Download or read book Three Essays on Agricultural Marketing in Developing Countries written by Aya Suzuki and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on Agricultural Marketing written by Kenneth Roger Weiss and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 746 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Agricultural Markets in Developing Countries written by Aakanksha Melkani and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Robust and vibrant agricultural markets are an important component of inclusive agriculture-led economic development. Governments of developing countries play an important role in fostering an enabling environment for agricultural markets to thrive and in addressing shortcomings arising due to incomplete agricultural markets. However, excessive government involvement can also lead to inefficiencies and can further obstruct the development of agricultural markets. This dissertation focuses on various agricultural market outcomes and evaluates them in light of government interventions that potentially have a direct or indirect effect on them.The first essay investigates whether and how liquidity constraints during the production period affect smallholders' market participation and choice of marketing channel in the context of the Zambian maize market. During the period of the study, the country's parastatal marketing board 0́3 the Food Reserve Agency (FRA) 0́3 operated alongside private buyers and purchased large volumes of maize at a pan-territorial price that exceeded average market prices. Results indicate that liquidity-constrained maize-growing smallholders produced less maize output, were less likely to sell maize, and were less likely to sell to the FRA, as compared to those that did not face liquidity constraints. These results imply that benefits of market policies like those of the FRA are likely to be disproportionately captured by relatively wealthier and less resource constrained farmers.The second essay focusses on the effects of various regulations imposed on international trade and the domestic fertilizer market on fertilizer imports - an important component of domestic fertilizer supply in most developing countries. The results indicate that increased time and/or costs needed to comply with border regulations (such as clearing customs and inspections) are associated with a decline in the volume of fertilizer imported. However, fertilizer market-specific regulations are not found to be statistically significantly associated with fertilizer imports. Further investigation reveals that the border regulation-related findings hold mainly for high and middle-income countries, plausibly due to poor enforcement of formal laws and the greater importance of informal rules in the markets of low-income countries.The third essay explores whether price uncertainty (a form of price volatility) affects the price levels of maize products in urban Zambia, in light of the highly discretionary and ad-hoc government interventions in the country's maize markets. Excessive price volatility of staple food products has adverse effects on food and nutritional security of vulnerable populations and can potentially disrupt the development of resilient food markets. I conduct a Vector Autoregressive-Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic (1,1)-in-mean (VAR-GARCH(1,1)-in-mean) analysis of monthly price data for four maize products: wholesale maize grain, retail maize grain, and two types of maize flour 0́3 breakfast meal (highly refined) and roller meal (less refined). I find some weak evidence that an increase in uncertainty in wholesale maize grain prices is associated with a small increase in own prices, although this result does not hold across all specifications. Price uncertainty of other products is not found to be associated with changes in prices of own or other products. The application of VAR-GARCH(1,1)-in-mean to model prices of food products across a value chain is a methodological improvement over existing studies in this area in a developing country context.

Download or read book ESSAYS IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT written by Yelena Sheveleva and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation consists of three essays spanning the fields of international trade and economic development. In the first essay, we ask why developing countries fail to specialize in products in which they (at least potentially) have a comparative advantage? For example, farmers in land-poor developing countries overwhelmingly produce staples rather than exotic fruits that command high prices. We propose a simple model of trade and intermediation that shows how holdup resulting from poor contracting environment can produce such an outcome. We use the model to examine which polices can help ameliorate the problem, even when its cause cannot be eliminated.In the second and the third essays, we study how exporters introduce new products into the export market. In the second essay, using information on the universe of Chinese exporters to the US, we document a number of empirircal facts that discipline economists' undrstanding of dynamic aspects of multiproduct exporters. In the third essay, we estimate a structural dynamic model of multiproduct exporting.In Chapter 1, "Wheat or Strawberries? Intermediated Trade with Limited Contracting," we develop the model that provides a new explanation as to why developing countries have agricultural productivity orders of magnitude smaller than in the developing countries. We propose that due to contracting frictions agricultural producers often specialize in staples in which they have a comparative disadvantage, instead of specializing in fruits and vegetables which they can grow efficiently and which command higher prices in the export markets. While farmers can subsits on staples, farmers require services of the intermediaries to deliver cash crops to the export market. When markets are thin intermediaries hold the bulk of the bargaining power and offer a small price to the farmer for his produce. Foreseeing the hold up farmers choose to specialize in the staples.In the model, farmers can produce two types of goods: wheat and strawberries. Wheat is suitable for subsistence but farmers are inefficient in producing it. Farmers are efficient in making strawberries, but cannot subsist on it, and have to sell them to an intermediary who makes profits by selling it at the world price. In a frictionless world farmers would specialize in strawberries. Central to the model is the inability of farmers and traders to contract ex-ante on a price. The absence of enforceable contracts sets the stage for the classic hold up problem and precludes negotiating the terms of trade prior to entry into production. We use a two period model with a continuum of traders and farmers. In the first period, farmers decide whether to produce wheat or strawberries and intermediaries decide whether to enter the business of intermediation. In the second period, farmers and traders meet randomly and trade. Since meetings are random and traders do not know the number of local competitors but do know how thick the market is, they can infer the distribution of potential rivals and offer a price based on this information. In other words, traders compete for the output of farmers in the first price auction. As a result, some farmers fetch a high price for their strawberries; others fetch a low price, or even fail to meet an intermediary. Farmers make the production decision based on the expected price.We solve the model and characterize all the possible equilibria as a function of the primitive parameters. Of particular interest is the region in the parameter space that yields multiple equilibria. In the good equilibrium, specialization occurs according to comparative advantage and there is intermediation, while in the bad equilibrium, there is no intermediation and the staple is produced. Our work suggests that there may be some simple measures to ensure intermediation and specialization according to comparative advantage even if the government is not able to resolve the core issue, the underlying lack of enforceable contracts. A temporary production subsidy or a marketing board that ensures a sufficiently high minimum price to the farmer can help an economy remove the bad equilibrium without intermediation. This paper is closely related to the work of Antras and Costinot (2011). In their paper they focus on the implications of intermediation for globalization in a model that assumes that contracts between traders and producers are enforceable. In contrast we study the implications of contractual failure on production choices in a model of trade with intermediation. In Chapter 2, "Multiproduct Exporters: Empirical Regularities," we use information on Chinese exporters to the US to document a number of empirical regularities regarding dynamic multiproduct exporter behaviour. First, we confirm that scope and firm scale are positively associated. This suggests that more productive firms select to produce more products. Furthermore we find empirical regularities that are consistent with firms facing uncertainty in the export market. We explore the conjecture that firms learn about their potential in new export products trough exporting similar products. We find only tentative support for this conjecture.In chapter 3, "Multiproduct Exporters: Learning versus Knowing," we develop and estimate a structural model of multiproduct exporters based on three empirical regularities documented using data on Chinese exporters. These regularities are as follows: (1) multi-product exporters introduce their best-selling products early; (2) more than 40% of the new products introduced by incumbent exporters are dropped due to low sales within the first year; (3) for a firm, the probability of introducing a new product is positively related to the survival and success of the earlier products.The first regularity is consistent with unobserved firm-product specific heterogeneity. The second suggests that both incumbents and new exporters face uncertainty when they introduce new products. The third is consistent with firms learning about their potential in an export market, i.e., their brand effect, as they introduce new products. We develop a model which incorporates all of these features, and we estimate it structurally using data on Chinese exporters to the U.S. in the plastics industry.First, we find that known demand shocks play an important role in whether producers enter the exporting market or not. Second, we find that it is important to account for large attrition among new exporters including uncertainty about the brand effect. When we let firms know their brand effect precisely, only those with sufficiently high brand effects enter, and then the model cannot replicate disproportionately large attrition of new products among new exporters. Third, we find that while firms act consistently with learning about their brand effect, the uncertainty that firms face in conjunction with introducing new products looms large, and limits the extent to which learning affects incentives of firms to add new products. Our counterfactuals show that the distribution of products among the high brand effect firms only marginally first order stochastically dominates the distribution for low brand effect firms.Using our model we revisit the question of trade policy in the multiproduct firm setting. We simulate a decrease in the cost of introducing new products for firms. Our simulations suggest that in the presence of economies of scope and even moderate learning effects, decreasing costs of introducing subsequent products can make a significant contribution to increasing trade flows.

Download or read book A Framework for Analysis of Agricultural Marketing Systems in Developing Countries written by Norris Taylor Pritchard and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agricultural and Food Marketing in Developing Countries written by Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (Ede, Netherlands) and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1993 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marketing is defined as the business activities associated with the flow of goods and services from production to consumption. The marketing of agricultural products begins on the farm, with the planning of production, and is completed with the sale of food or other goods to consumers or manufacturers. Agricultural marketing also includes the supply to farmers of fertilizers and seeds as inputs for production. Overall, marketing is an essential component of successful agriculture but its importance is often underestimated, especially in developing countries. This book brings together the most significant writings on agricultural and food marketing as related to development over the last 40 years. The editor has selected key sections of significant books and papers, grouped them by their overall theme, and provided introductory commentaries. The book is intended for students of food and agricultural marketing in the developing countries and will also interest professionals in this subject area.

Download or read book Marketing Improvement in the Developing World written by John Cave Abbott and published by Steve Parish. This book was released on 1984 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agricultural Marketing in Economic Development written by Pablo Torrealba and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agricultural Marketing for Developing Countries written by Herman M. Southworth and published by . This book was released on 197? with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Food and Agricultural Marketing in the Developing Countries written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Nicholson. This book was released on 1982 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agricultural and Food Marketing in Developing Countries written by John Cave Abbott and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Some Critical Issues Relating to Agricultural Marketing in Developing Countries written by S. M. Piyadasa Senanayake and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Three Essays on International Trade and Policy written by Bowen Chen and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: International trade in agricultural and food commodities has grown rapidly during the past five decades, with increasingly more countries participating in the international mar- kets either as food importers or as food exporters. Despite the fast growth, international agricultural trade, however, is still largely affected by various policy distortions. This is especially the case in developing countries, in which opening to the international market is often perceived to be in conflict with their policy objectives of ensuring food security. In this context, this dissertation constitutes three essays toward better understanding of how international trade is affected by policy and how it can affect food security in developing countries. The first essay conducts a case study with quantitative analysis regarding the trade policy for grain commodities in China. Specifically, China emerged as a grain importing country in mid 2000s. In 2016, the U.S., a major grain exporter, launched a trade dispute against China at the World Trade Organization, arguing that China has been restricting its grain imports via tariff quota administration. Despite the criticism of the U.S., little do we know about the extent to which the grain imports in China were actually restricted by its trade policy, mainly because China's grain import behaviors have not been sufficiently studied. For instance, even the import demand elasticity, a key input into policy assessment, is unknown. To fill this gap in the literature, this article investigates impacts of the tariff quota administration on China's grain imports from its trading partners. We estimate import demand elasticity for each grain commodity using a source differentiated import demand model and then use the elasticity estimates to quantify the policy impacts on trade. In particular, the tariff quota administration is treated as a non tariff barrier and measured by ad valorem tariff equivalents in the model. We find that the tariff quota administration might have reduced the quota fill rates for the grain commodities by 10-35% during 2013-2017 in China, and that the wheat imports from the U.S. were largely negatively affected. We also find that the tariff quota administration acts like an import variable levy - its import restrictiveness varies negatively with world prices, leading to lower import demand elasticities. The second essay concerns the trade impacts on food price variability in developing countries. In particular, we are interested in this question: do food imports increase the variability of domestic food prices? The question matters because if imports destabilize domestic prices, storing crops for future consumption may prove an appealing strategy to cope with the adverse supply effects of a more unstable climate. Unfortunately, public storage has proven to be unsustainable due to the high costs of carrying crop inventories over time and the inability of policy planners to correctly forecast changes in domestic supply. In this context, it is important to understand the roles of both imports and stocks in affecting domestic food price variability. Using maize prices observed in 76 maize markets of 27 maize net importers across Africa, Asia and Latin America during 2000-2015, we find that, on average, a 1% increase in the ratio of imports to total consumption is correlated with a 0.29% reduction of the intra-annual coefficient of variation of maize prices; likewise a 1% increase in the amount of maize available in stocks at the beginning of the season is correlated with a 0.22% reduction in the said coefficient. We also find that climate-induced supply shocks toward mid-century may increase maize price variability in the focus countries by around 10%. These increases, however, could be offset with similar increases in the ratio of imports to total consumption or in the stock-to-use ratio at the beginning of the crop marketing year. The third essay also concerns the trade impacts on food price variability in developing countries. Rather than focusing on the roles of imports and stocks, we look into the effects of foreign yield shocks on domestic food price variability in this essay. Around two thirds of developing countries are now net food importers. While enjoying economical food in the international market, these countries have become increasingly more concerned that their food price stability is now vulnerable to foreign yield shocks, which are expected to grow in frequency and intensity in the future due to the climate change. Yet, the extent to which foreign yield shocks could affect food price stability in the food-importing countries have not been explicitly quantified in previous studies. This article aims to fill the gap by estimating the effects of foreign maize yield shocks on domestic maize price variability. We perform the analysis using price data of 74 maize markets in 24 net food-importing countries during 2000-2016. We find that positive foreign yield shocks have negative effects on domestic price variability, meaning that domestic prices become more stable under positive foreign yield shocks. Negative foreign yield shocks, however, do not have significant effects on domestic price variability, except for causing higher price variability in a few landlocked countries. We also find that domestic maize price variability could increase in the coming decades due to the increasing variability of maize yields under climate change. Yet, most focus countries seem to have accumulated stocks sufficient enough to maintain stable prices. We conclude that food-importing countries benefit from the international market in domestic price stability, and that storage could be an effective policy tool to complement international trade for price stabilization.

Download or read book Agricultural Development and Food Marketing in the Developing Countries written by Reginald S. Moro and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Markets marketing and developing countries written by Hans van Trijp and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Markets are increasingly seen as vehicles to solve problems in developing countries. For example, improvements in market performance make potentially important contributions to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Access of smallholders to well-functioning markets is increasingly expected to contribute to poverty alleviation and improvement of both food security and environmental sustainability. This book presents the views of leading experts on where we stand and where we are heading in the field of markets, marketing and developing countries. Twenty essays in this book describe the role of marketing in achieving development goals, the track record of past market policies, the current functioning of value chains, the roles that market institutions play to facilitate market access for smallholders, as well as the potential to add value to farm produce through certification schemes, new technologies or innovation systems. The book is published in honour of the retirement of Aad van Tilburg, one of the pioneers in the field of marketing in developing countries. Early on in his career Van Tilburg recognised that improvements in the functioning of markets and marketing can be key to economic development with special reference to the livelihood of small producers and other market actors in developing countries.

Download or read book Agricultural Marketing in Developing Countries written by Alaka Abayomi Akeem and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Essays on Rural Development written by P. R. Dubhashi and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Contains 32 Papers On Various Aspects Of Rural Development Classified Into Six Parts - Dimensions Of Development; Approaches To Rural Development; Policy And Planning; Organisation And Administration; Sectors Of Rural Development; And Case Studies Of Rural Development. Contents Part I- Dimensions Of Development; Chapter 1: Development: An Overview; Chapter 2: An Alternative Model Of Development: People Centered Development; Part Ii- Approaches To Rural Development; Chapter 3: Problems And Planning Of Rural Development In Developing Countries; Chapter 4: Approaches To Integrated Rural Development In India; Chapter 5: Integrated Rural Development Programmes: Suggestions For Improving Implementation; Chapter 6: Problems Of Extension And Finance For Anti-Poverty Programmes; Chapter 7: Integrated Rural Development Programme: The Need For A New Approach; Chapter 8: Communication And Rural Development-I; Chapter 9: Communication And Rural Development-Ii; Part Iii- Policy And Planning; Chapter 10: Agricultural Policy: Industry Status Not Feasible; Chapter 11: Agricultural Policy, Planning And Administration; Chapter 12: Agricultural Marketing; Chapter 13: Agricultural Census In India; Part Iv- Organisation And Administration; Chapter 14: Institutional Arrangements For Rural Development; Chapter 15: Ensuring People S Participation In Rural Development Programmes: Revive Local Institutions; Chapter 16: Rural Development Administration: Alternative Approaches; Chapter 17: Development Through Participation; Chapter 18: Adaptation Of Administration To Indian Rural Development; Chapter 19: Decentralisation For Rural Development: An Operational Framework; Chapter 20: New Thrusts In Decentralisation; Chapter 21: Power To The People; Chapter 22: Decentralisation And Rural Development: Asian Experience; Part V- Sectors Of Rural Development; Chapter 23: Command Area Development Programme; Chapter 24: Drought And Development; Chapter 25: Coping With Seasonality And Drought; Chapter 26: Some Economic Issues In The Rural Energy: Environment Conflict; Chapter 27: Need To Revive Rural Industries; Chapter 28: Rural Development And Concept Of Growth Centres; Part Vi- Case Studies Of Rural Development; Chapter 29: Saga Of Ralegansiddhi; Chapter 30: Saemaul Undong: South Korean Version Of Integrated Community Development; Chapter 31: Village Planning: An Experiment; Chapter 32: Rural Development And Local Organisation In Asia.