Download or read book To Investigate the Effects of Pasture Based Systems on the Reproductive Performance Metabolic and Trace Mineral Status and Immune Function of Lactating Dairy Cows written by Hazel Mary Watson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Trace Mineral Impact on Reproductive Performance Immune Response and Calf Performance in Grazing Beef Cattle written by Daniel S. Baker and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Mineral Nutrition of Livestock written by Eric John Underwood and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2001 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an up to date reference work covering all aspects of macro and trace element nutrition in farm livestock. Sufficient information is given on metabolism, functions and interactions to explain why needs, feeds and imbalances are not always easy to define or anticipate. The major emphasis is on the mineral nutrition of ruminant livestock since they are most likely to be affected by imbalances but where pigs and poultry are the more vulnerable, extensive coverage of the non-ruminant is given. This new edition of a highly successful text has been thoroughly revised and significantly expanded. Many chapters have been extensively updated and several chapters on new topics introduced. * Calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium are now treated separately * Over 40 new figures are presented, and extensive use made oftables to summarise important data * Chapters on trace elements have been drastically revised * Claims for enhanced availability for new chelated sources arecritically reviewed * Completely new chapters focus on: The unique need of the ruminant for elemental sulphur Occasionally beneficial elements and essentially toxic elements The improved conduct and interpretation of supplementation trials
Download or read book The Effect of Pegbovigrastim on Health Fertility Culling and Economic Performance During a Full Lactation in Grazing Dairy Cows written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Early lactation clinical diseases, which affect up to 50% of modern dairy cows, are associated with impaired productive and reproductive performance and reduced longevity; thus, they have an important impact on the economic performance of dairy farming. Around parturition, both immune dysfunction and metabolic challenge, a major factor associated with immune dysfunction, have been linked to early lactation clinical disease. Immune stimulation therapies may be an innovative development that could mitigate this problem. Recently, a long-lasting analogue of bovine granulocyte colony stimulating factor (pegbovigrastim; PEG) has been developed, as a tool to improve immune dysfunction around parturition. This PhD thesis was based on a large randomized clinical trial, in which I evaluated the use of PEG under commercial conditions in grazing dairy farms. In addition, I evaluated whether the metabolic status of the transition dairy cow, as measured by prepartum body condition score and prepartum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentration, was associated with the effect of PEG treatment. First, I focused on the effect of PEG treatment on postpartum [5 to 8 days in milk (DIM)] circulating white blood cell counts. Pegbovigrastim treatment reversed the negative association of prepartum NEFA concentration with circulating white blood cell counts. Then, I showed that PEG treatment reduced the occurrence of a first case of clinical mastitis (CM) during the first 30 DIM, particularly in cows with an over body condition and in cows with elevated prepartum NEFA concentration. Moreover, PEG treatment reduced the hazard of a first case and the rate of total cases of CM during the full lactation, and in cows that experienced metritis, PEG treatment reduced the incidence of subsequent endometritis. In addition, I investigated the effects of PEG on fertility, culling and on the economic performance of cows. I showed that the effect of PEG treatment on fertility and culling interacts with prepartum NEFA concentration. In cows with low prepartum NEFA concentration, no treatment effect was detected. In cows with elevated prepartum NEFA concentration, PEG treatment increased the rate of first insemination and counteracted the negative association of a first case of CM during the first 30 DIM and uterine disease (i.e., retained placenta, metritis or both) with the rate of pregnancy. At the same time, in cows with elevated prepartum NEFA concentration, PEG treatment decreased the hazard of culling. Ultimately, we found that PEG treatment resulted in an overall economic benefit, mostly explained by a reduced cost of culling in PEG treated cows. Altogether, I showed that the beneficial effect of PEG treatment depends on the metabolic status of periparturient dairy cows, and that PEG treatment was particularly beneficial for cows undergoing prepartum metabolic challenge.
Download or read book Nutritional Implications for Oxidative Status Immune Function and Energy Metabolism in Transition Dairy Cows and Relationships with Postpartum Performance and Endometritis written by Takashi Yasui and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Factors associated with a failure to adapt metabolic and physiological regulation during the transition period include oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, and imbalanced energy status. Those factors are not only correlated to each other, but also related to low performance and immune suppression, which leads to development of periparturient-related diseases such as cytological endometritis (CE). The objectives of this work were to investigate the: 1) effect of source of trace minerals on production, oxidative metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 2) effect of chromium propionate (Cr-Pro) supplementation on production, metabolism, and the incidence of CE; 3) effect of supplemental monensin and varying postpartum fermentable starch level on the incidence of CE and related immune functions; and 4) association of CE with energy metabolism and inflammation. The first experiment found that, compared to inorganic or organic sources, supplemental hydroxy trace minerals (HTM), a recently available source of trace minerals, improved aspects of milk production, modulated plasma indices of oxidative balance, and reduced plasma haptoglobin levels immediately after parturition, suggesting that HTM are more bioavailable and can affect the body system related to production, oxidative metabolism, and inflammatory responses. In experiment two, feeding Cr-Pro resulted in improved prepartum dry matter intake in addition to reduced prepartum plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA), and decreased incidence of CE along with increased uterine neutrophil influx immediately after parturition. This implies that Cr-Pro can improve periparturient energy metabolism and uterine immunity. The third experiment revealed that innate immune responses were improved during the early postpartum period in cows fed high starch diets for 3 weeks after parturition, and during early lactation in cows fed monensin. Finally, analyses conducted indicated that negative energy balance during the first 3 weeks after parturition was a critical factor to develop CE because cows with CE had higher area under the curve of plasma NEFA and beta-hydroxybutyric acid, and lower calculated energy balance during that period compared to cows without CE. The findings obtained from this work give practical approaches to optimize overall performance in transition dairy cows and provide partial mechanisms for how oxidative status, metabolism, and energy balance interrelate.
Download or read book Management of Peripartum Dairy Cows for Metabolic Health and Immune Function written by Cynthia Miltenburg and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Investigation of Pasture and Confinement Dairy Feeding Systems Using Jersey and Holstein Cattle written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, dairy farmers in the U.S. are faced with the challenge of reducing the cost of producing milk. Milk prices have risen very little in the past decade, while the cost of producing milk has risen steadily. In North Carolina alone, dairy farm numbers have dropped more than 30% in the last ten years, and the trend is expected to continue. Dairy farmers have been forced to increase their profitability to stay in business. In addition, farmers have been forced to comply with stricter environmental regulations. Over the past few years, interest has been shown in intensive management rotational grazing systems. This four-year comparison trial was designed to compare the milk production, herd health, reproductive performance, and environmental impacts of pasture-based and confinement feeding systems using Holstein and Jersey cattle for the Mid-Atlantic region. The project had both Spring and Fall calving herds with breeding via artificial insemination in 75-day periods. Each seasonal herd replicate had 36 cows on pasture and 36 cows in the confinement group. Similar numbers of Holsteins and Jerseys were included in each year. Paddocks grazed comprised 29 ha of cool and warm season pasture species in 37 paddocks for year-round grazing. Pasture-fed cows received variable amounts of grain and baled silage as needed depending upon pasture availability. Confinement cows were housed in a covered freestall barn with access to an exercise lot and received a total mixed ration with corn silage as the primary forage. Confinement cows produced significantly more milk than pasture-fed cows, both for total lactation and average daily production. Reproductive performance of the two treatments did not differ with an overall 75-day pregnancy rate of 68%. Jerseys in both systems did have higher percentages of cows inseminated (96.5%), conception rate (59.6%), and 75-day pregnancy rate (78%) compared to Holsteins (86%, 49%, 57.9% respectively). The percentage of cows infected with at le.
Download or read book INRA feeding system for ruminants written by INRA and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-11-27 with total page 639 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The INRA Feeding System for Ruminants has been renewed to better address emerging challenges for animal nutrition: prevision of productive responses, product quality, animal health and emissions to the environment, in a larger extent of breeding contexts. The new system is mainly built from meta-analyses of large data bases, and modelling. The dietary supply model accounts for digestive interactions and flows of individual nutrients, so that feed values depend on the final ration. Animal requirements account for variability in metabolic efficiency. Various productive and non-productive animal responses to diets are quantified. This book presents the whole system for dairy and meat, large and small ruminant production, including specificities for tropical and Mediterranean areas. The first two sections present biological concepts and equations (with their field of application and statistical accuracy) used to predict intake (including at grazing) and nutrient supply (Section 1), animal’s requirements and multiple responses to diets (Section 2). They apply to net energy, metabolisable protein and amino acids, water, minerals and vitamins. Section 3 presents the use of concepts and equations in rationing with two purposes: (1) diet calculation for a given performance objective; and (2) prediction of the multiple responses of animal to diet changes. Section 4 displays the tables of feed values, and their prevision. All the equations and concepts are embedded in the fifth version of INRAtion® software for practical use.
Download or read book OECD FAO Agricultural Outlook 2019 2028 written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2019-07-08 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Agricultural Outlook 2019-2028 is a collaborative effort of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. It brings together the commodity, policy and country expertise of both organisations as well ...
Download or read book The Use of Drugs in Food Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-01-12 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of drugs in food animal production has resulted in benefits throughout the food industry; however, their use has also raised public health safety concerns. The Use of Drugs in Food Animals provides an overview of why and how drugs are used in the major food-producing animal industriesâ€"poultry, dairy, beef, swine, and aquaculture. The volume discusses the prevalence of human pathogens in foods of animal origin. It also addresses the transfer of resistance in animal microbes to human pathogens and the resulting risk of human disease. The committee offers analysis and insight into these areas: Monitoring of drug residues. The book provides a brief overview of how the FDA and USDA monitor drug residues in foods of animal origin and describes quality assurance programs initiated by the poultry, dairy, beef, and swine industries. Antibiotic resistance. The committee reports what is known about this controversial problem and its potential effect on human health. The volume also looks at how drug use may be minimized with new approaches in genetics, nutrition, and animal management.
Download or read book Designing Foods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1988-02-01 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively book examines recent trends in animal product consumption and diet; reviews industry efforts, policies, and programs aimed at improving the nutritional attributes of animal products; and offers suggestions for further research. In addition, the volume reviews dietary and health recommendations from major health organizations and notes specific target levels for nutrients.
Download or read book Animal Agriculture written by Fuller W. Bazer and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-10-25 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Animal Agriculture: Sustainability, Challenges and Innovations discusses the land-based production of high-quality protein by livestock and poultry and how it plays an important role in improving human nutrition, growth and health. With exponential growth of the global population and marked rises in meat consumption per capita, demands for animal-source protein are expected to increase 72% between 2013 and 2050. This raises concerns about the sustainability and environmental impacts of animal agriculture. An attractive solution to meeting increasing needs for animal products and mitigating undesirable effects of agricultural practices is to enhance the efficiency of animal growth, reproduction, and lactation. Currently, there is no resource that offers specific knowledge of both animal science and technology, including biotechnology for the sustainability of animal agriculture for the expanding global demand of food in the face of diminishing resources. This book fills that gap, giving readers all the necessary information on important issues facing modern animal agriculture, namely its sustainability, challenges and innovative solutions. Integrates new knowledge in animal breeding, biotechnology, nutrition, reproduction and management Addresses the urgent issue of sustainability in modern animal agriculture Provides practical solutions on how to solve the current and future problems that face animal agriculture worldwide
Download or read book Effects of an Extruded Flaxseed Supplement on Transition Cow Immune Function and Effects of a Methane Inhibitor on Transition Cow Ovarian Activity written by Molly Fetter and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In cattle, the transition period, which encompasses three weeks prior to three weeks after calving, is a critical time in the cows life with increased incidence of metabolic and infectious diseases. During this time cows suffer from immunosuppression and negative energy balance. Negative energy balance (NEB) and immunosuppression are related in transition dairy cows and occur due to extreme metabolic stress and changing hormones as the cow transitions from a pregnant to energy-demanding lactating state coupled with decreased dry matter intake. Incidences of periparturient diseases are not only detrimental to the overall health and well-being of the cow, but they can also decrease milk output and reproductive efficiency, causing economic loss to the producer. For these reasons, improved management during the transition period that improves the health and well-being of the cow are paramount for setting the stage for successful reproduction and high milk production.Two approaches were taken to address the challenges of the transition period. The first approach was to feed an omega-3 fatty acid extruded flaxseed supplement and measure effects on transition dairy cow immune function, plasma metabolites, and fatty acid composition of milk fat, plasma, and red blood cells. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decrease expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines promoting an anti-inflammatory state. Further benefits of feeding fats include improved milk production and composition and improved fertility.The second approach was to supplement transition dairy cows with a small molecule methane inhibitor and observe effects on return of ovarian activity. In a recent study, cows that received a methane inhibitor had increased body weight gain compared to cows that received a placebo. It is hypothesized that reducing methane production could make more energy available to the cow for other productive functions. To test this hypothesis, progesterone was measured in defatted milk via enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). Parameters measured were days to evidence of a first corpus luteum (CL), length of first luteal phase, days to evidence of second CL, and interval between luteal phases. Evidence suggests that ovarian activity cannot resume until negative energy balance ceases and cows enter a positive energy balance. Cows that enter positive energy balance and cycle more before first service are more likely to have higher conception and pregnancy rates.These two approaches were taken because NEB and immunosuppression are the primary causes of negative health events in transition dairy cows. Overall, the first approach showed cows receiving the flaxseed supplement had greater ALA in plasma and milk fat, reduced mRNA abundance of TNF and IL6, and reduced neutrophil phagocytosis and ROS. Results indicate that the omega-3 supplement altered the activation status of the immune system and reduced inflammatory responses. This reduction in neutrophil activity may increase energy available to the cow for productive functions, although this speculation needs to be confirmed with further research. The milk fat and plasma exhibited greater ALA the longer the cows were on the diet indicating this supplement can be used to produce milk with higher omega-3 fatty acids, which is an area of increased consumer interest. In the methane inhibitor study, there were no differences observed between treatment groups for any of the reproductive parameters. Results from both studies provide further support for the importance of maintaining proper energy balance during the transition period to support immune function and productive functions in dairy cattle.
Download or read book The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-11-17 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The American feed industry manufactures tons of dietary supplements and additives each year for inclusion in the diets of food-producing animals. Some scientists have suggested that chromium should be a key ingredient in nutritional supplements. Controversy exists, however, over whether chromium sources should be approved as feed additives and whether enough data exist to establish dietary requirements. Chromium use has been suggested to have positive impacts on farm profitability, and many animal health benefits have been attributed to chromium supplementation, including increased longevity; enhanced reproduction; decreased incidence of metabolic disorders, stress effects, and disease; reduced need for antibiotic usage; improved immune response; and lean carcass quality. This book addresses recent research on chromium in animal diets; metabolic interactions between chromium and other nutrients; assessments of form and species interactions; supplementation effects; bioavailability of chromium forms and sources; and effects of diet composition, stressors, and animal physiological status on chromium utilization. It also provides recommendations on the essentiality of dietary chromium in domestic animal species and guidelines for use of dietary chromium.
Download or read book Feeding Strategies to Improve Sustainability and Welfare in Animal Production written by Fulvia Bovera and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-04-23 with total page 535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains the scientific contributions published within the Animals topical collection “Feeding Strategies to Improve Sustainability and Welfare in Animal Production”. Originally a Special Issue, it has turned into a permanent collection, with its first article being published in July 2019 and more than 30 published articles a year later: evidence of the great interest from the scientific community regarding the topics addressed. The articles, which are grouped by species (poultry, ruminants, pigs, etc.) and by topic, deal with a wide range of arguments that, first of all, highlight the extraordinary complexity and diversity that exists in the animal production sector, and then, the great influence that nutrition and feeding can have in terms of optimizing the use of environmental resources and improving the welfare of farmed animals. In addition, all this is closely connected with the urgent need to safeguard the resources of the planet on which we live.
Download or read book Biochemistry And Physiology of Nutrition written by Geoffrey Bourne and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biochemistry and Physiology of Nutrition, Volume II focuses on the processes, methods, and studies on nutrition. The book starts by discussing intracellular localization through histochemical methods of enzymes and vitamins; the structural changes in vitamin deficiency; and microbiology of digestion. Deficiencies in vitamins, A, C, D, E, B1, riboflavin, nicotinic acid, choline, biotin, and folic acid are noted. The book then focuses on microbiology of digestion, considering the establishment of microbial population in the alimentary tract, results of microbial digestion, antibiotics, and intestinal flora of man. The text also defines the nutrition system of worms, insects, and protozoa. The generation of ATP in terminal respiration and anaerobic glycolysis, as well as ATP's role in energy transfer, is noted. The discussions also focus on hydrolytic and phosphorylitic enzymes, such as carbohydrates, esterases, amidases, phosphatases, and phosporylases. Other topics covered are respiratory enzymes and coenzymes in which nucleotides, glucose diphosphate, diphosphoglyceric acid, and thiamine pyrophosphate are noted. The book notes the functions of iron compounds in the body, particularly in blood and tissues, and then touches on calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Given considerations are calcium and phosphorus in blood, skeletal calcium and phosphorus, and the factors affecting adsorption. A discussion also focuses on trace elements and the effects of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in nutrition. The book is a vital source of data for readers interested in studying the elements, factors, processes, and methods involved in nutrition.
Download or read book Agrindex written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 1088 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
