Download or read book The Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 10 Mm Diameter of Group Bottom Ash Column written by Raja Nur Shahira Raja Sharudin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 10mm Diameter of Single Bottom Ash Column written by Sharifah Ilya Nur Shuhada Syed Abdullah and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 8 Mm Diameter Group of Four Bottom Ash Column written by Nur Illani Hayon and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 67 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 6mm and 8mm Diameter Group of Bottom Ash Column written by Nurul Fauziana Abu Bakar and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A Study of the Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 10mm and 16mm Diameter Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column written by Suzillco Suki and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Undrained Shear Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 8mm and 16mm Diameter a Group of Bottom Ash Column written by Nurhamizah Zainal Abidin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Square and Triangular Encapsulated Bottom Ash Column written by Nurul Aina Husaini and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soft clay is known as problematic soil that consists of low shear strength, low permeability and high compressibility where the existing soil on the given site is unable to carry the load of proposed structure by itself, so the use of ground improvement is necessary. The stone columns are increasingly being used as ground improvement technique for supporting a wide variety of structures including buildings and flexible structures. In practice, the bearing capacity on soft clay can be improved by a layer of compacted sand or gravel. Bottom ash as by product of coal burning that has similar properties to granular material can be apply as one of the stabilizing method to the existing soil. Hence, by using bottom ash as substitute, the cost of construction can be reduced and make great progress of a growing awareness of the environmental consideration. This research discusses the results of the improvement in the shear strength of soft clay after being reinforced with a group of square and triangular encapsulated bottom ash columns. The physical and mechanical properties of the materials used such as kaolin and bottom ash were determined first. The results show that kaolin can be classified ad clayey soil and bottom ash has similarities of characteristic with granular material. A total of 52 unconfined compression tests had been conducted on kaolin specimens to determine the shear strength. The diameter for specimen is 50mm and 100mm in height. The diameter of bottom ash columns are 10mm and 16mm respectively and the height of the column are 60mm, 80mm and 100mm. The group columns have been arranged in square and triangular pattern. It can be concluded that the shear strength parameters were improved based on the different diameter and the height of the column.
Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay in Reinforced with Group Encapsulated Bottom Ash Columns written by Nur Aqilah Mohd Drus and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing of the demand and restrictions on the suitable land for construction in recent time led the construction industries to exploit sites that were previously considered as the uneconomical site to develop such as soft clay soil. Luckily, the advance of the technology prove that there is an alternative to using soft clay in construction by ground improvement or modification technique. The ground improvement method are increasing the shear strength, reduces the permeability and the compressibility of the soft soil. The stone column method is the most preferable and widely used in construction. This study are used the waste materials known as bottom ash as a replacement to the usage of natural materials in the stone column. Hence, by reutilize the waste of bottom ash, the construction cost can be reduce and thus, the disposal area also decreasing. This research is to determine the strength of the soft clay in reinforced with group encapsulated bottom ash columns. The bottom ash in encapsulated with geotextile are used as the stone column in kaolin clay. At the first part of the study, the physical and mechanical properties of the kaolin clay and bottom ash are determine. There is proven that the kaolin clay can be classified as silty soils while, the bottom ash have the relative characteristic with granular materials. At the second part of study, the sample of soft clay in reinforced with group of three encapsulated bottom ash columns are tested under Unconsolidated Undrained Test with difference various of diameter and height of bottom ash column. It can be concluded that the presence of encapsulated bottom ash column, are increasing the shear strength parameter of the soft clay.
Download or read book Undrained Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with 8 Mm and 16 Mm Diameter of Single Bottom Ash Column written by Nor Fazlina Mohd Radzi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Study of the Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Single Encapsulated Bottom Ash Columns written by Nurain Zahidah Nazarudin and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stone column is one of the ground improvement techniques that are environmental friendly with effective cost and viable to reduce settlement of foundations on cohesive soft soil. Installation of stone column can increase the bearing capacity and the shear resistance of the soil mass. Bottom ash is the waste of coal burning generally is a coarse, granular in shape material that is used as stone columns and it is probably reducing usage of non-renewable material such as stone and sand. Besides that, by introducing bottom ash columns, sustainability can be achieved and the disposal problem for bottom ash can be solved. This paper discusses the results of the strength of soft clay reinforced with single encapsulated bottom ash columns. A total of six (6) batches of kaolin samples had been tested to determine the shear strength. Each batch consisted of three (3) samples to represent different size of height of bottom ash columns. A total of 18 unconsolidated- undrained triaxial tests had been conducted on soft kaolin specimens. The specimens were used in this project is 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height. The diameter of the bottom ash columns is 6 mm and 8 mm and the heights of the column are 38 mm, 57 mm and 76 mm. For diameter of the bottom ash columns 6 mm, the value of strength parameters of soft clay inserted with 38 mm height of the columns increased more significant compared to the fully penetrating column which is 76 mm in height of the columns. The diameter of the bottom ash columns 8 mm, the value of strength parameters of soft clay inserted with fully penetrating column which is 76 mm in height increased more significant compared to the 38 mm in height of column.
Download or read book Strength of Soft Clay Reinforced with Group Crushed Polypropylene PP Columns written by Nuraini Yusuf and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of granular columns as soil reinforcement technique has proved useful in problems of foundation stability and settlement, as well as improving soft clay for foundation construction. The purpose of this study is to investigate the enhancement of shear strength of soft kaolin clay when it is reinforced with group crushed polypropylene (PP) columns. Since PP is a waste material, the cost of soil improvement can be reduced which currently was disposed totally in large quantity into landfill. In order to proceed the study, physical and mechanical properties of materials used that are kaolin (soil sample) and PP (reinforcing columns) must be identify first. Then, consolidated kaolin as soft clay was reinforced with group crushed PP columns, and subsequently tested under Unconfined Compression Test (UCT). A total of 7 batches of kaolin sample including control sample had been tested to identify the shear strength. Each batches involved of four samples to find the average value of maximum stress. The variables used for the columns installation were the column height that are 60 mm, 80 mm and 100 mm, where the column penetrating ratio are 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 respectively. In addition, different values of columns diameter had been used that are 6 mm and 10 mm for every different height of columns. A total of 28 unconfined compression tests had been conducted on kaolin samples. The kaolin samples had the dimensions of 50 mm in diameter and 100 mm in height. For the group PP reinforcement, shear strength increased about 2.13%, 13.51% and 12.84% for 1.44% area replacement ratio and 6.85%, 14.26% and 13.79% for 4% area replacement ratio at sample penetration ratio 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 respectively. In the other hand, the relationship of the increment of shear strength with the various column penetration ratio show different pattern. The shear strength of both area replacement ratio increases constantly as the column penetrating ratio increased, but after it reach 80mm height of column, the shear strength decrease slightly and this support the 'critical column length' idea. It can be concluded that the shear strength parameters were affected by the diameter and the height of the columns and the presence of PP column greatly improve the shear strength.
Download or read book Shear Strength of Soft Soil Reinforced with a Group of Bottom Ash Columns written by Muhammad Muttaqin Mohammad Fadzil and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Shear Strength of Soft Soil Reinforced with Singular Bottom Ash Column written by Mohd. Husni Mohd. Ali and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bearing Capacity of Soft Clay Installed with Singular and Group of Encased Bottom Ash Column written by Nur Aidil Rosly and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Effect of Sand Columns on the Load Response of Soft Clays written by Tarek Toufic Maakaroun and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The insertion of stone columns in soft clays has been widely used to increase th e load carrying capacity of soft clays, reduce the settlement, and decrease the generation of excess pore water pressure during loading. The main objective of this experimental research work was to investigate the eff ect of sand columns on the undrained load response of soft clay, generation of e xcess pore water pressure, stiffness of reinforced clay, and effective shear str ength parameters. For this purpose, 31 consolidated undrained triaxial tests wer e performed on normally consolidated Kaolin specimens (height =14.2 cm and diame ter = 7.1 cm) that were prepared from slurry and were reinforced with frozen and encased sand columns and tested at confining pressures of 100, 150, and 200 kPa . The parameters that were varied were the diameter of the sand columns (2 cm an d 3 cm), the height of the columns (7.1 cm, 10.6 cm, and 14.2 cm), the type of t he columns (frozen and encased) and the confining pressures. The test results indicated that sand columns improved the undrained shear streng th significantly even for area replacement ratios (ratio of area of column to ar ea of specimen) that were less that 18%. The average improvements in the undrain ed shear strength due to the insertion of fully penetrating frozen sand columns were 17.4% and 72.8% for area ratios of 7.9% and 17.8%, respectively. Encasement of the columns increased the average improvement in the udrained shear strength by a factor of 2.5 and 1.3 for area ratios of 7.9% and 17.8%, respectively. The increase in undrained shear strength was accompanied by a decrease in pore wate r pressure generation during shear and an increase in stiffness. The increase in stiffness was improved by encasing the sand columns with a geotextile fabric. A lthough the undrained shear strength was generally improved by reinforcing clays with sand columns, the drained shear strength parameters were found to be relat ively unaffected by the reinforcement, except for fully penetrating frozen colum ns with high area ratios and fully penetrating encased columns at all area ratio s, where the drained shear strength was affected positively by the presence of t he columns.
Download or read book Stress Concentration Ratio of Model Stone Columns in Soft Clays written by Mohammed Y. Fattah and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 11 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this work, laboratory experiments have been carried out to study the value of the stress concentration ratio, n, which is defined as the ratio of vertical stress acting on the stone column to that acting on the surrounding soil. A laboratory setup was manufactured in which two proving rings are used to measure the total load applied to the soil-stone column system and the individual load carried directly by the stone column. The foundation steel plates have 220 mm diameter and 5 mm thickness. These plates contain 1, 2, 3, and 4 holes. The spacing between all the holes equals twice the stone column diameter, D, center to center. The stone columns made of crushed stone were installed in very soft clays having undrained shear strength ranging between 6 and 12 kPa. Two length to diameter ratios L/D were tried, namely, L/D=6 and 8. The testing program consists of 30 tests on single, two, three, and four columns to study the stress concentration ratio and the bearing improvement ratio (qtreared/ q untreated) of stone columns. The experimental tests showed that the stone columns with L/D=8 provided a stress concentration ratio n of 1.4, 2.4, 2.7, and 3.1 for the soil having a shear strength cu=6 kPa, treated with single, two, three, and four columns, respectively. The values of n were decreased to 1.2, 2.2, 2.5, and 2.8 when the L/D=6. The values of n increase when the shear strength of the treated soil was increased to 9 and 12 kPa.
Download or read book Transitional Settlement written by Tom Corsellis and published by Oxfam. This book was released on 2005 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Included on CD-ROM: Shelter training : a training tool complementling the Transitional settlement: displaced populations guidelines; Shelter library : key documents for the transitional settlement and shelter sector.
