDY: F0\sexposure began on GD\s6 and was continual. At weaning on PND\s28, F1\soffspring were assigned to the reproductive performance (up to 2/sex/litter, when available), prenatal (1/sex/litter), or subchronic cohort (1/sex from 10 litters). Upon sexual maturity, F1\smating and pregnancy indices were evaluated. In the prenatal cohort, F2\sprenatal development (litter size, fetal weight, and morphology) was assessed on GD\s21. In the reproductive performance cohort, littering indices, F2\sviability, and growth were assessed until PND\s28. The likelihood of identifying potential EHMC-induced adverse effects (similarity and magnitude thereof) at any phase of growth or development was increased by examining related endpoints and multiple pups within a litter throughout life, across cohorts, and across generations. EHMC did not induce overt F0\sor F1\smaternal toxicity or affect mating or pregnancy indices. Dam feed consumption and body weights were slightly lower during lactation in the 6,000\sppm group. EHMC exposure at 6,000\sppm was associated with significantly decreased F1\sand F2\spreweaning mean body weights, with an onset at approximately PND\s13, consistent with the beginning of pup feed consumption. Significantly decreased F1\spreweaning mean body weights were observed in males and females exposed to 3,000 or 6,000\sppm, whereas only F2\smale and female preweaning mean body weights of the 6,000\sppm group were significantly decreased relative to their respective control groups. Although mean body weight gains of males (PND\s28-105) and females (PND\s28-\s91) in all EHMC-exposed groups were similar to those of the respective control groups, postweaning F1\smale and female mean body weights of the 6,000\sppm group were significantly decreased by 5%-14% relative to the respective control animals. Both male and female mean body weights of the 3,000\sppm groups were significantly decreased by approximately 5% on PND\s28, but by PND\s56, their mean body weights were comparable to those of the control groups. Lower F1\spostweaning body weights were not associated with concurrent lower feed consumption. EHMC intake by F0\sfemales in the 1,000, 3,000, and 6,000\sppm EHMC groups, based on feed consumption and dietary concentrations from GD\s6 through GD\s21, was approximately 70, 207, and 419\smg/kg/day, respectively; from LD\s1 through LD\s13, EHMC intake was approximately 161, 475, and 920\smg/kg/day, respectively. EHMC intake by the F1\sgeneration postweaning (PND\s28 through PND\s91) in the 1,000, 3,000, and 6,000\sppm groups was approximately 80, 242, and 491\smg/kg/day (males) and 87, 263, and 528\smg/kg/day (females), respectively. EHMC intake by the adult F1\sfemales in the 1,000, 3,000, and 6,000\sppm groups was approximately 73, 220, and 435\smg/kg/day (GD\s0 through GD\s21) and 139, 418, and 842\smg/kg/day (LD\s1 through LD\s13), respectively. EHMC exposure did not alter anogenital distance or areola/nipple retention. The timing of weaning weight-adjusted vaginal opening (VO) and balanopreputial separation (BPS) was significantly delayed by approximately 2.1\sdays and 2.2\sdays, respectively, in the 6,000\sppm group. F1\srats exposed to 6,000\sppm EHMC displayed slightly more time in estrus. Reproductive performance (fertility and fecundity) was not affected by EHMC exposure. The numbers of live fetuses and pups were not affected. EHMC exposure was not associated with any effects on fetal weight or the incidences of external, visceral, or skeletal malformations. The 6,000\sppm group did exhibit a higher combined fetal incidence of lumbar\s1 rudimentary rib variants (approximately 10% versus 4% in the control group). In the subchronic cohort, no gross findings, changes in organ weights, or histopathological findings were attributed to EHMC exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of this modified one-generation (MOG) study, there was no evidence of reproductive toxicity of 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) in Hsd:Sprague Dawley(r) SD(r) rats at exposure concentrations of 1,000, 3,000, or 6,000\sppm. Mating and littering were not affected significantly by EHMC exposure. Under the conditions of this MOG study, there was equivocal evidence of developmental toxicity of EHMC in Hsd:Sprague Dawley(r) SD(r) rats based on the observed postnatal effects on body weight that showed some indication of recovery by study end, delays in postnatal day\s28-adjusted vaginal opening and balanopreputial separation, which could have been influenced by the apparent transient effects on body weight, and time in estrus was slightly longer in EHMC-exposed females relative to that of the control group. No other signals consistent with alterations in estrogenic, androgenic, or antiandrogenic action were observed. EHMC exposure did not induce any specific fetal malformations.SYNONYMS: octinoxate; ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate; octyl methoxycinnamate; 2-propenoic acid, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-, 2-ethylhexyl ester; 2-ethylhexyl 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate.

Download or read book Technical Report Series written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Endocrine Disruption and Human Health written by Philippa D. Darbre and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-03-21 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endocrine Disruption and Human Health starts with an overview of what endocrine disruptors are, the issues surrounding them, and the source of these chemicals in the ecosystem. This is followed by an overview of the mechanisms of action and assay systems. The third section includes chapters written by specialists on different aspects of concern for the effects of endocrine disruption on human health. Finally, the authors consider the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and the pertinent regulation developed by the EU, the US FDA, as well as REACH and NGOs. The book has been written for researchers and research clinicians interested in learning about the actions of endocrine disruptors and current evidence justifying concerns for human health but is useful for those approaching the subject for the first time, graduate students, and advanced undergraduate students. Provides readers with access to a range of information from the basic mechanisms and assays to cutting-edge research investigating concerns for human health Presents a comprehensive, translational look at all aspects of endocrine disruption and its effects on human health Offers guidance on the risk assessment of endocrine disruptors and current relevant regulatory considerations

Download or read book National Toxicology Program Annual Report for Fiscal Year written by National Toxicology Program (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Identifying Hormonally Active Compounds Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Product Ingredients of Health Concern from Potential Presence in Water Intended for Indirect Potable Reuse written by Shane A. Snyder and published by . This book was released on 2010-07 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Chronic Inflammation written by Masayuki Miyasaka and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with the most up-to-date information on cutting-edge research concerning chronic inflammation. We now know that when inflammation becomes chronic, it acts as a strong disease-promoting factor in a variety of disorders including arteriosclerosis, obesity, cancer, and Alzheimer disease. Chronic inflammation is hence called as the “silent killer”; it upsets the body’s homeostatic mechanism insidiously. In spite of these developments, we know very little about the mechanism underlying chronic inflammation. Particularly, we do not know precisely what induces chronic inflammation or what promotes its prolongation in a spatiotemporal framework. Neither do we have clear knowledge about how chronic inflammation destroys various tissues or how it predisposes individuals to many different diseases. To make the situation worse, we have no effective treatment against chronic inflammation. Since 2010, two major research programs (CREST and PRESTO) aimed at clarifying the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammation were launched in Japan, and investigators of different research areas with a brilliant track record were selected by their research proposals. Subsequently they have made their best efforts to answer the conundrum concerning chronic inflammation. This book is a compendium of such research efforts. In each chapter, the CREST- or PRESTO-funded researchers summarize their original work concerning mechanisms of induction, progression, or resolution underlying chronic inflammation. The most emphasized characteristic is the molecular aspect of chronic inflammation. The book thus presents the most recent progress made in the molecular understanding of chronic inflammation.

Download or read book Alternative Toxicological Methods written by Harry Salem and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-03-26 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together the recent and relevant contributions of over 125 scientists from industry, government, and academia in North America and Western Europe, Alternative Toxicological Methods explores the development and validation of replacement, reduction, and refinement alternatives (the 3Rs) to animal testing. Internationally recognized scientist

Download or read book Drug Transporters in Drug Disposition Effects and Toxicity written by Xiaodong Liu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-09-30 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides with a comprehensive overview of the role of drug transporters in drug disposition and efficacy/toxicity, as well as drug-drug interactions and recent advances in the field. Transporters are known determinants of drug disposition and efficacy/toxicity. In general, they are divided into solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette (ABC) families, and are located along cell membranes, where they mediate drug uptake into cells and export out of cells. Drug transporters are essential in maintaining cell homeostasis, and their gene mutations may cause or contribute to severe human genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, neurological disease, retinal degeneration, anemia, and cholesterol and bile transport defects. Conversely, some diseases may also alter transporter functions and expressions, in turn aggravating disease process. Further, since over-expression of some ABC transporters is a potential contributor to multidrug-resistance (MDR), the book presents a number of strategies to overcome MDR, including ABC transporter inhibitors and applying epigenetic methods to modulate transporter expressions and functions. This book is useful for graduate students and professionals who are looking to refresh or expand their knowledge of this exciting field.

Download or read book Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-02-03 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occursâ€"in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environmentâ€"and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents.

Download or read book Magnesium Current Status and New Developments written by Theophile Theophanides and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1997-09-30 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains the Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Magnesium. It presents research and applications in order to interface between medical doctors, clinicians and scientists responsible for magnesium involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases, its biological significance, metabolism and many other utilizations which are associated with membranes and cells. The topics which are discussed concern mechanisms of the mode of action of free magnesium cations, hydrated cations and magnesium-linked cations.

Download or read book Biotechnology of Anti diabetic Medicinal Plants written by Saikat Gantait and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-13 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a unique overview of insights on the genetic basis of anti-diabetic activity, chemistry, physiology, biotechnology, mode-of-action, as well as cellular mechanisms of anti-diabetic secondary metabolites from medicinal plants. The World Health Organization estimated that 80% of the populations of developing countries rely on traditional medicines, mostly plant drugs, for their primary health care needs. There is an increasing demand for medicinal plants having anti-diabetic potential in both developing and developed countries. The expanding trade in medicinal plants has serious implications on the survival of several plant species, with many under threat to become extinct. This book describes various approaches to conserve these genetic resources. It discusses the whole spectrum of biotechnological tools from micro-propagation for large-scale multiplication, cell-culture techniques to the biosynthesis and enhancement of pharmaceutical compounds in the plants. It also discusses the genetic transformation as well as short- to long-term conservation of plant genetic resources via synthetic seed production and cryopreservation, respectively. The book is enriched with expert contributions from across the globe. This reference book is useful for researchers in the pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries, medicinal chemists, biochemists, botanists, molecular biologists, academicians, students as well as diabetic patients, traditional medicine practitioners, scientists in medicinal and aromatic plants, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani and other traditional medical practitioners.

Download or read book Herbalism Phytochemistry and Ethnopharmacology written by Amritpal Singh and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-04-11 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bridging the gap between the ancient art of herbalism and the emerging sciences of ethnopharmocology and phytopharmacotherapy, this book highlights the major breakthroughs in the history of the field and focuses on future directions in the discovery and application of herb-derived medicines. Implementing the concept of reverse pharmacology, it inte

Download or read book Natural Antimicrobial Agents written by Jean-Michel Mérillon and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-08 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documenting the latest research in the field of different pathogenic organisms, this book presents the current scenario about promising antimicrobials in the following areas: Part I. Plants as source of antibacterials, Part II. Naturally occurring antifungal natural products, Part III. Antiparasitic natural products, Part IV. Antiviral natural products. Renowned scientists from the globe have been selected as authors to contribute chapters. Use of plants for various ailments is as old as human civilization and continuous efforts are being made to improve medicinal plants or to product their bioactive secondary metabolites in high amounts through various technologies. About 200,000 natural products of plant origin are known and many more are being identified from higher plants and micro-organisms. Some plants based drugs are used since centuries and there is no alternative medicine for many such drugs as cardiac glycosides. Drug discovery from medicinal plants or marine micro-organisms continues to provide an important source of new drug leads. Research on new antibacterials represents a real and timely challenge of this century, particularly for the treatment of infections caused by clinical isolates that show multidrug resistance. The main microorganisms involved in the resistance process have been identified and given the acronym ESKAPE for Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacteriaceae. Multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis including highly drug-resistant strains (XDR-TB) has also emerged as one of the most important clinical challenges of this century. Plants of diverse taxa and marine micro-organisms are rich source of these antimicrobials. An attempt has been made to compile the recent information about natural sources of antibacterials and their sustainable utilization. Increased panic of these pathogens warrants a growing demand for research to undertake the threat of multidrug resistance. The search for new antifungal, antiparasitic and antiviral natural products is far from devoid of interest. According to the WHO report in 2013, malaria still represents some 207 million cases worldwide and more than 3 billion of people are still exposed to this risk. Similarly, about 350 million people are considered at risk of contracting leishmaniasis. The fight against some viruses also requires that the research on natural products continue. For example, even if an antiretroviral with direct action was recently approved in Europe in 2013, its high cost does not allow to offer it to an exposed population in countries where the cost of drugs remains a problem for a large part of the population. These books are useful to researchers and students in microbiology, biotechnology, pharmacology, chemistry and biology as well as medical professionals.

Download or read book Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics written by Raja K Sivamani and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-09-18 with total page 458 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cosmeceuticals and Active Cosmetics discusses the science of nearly two dozen cosmeceuticals used today. This third edition provides ample evidence on specific cosmeceutical substances, their classes of use, skin conditions for which they are used, and points of interest arising from other considerations, such as toxicology and manufacturing. The book discusses both cosmetic and therapeutic uses of cosmeceuticals for various conditions including rosacea, dry skin, alopecia, eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, purpura, and vitiligo. Active ingredients in the following products are discussed: caffeine, curcumin, green tea, Rhodiola rosea, milk thistle, and more. Also covered are topical peptides and proteins, amino acids and derivatives, antioxidants, vitamins E and C, niacinamide, botanical extracts, and biomarine actives. Providing ample scientific references, this book is an excellent guide to understanding the science behind the use of cosmeceuticals to treat a variety of dermatological conditions.

Download or read book Handbook of Dietary Phytochemicals written by Jianbo Xiao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 1953 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes recent advances in the chemistry, bioactivity, nutrition, and functional aspects of dietary phytochemicals, as well as the health and functional aspects of foods rich in phytochemicals. Consisting of forty-four chapters, it discusses the different chemical types of phytochemicals in our diets and food and presents data collected from animal or human experiments that are directly related to human health. Each chapter covers the chemistry, epidemiological study, bioavailability, bioactivity (animal experiments) function in humans and safety, as well as products on the market. Moreover, the more than 200 figures make it easy to grasp the main findings in each area.