Download or read book Thermophysical Properties of Working Fluids for Binary Geothermal Cycles written by United States. National Bureau of Standards. Chemical Engineering Science Division and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Thermophysical Properties of Working Fluids for Binary Geothermal Cycles Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The following are presented: thermodynamic properties of isobutane and isobutane-isopentane mixtures; a scaled fundamental equation for mixtures of isobutane and isopentane near gas-liquid critical line; and viscosities of hydrocarbons and their mixtures. (MHR).
Download or read book Geothermal Binary cycle Working fluid Properties Information Annual Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research discussed was performed prior to December 31, 1979. The report was not released until September 30, 1981, so that pressure-enthalpy diagrams for a number of potential geothermal binary cycle working fluids could be prepared in SI units. Efforts were directed principally to working fluid thermophysical property correlation and presentation of properties information. Pressure-enthalpy diagrams are presented for propane, normal butane, isobutane, normal pentane, isopentane and propylene. Generalized correlations are presented for the thermodynamic and transport properties of hydrocarbon pure and mixture working fluids. Specific correlations are presented for the thermodynamic properties of 27 fluids and for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of hydrocarbons including isobutane and isopentane.
Download or read book Development of Geothermal Binary cycle Working fluid Properties written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Efforts were directed principally to the following tasks: (1) comparisons of mixture and pure fluid cascade cycles, (2) development of guidelines for working fluid selection for single boiler cycles, (3) continued evaluation of mixtures as working fluids, (4) working fluid thermophysical property correlation and presentation of properties information, (5) support to the INEL Conversion Technology Program.
Download or read book Geothermal Power Plants written by Ronald DiPippo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-04-08 with total page 518 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ron DiPippo, Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, is a world-regarded geothermal expert. This single resource covers all aspects of the utilization of geothermal energy for power generation from fundamental scientific and engineering principles. The thermodynamic basis for the design of geothermal power plants is at the heart of the book and readers are clearly guided on the process of designing and analysing the key types of geothermal energy conversion systems. Its practical emphasis is enhanced by the use of case studies from real plants that increase the reader's understanding of geothermal energy conversion and provide a unique compilation of hard-to-obtain data and experience. An important new chapter covers Environmental Impact and Abatement Technologies, including gaseous and solid emissions; water, noise and thermal pollutions; land usage; disturbance of natural hydrothermal manifestations, habitats and vegetation; minimisation of CO2 emissions and environmental impact assessment.The book is illustrated with over 240 photographs and drawings. Nine chapters include practice problems, with solutions, which enable the book to be used as a course text. Also includes a definitive worldwide compilation of every geothermal power plant that has operated, unit by unit, plus a concise primer on the applicable thermodynamics.* Engineering principles are at the heart of the book, with complete coverage of the thermodynamic basis for the design of geothermal power systems* Practical applications are backed up by an extensive selection of case studies that show how geothermal energy conversion systems have been designed, applied and exploited in practice* World renowned geothermal expert DiPippo has including a new chapter on Environmental Impact and Abatement Technology in this new edition
Download or read book Development of Geothermal Binary Cycle Working Fluid Properties Information and Analysis of Cycles written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research discussed in this report was performed at the University of Oklahoma during the period January 1, 1979 through December 31, 1979. Efforts were directed principally to the following tasks: (1) comparisons of mixture and pure fluid cascade cycles, (2) development of guidelines for working fluid selection for single boiler cycles, (3) continued evaluation of mixtures as working fluids, (4) working fluid thermophysical property correlation and presentations of properties information.
Download or read book Development of Working Fluid Thermodynamic Properties Information for Geothermal Cycles Phase I Annual Report September 1 1976 December 31 1977 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the first year (Phase I) of this research program, the following elements of research have been performed: (1) the collection and processing of data for pure components, (2) the evaluation of the generalized MBWR equation of state for halocarbon saturated thermodynamic properties, (3) the determination of pure component parameters for the MBWR equation for ten halocarbons, isobutane and, over a limited range, for ammonia and water, (4) the investigation of modifications of the MBWR equation for improved prediction of properties of hydrogen bonding and polar fluids. With the results of the present work, MBWR parameters have now been determined for twenty-seven pure fluids, making the use of the MBWR equation in geothermal cycle calculations feasible for most candidate working fluids. From this research, it has been concluded that the MBWR equation can be used to correlate the thermodynamic properties of many of the hydrocarbons and halocarbons which are presently potential candidate working fluids for geothermal binary cycles. However, for ammonia and water, the MBWR equation cannot accurately describe behavior in the complete range of fluid states. In anticipation of future needs to describe complex fluids (such as fluorinol-water mixtures) which have been proposed as working fluids, efforts have been initiated to develop an equation of state capable of describing the behavior of hydrogen bonding and polar as well as nonpolar fluids.
Download or read book Thermodynamic Properties of a Geothermal Working Fluid 90 Isobutane 10 Isopentane written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present tables of thermodynamic properties, and dew and bubble properties, of a mixture of 90 mol % isobutane and 10 mol % isopentane, a working fluid in a binary geothermal power cycle. The tables are generated by a formulation of the Helmholtz free energy, in which the mixture properties are mapped onto the known properties of pure isobutane by means of the principle of generalized corresponding states. The data base for the Helmholtz free energy formulation is new. We report data obtained in three different apparatus: critical-line and isopentane vapor pressure data obtained in a visual cell; vapor-liquid equilibria data obtained in a mercury-operated variable-volume cell; and pressure-volume-temperature data for the 90 mol %-10 mol % mixture obtained in a semi-automated Burnett-isochoric apparatus. The principles of the methods, and estimates of the reliability, are discussed and all experimental data are compared with the surface. The results are tables of specific volume, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat and density and temperature derivatives of the pressure at 10 K temperature increments from 240 to 600 K along isobars from 0.01 to 20 MPa. Separate tables are prepared from the dew and bubble properties of the 90-10 mixture. Estimates of the effects of isomeric impurity of isobutane are given in graphical form.
Download or read book Analysis of the Binary Cycle for Geothermal Power Generation written by and published by . This book was released on 1975 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exchanging heat from hot geothermal fluid to a secondary working fluid which is then expanded through a turbine appears to be the best way of producing electrical power from a medium temperature geothermal resource. A study has been made to determine the conceptual design state points for a dual boiling system which utilizes isobutane as the working fluid. The results of this work and the sensitivity of plant performance to variations from nominal design points are presented. In addition, variations due to tolerances applied to thermodynamic properties and other key factors are included. (auth).
Download or read book The Technological Importance of Accurate Thermophysical Property Information written by J. V. Sengers and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Advanced Binary Geothermal Power Plancts Working Fluid Property Determination and Heat Exchanger Design written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The performance of binary geothermal power plants can be improved through the proper choice of a working fluid, and optimization of component designs and operating conditions. This paper reviews the investigations at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) which are examining binary cycle performance improvements: for moderate temperature (350 to 400 F) resources with emphasis on how the improvements may be integrated into design of binary cycles. These investigations are examining performance improvements resulting from the supercritical vaporization of mixed hydrocarbon working fluids and achieving countercurrent integral condensation with these fluids, as well as the modification of the turbine inlet state points to achieve supersaturated turbine vapor expansions. For resources where the brine outlet temperature is restricted, the use of turbine exhaust recuperators is examined. The baseline plant used to determine improvements in plant performance (characterized by the increase in the net brine effectiveness, watt-hours per pound of brine) in these studies operates at conditions similar to the 45 MW Heber binary plant. Through the selection of the optimum working fluids and operating conditions, achieving countercurrent integral condensation, and allowing supersaturated vapor expansions in the turbine, the performance of the binary cycle (the net brine effectiveness) can be improved by 25 to 30% relative to the baseline plant. The design of these supercritical Rankine-cycle (Binary) power plants for geothermal resources requires information about the potential working fluids used in the cycle. In addition, methods to design the various components, (e.g., heat exchangers, pumps, turbines) are needed. This paper limits its view of component design methods to the heat exchangers in binary power plants. The design of pumps and, turbines for these working fluids presents no new problems to the turbine manufacturer. However, additional work is proceeding at the Heat Cycle Research Facility to explore metastable expansions within turbines. This work, when completed, should allow the designer more flexibility in the state point selection in the design of these cycles which will potentially increase the system performance. The paper explores the different systems of thermodynamic and transport properties for mixtures of hydrocarbons. Methods include a computer program EXCST developed at the National Bureau of Standards in Boulder, as well as some of the thermodynamic models available in the chemical process simulation code, ASPEN, which was originally developed by the Department of Energy. The heat exchanger design methodology and computer programs of Heat Transfer Research, Inc. (HTRI) have been used because they represent data which is used throughout the industry by A & E firms as well as most heat exchanger manufacturers. For most cases, some modification of the computer results are necessary for supercritical heater design. When condensation takes place on the inside of enhanced tubes, new methods beyond HTRI's present state are necessary. The paper will discuss both of these modifications.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book High potential Working Fluids for Next Generation Binary Cycle Geothermal Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A thermo-economic model has been built and validated for prediction of project economics of Enhanced Geothermal Projects. The thermo-economic model calculates and iteratively optimizes the LCOE (levelized cost of electricity) for a prospective EGS (Enhanced Geothermal) site. It takes into account the local subsurface temperature gradient, the cost of drilling and reservoir creation, stimulation and power plant configuration. It calculates and optimizes the power plant configuration vs. well depth. Thus outputs from the model include optimal well depth and power plant configuration for the lowest LCOE. The main focus of this final report was to experimentally validate the thermodynamic properties that formed the basis of the thermo-economic model built in Phase 2, and thus build confidence that the predictions of the model could be used reliably for process downselection and preliminary design at a given set of geothermal (and/or waste heat) boundary conditions. The fluid and cycle downselected was based on a new proprietary fluid from a vendor in a supercritical ORC cycle at a resource condition of 200°C inlet temperature. The team devised and executed a series of experiments to prove the suitability of the new fluid in realistic ORC cycle conditions. Furthermore, the team performed a preliminary design study for a MW-scale turbo expander that would be used for a supercritical ORC cycle with this new fluid. The following summarizes the main findings in the investigative campaign that was undertaken: 1. Chemical compatibility of the new fluid with common seal/gasket/Oring materials was found to be problematic. Neoprene, Viton, and silicone materials were found to be incompatible, suffering chemical decomposition, swelling and/or compression set issues. Of the materials tested, only TEFLON was found to be compatible under actual ORC temperature and pressure conditions. 2. Thermal stability of the new fluid at 200°C and 40 bar was found to be acceptable after 399 hours of exposure?only 3% of the initial charge degraded into by products. The main degradation products being an isomer and a dimer. 3. In a comparative experiment between R245fa and the new fluid under subcritical conditions, it was found that the new fluid operated at 1 bar lower than R245fa for the same power output, which was also predicted in the Aspen HSYSY model. As a drop-in replacement fluid for R245fa, this new fluid was found to be at least as good as R245fa in terms of performance and stability. Further optimization of the subcritical cycle may lead to a significant improvement in performance for the new fluid. 4. For supercritical conditions, the experiment found a good match between the measured and model predicted state point property data and duties from the energy balance. The largest percent differences occurred with densities and evaporator duty (see Figure 78). It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the state point model was experimentally validated with a realistic ORC system. 5. The team also undertook a preliminary turbo-expander design study for a supercritical ORC cycle with the new working fluid. Variants of radial and axial turbo expander geometries went through preliminary design and rough costing. It was found that at 15MWe or higher power rating, a multi-stage axial turbine is most suitable providing the best performance and cost. However, at lower power ratings in the 5MWe range, the expander technology to be chosen depends on the application of the power block. For EGS power blocks, it is most optimal to use multi-stage axial machines. In conclusion, the predictions of the LCOE model that showed a supercritical cycle based on the new fluid to be most advantageous for geothermal power production at a resource temperature of ~ 200C have been experimentally validated. It was found that the cycle based on the new fluid is lower in LCOE and higher in net power output (for the same boundary conditions). The project, therefore has found ...
Download or read book Development of Working Fluid Thermodynamic Properties Information for Geothermal Cycles Phase 1 Semiannual Report September 1 1976 written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book DOE RA written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 1030 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book NBS Special Publication written by and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Development of Working Fluid Thermodynamic Properties Information for Geothermal Cycles written by and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the first half of Phase I of this research program, the following elements of research were performed: (1) the collection and processing of data for pure components which is 80 percent complete as to substance, (2) the evaluation of the generalized Modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equation of state for halogenated hydrocarbon saturated thermodynamic properties, (3) the determination of the pure component parameters of the MBWR for four polar fluids, and (4) the investigation of modifications of the MBWR for improved prediction of properties of polar fluids. A primary conclusion of the Phase I work is that the MBWR will predict properties for polar fluids with small to moderate dipole moments (less than 1.6 Debyes) but needs modification for fluids with larger moments.
