Download or read book Transportation Technology in Iran 1800 1940 Chapar Carts Carriages Automobiles Bicycles Motor Cycles Lodgings Sewing Machines Typewriters Pianos written by Willem Floor and published by Mage Publishers. This book was released on 2023-08-21 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Only 100 years ago the main means of transportation in Iran was by quadruped. Transportation & Technology in Iran, 1800-1940, by renowned Iranian studies scholar Willem Floor is an in-depth, illustrated, four-part study of the subject. Until the 1920s Iran had no more than 700 kilometers of roads suitable for motor vehicles, which situation greatly impeded Iran's economic development. Caravans traveled 40 km/day, though travelers in a hurry could cover 150 km/day when using the courier system (chapar), which is the subject of part 1. Wheeled transportation, (in part 2 of the books) was rare and limited to only a few parts of country due to the lack of roads. This situation underwent change when carriages became popular in urban areas and on the few modern roads after 1890. Motorized transportation grew in importance after 1921 and really took off in the 1930s, with the construction of a new road network. As a result, newer, more powerful trucks reduced the cost of transportation significantly, thus lowering the cost of retail goods. The increase of motorized transport also meant that car dealers, import rules, mechanics, garages, supply of spare parts, and gasoline distribution as well as traffic regulations had to be created ex nihilo; All these processes are detailed in the book. Like cars, bicycles and motorcycles also were increasingly used as of the 1920s, thus increasing choice in people's mobility. More road traffic also implied that travelers needed places to spend the night and eat. The change from caravanserais to guest-houses and hotels is discussed in part 3. These changes in transportation methods did not come alone, for other modern tools of change such as the sewing machine and the typewriter also made their appearance and had a major impact on people's availability and use of time. Finally, the piano made its entry onto the Iranian musical scene, and although not perfectly in tune with the traditional Iranian musical system, it is now as much part of music making in Iran as the tar and santur (part 4 of the book). All these changes and new technologies did not happen overnight or without problems, and slow adoption initially was limited to the upper-class. However, with falling prices and changing needs and policies these new technologies eventually reached a larger public and the idea that they once were 'exotic' and 'out of reach' is now inconceivable to Iranians. The studies in this book provide a new vantage point and understanding of the transfer of modern technology for scholars of the social-economic and cultural history of the Middle East.

Download or read book Dictionary of Minor Planet Names written by Lutz D. Schmadel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-23 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The history and rapid development of minor planet dis In addition to citing the bibliographic source of the nam coveries constitute a fascinating story and one with a ing, we also provide the source of numbering. A spe rather breathtaking evolution. By October 2005, the cial concordance list will enable the evaluation of the total of numbered planets exceeded the remarkable cor respective publication dates. The complete work is, nerstone of 100,000 objects and only three years later of course, a thoroughly revised and considerably en in November 2008 we are even faced with minor planet larged data collection and every e?ort has been made ( ) 200000 . This dramatic evolution must be compared to check and correct each single piece of information ( ) with the huge time span of two centuries 1801–2000 again. For even more detailed information on the dis that was necessary to detect and to re?ne the orbits of covery circumstances of numbered but unnamed plan only the ?rst 20,000 minor planets. Nowadays, we need ets, the reader is referred to the extensive data ?les even less than 13 months for the same quantity! At the compiled by the Minor Planet Center. end of 2005, we had achieved a total of 12,804 named ( According to a resolution of IAU Division III 2000, minor planets a fraction of less than 11 per cent of ) Manchester IAU General Assembly DMPN attained all numbered minor planets.

Download or read book Defining M tis written by Timothy P. Foran and published by Univ. of Manitoba Press. This book was released on 2017-05-10 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Defining Métis examines categories used in the latter half of the nineteenth century by Catholic missionaries to describe Indigenous people in what is now northwestern Saskatchewan. It argues that the construction and evolution of these categories reflected missionaries’changing interests and agendas. Defining Métis sheds light on the earliest phases of Catholic missionary work among Indigenous peoples in western and northern Canada. It examines various interrelated aspects of this work, including the beginnings of residential schooling, transportation and communications, and relations between the Church, the Hudson’s Bay Company, and the federal government. While focusing on the Oblates of Mary Immaculate and their central mission at Île-à-la-Crosse, this study illuminates broad processes that informed Catholic missionary perceptions and impelled their evolution over a fifty-three-year period. In particular, this study illuminates processes that shaped Oblate conceptions of sauvage and métis. It does this through a qualitative analysis of documents that were produced within the Oblates’ institutional apparatus—official correspondence, mission journals, registers, and published reports. Foran challenges the orthodox notion that Oblate commentators simply discovered and described a singular, empirically existing, and readily identifiable Métis population. Rather, he contends that Oblates played an important role in the conceptual production of les métis.

Download or read book G ologie de la Russie D Europe Et Des Montagnes de L Oural written by Sir Roderick Impey Murchison and published by . This book was released on 1845 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book On the Method of Zadig written by Thomas Henry Huxley and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2015-07-01 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is an usual and a commendable practice to preface the discussion of the views of a philosophic thinker by some account of the man and of the circumstances which shaped his life and coloured his way of looking at things; but, though Zadig is cited in one of the most important chapters of Cuvier's greatest work, little is known about him, and that little might perhaps be better authenticated than it is.

Download or read book Report on the Geology Mineralogy Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts written by Massachusetts. Geological Survey and published by . This book was released on 1833 with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book It Began with a Stone written by Henry Faul and published by Wiley-Interscience. This book was released on 1983 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York : J. Wiley, c1983.

Download or read book Researches in Theoretical Geology written by Henry Thomas De La Beche and published by . This book was released on 1837 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The History of British Geology written by John Challinor and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Bibliography of Congressional Geology written by Harold R. Pestana and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This bibliography includes and indexes all of the geologic documents published from 1818 to 1907 in the Congressional Documents set...The Congressional Documents set consists of House and Senate committee reports on legislation and other documents of legislative or executive origin."--Intro. U.S. Geological Survey publications are not included. Part 3 is a listing by author of documents with one-sentence annotations. There is a subject index.

Download or read book American Geological Literature 1669 to 1850 written by Robert M. Hazen and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The History Of Imbanking and Drayning Of Divers Fenns and Marshes Both in Forein Parts And In This Kingdom And of the Improvements Thereby written by William Dugdale and published by . This book was released on 1662 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Museum Diluvianum written by Johann Jacob Scheuchzer and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2023-07-18 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An important work in the field of geology, Scheuchzer's Museum Diluvianum explores the impact of the biblical flood on the planet's geology. An essential read for those interested in the history and development of scientific thinking. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Download or read book An Examination of Dr Burnet s Theory of the Earth written by John Keill and published by . This book was released on 1734 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Geological Manual written by Henry Thomas De La Beche and published by . This book was released on 1832 with total page 632 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book History of Hydrology written by Asit K. Biswas and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Founders of Geology written by Archibald Geikie and published by Legare Street Press. This book was released on 2022-10-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.