Download or read book The Social Structural Context of Pregnancy and Adverse Birth Outcomes the Role of Race Place and Time written by Liana Janine Richardson and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Birth Settings in America written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-05-01 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The delivery of high quality and equitable care for both mothers and newborns is complex and requires efforts across many sectors. The United States spends more on childbirth than any other country in the world, yet outcomes are worse than other high-resource countries, and even worse for Black and Native American women. There are a variety of factors that influence childbirth, including social determinants such as income, educational levels, access to care, financing, transportation, structural racism and geographic variability in birth settings. It is important to reevaluate the United States' approach to maternal and newborn care through the lens of these factors across multiple disciplines. Birth Settings in America: Outcomes, Quality, Access, and Choice reviews and evaluates maternal and newborn care in the United States, the epidemiology of social and clinical risks in pregnancy and childbirth, birth settings research, and access to and choice of birth settings.
Download or read book Assessing the Association of County level Structural Racism and Social and Economic Deprivation with Women s Prenatal Care Utilization and Adverse Birth Outcomes written by Brittany D. Chambers and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "There is a growing body of research showing community- and state-level indicators of structural racism and social and economic deprivation are associated with prenatal care utilization and adverse birth outcomes among African American women. However, even after controlling for individual characteristics and community poverty, racial inequities in prenatal care utilization and adverse birth outcomes are still present. There is limited research on the effect of structural racism and social and economic deprivation when measured at the county-level on adverse birth outcomes. This study contributes to previous research by using a novel conceptualization and measurement of structural racism and social and economic deprivation to better understand racial inequities in prenatal care utilization and adverse birth outcomes. Cross-sectional birth record data (2009-2013) from women residing in California (n= 531,170) were linked to county-level data gathered from the American Community Survey (2009-2013) to conduct multilevel analyses. This study was guided by the ecosocial theory and was centered on examining the association of exposures to structural racism (e.g., residential segregation and African American and White ratios in political participation) and embodied racial inequities in adverse birth outcomes between African American and White women through two mediated pathways: (1) social and economic deprivation, and (2) prenatal care utilization. Outcome variables in this study were infants' birth weight (measured in grams) and gestational age (measured in weeks). Women receiving less than adequate prenatal care (i.e., initiating prenatal care after the first trimester and attending 79% or less of recommended appointments) served as a secondary outcome variable. Structural racism was measured by residential segregation indices (i.e., dissimilarity, isolation, and concentration) and African American and White ratios in the number of persons incarcerated for felonies and in board of supervisor positions at the county-level. Social and economic deprivation was measured by two African American to White ratios: in having a professional and/or management job, and in having a high school diploma or higher at the county-level. Chapters 4 and 5 are two papers included in this dissertation that sought to answer the following research questions: (1) Are both traditional and novel indicators of county-level structural racism associated with adverse birth outcomes among African American and White women?; (2) Do both traditional and novel measures of county-level structural racism account for racial inequities seen in adverse birth outcomes among African American and White women?; and (3) Do county-level indicators of social and economic deprivation account for racial inequities seen in African American and White women's prenatal care utilization? Among women included in the study sample, African American women birthed infants of lower average birth weight and earlier average gestational age, with corresponding higher percentages of infants meeting criteria for low birth weight and preterm birth in comparison to White women. Additionally, African American women, compared to White women, were more likely to have less than adequate prenatal care utilization. Traditional indicators of structural racism (i.e., isolation and dissimilarity) were associated with African American and White women's infants' birth weight and gestational age, after controlling for individual characteristics and county-level poverty. There was a significant interaction between race (i.e., African American) and traditional indicators of structural racism (i.e., isolation) with infants' gestational age, where African American women who lived in counties with high isolation birthed infants at earlier gestational ages. The main effect of race on infants' birth weight and gestational age remained significant across all models. Novel indicators of structural racism were associated with infants' birth weight among both African American and White women. There were no statistically significant interactions between race and novel indicators of structural racism with infants' birth weight. Only one indicator of social and economic deprivation was associated with women's prenatal care utilization, adjusting for individual characteristics and county-level poverty. Findings indicate increasing the number of African Americans by one to every 100 Whites in professional jobs at the county-level, increased women's likelihood of having less than adequate prenatal care by 1.03 odds. Race remained significant after accounting for individual-level factors and county poverty; however, there were no significant interactions between race and African American to White ratios in professional jobs. Findings from this study highlight the utility of county-level measures of structural racism and social and economic deprivation in understanding factors related to prenatal care utilization and adverse birth outcomes among African American and White women. Future studies should examine more comprehensive approaches to measure structural racism and social and economic deprivation to better understand the structural influences affecting racial inequities in prenatal care utilization and adverse birth outcomes."--Abstract from author supplied metadata.
Download or read book Communities in Action written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 583 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Download or read book Preterm Birth written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2007-05-23 with total page 791 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The increasing prevalence of preterm birth in the United States is a complex public health problem that requires multifaceted solutions. Preterm birth is a cluster of problems with a set of overlapping factors of influence. Its causes may include individual-level behavioral and psychosocial factors, sociodemographic and neighborhood characteristics, environmental exposure, medical conditions, infertility treatments, and biological factors. Many of these factors co-occur, particularly in those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged or who are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. While advances in perinatal and neonatal care have improved survival for preterm infants, those infants who do survive have a greater risk than infants born at term for developmental disabilities, health problems, and poor growth. The birth of a preterm infant can also bring considerable emotional and economic costs to families and have implications for public-sector services, such as health insurance, educational, and other social support systems. Preterm Birth assesses the problem with respect to both its causes and outcomes. This book addresses the need for research involving clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science disciplines. By defining and addressing the health and economic consequences of premature birth, this book will be of particular interest to health care professionals, public health officials, policy makers, professional associations and clinical, basic, behavioral, and social science researchers.
Download or read book Maternal and Child Health written by Jonathan Kotch and published by Jones & Bartlett Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Maternal and Child Health: Programs, Problems, and Policy in Public Health, Third Edition takes a developmental approach to learning about Maternal and Child Health (MCH). Organized according to fundamental principles of MCH, the book covers traditional MCH topics such as family planning and maternal and infant health as well as skills that are applicable across Public Heath disciplines such as planning, research, monitoring, and advocacy. Successfully tested in prestigious academic programs of Public Health, Maternal and Child Health, Third Edition appeals to students across the health professions and those interested in women's health, reproductive health, maternal and infant health, the health of children and adolescents, including those with special needs. The Third Edition is a thorough update that includes: - New chapters on Environmental Health, Life Course, Oral Health, and Monitoring and Evaluation. - Streamlined chapters on Assessment and Planning, MCH Research, Rights and Justice, and Advocacy and Policy Development - New and additional material on global health and health disparities in MCH - New material in life course theory - New ancillary course materials for instructors
Download or read book Reproductive Injustice written by Dana-Ain Davis and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-06-25 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A troubling study of the role that medical racism plays in the lives of black women who have given birth to premature and low birth weight infants Black women have higher rates of premature birth than other women in America. This cannot be simply explained by economic factors, with poorer women lacking resources or access to care. Even professional, middle-class black women are at a much higher risk of premature birth than low-income white women in the United States. Dána-Ain Davis looks into this phenomenon, placing racial differences in birth outcomes into a historical context, revealing that ideas about reproduction and race today have been influenced by the legacy of ideas which developed during the era of slavery. While poor and low-income black women are often the “mascots” of premature birth outcomes, this book focuses on professional black women, who are just as likely to give birth prematurely. Drawing on an impressive array of interviews with nearly fifty mothers, fathers, neonatologists, nurses, midwives, and reproductive justice advocates, Dána-Ain Davis argues that events leading up to an infant’s arrival in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and the parents’ experiences while they are in the NICU, reveal subtle but pernicious forms of racism that confound the perceived class dynamics that are frequently understood to be a central factor of premature birth. The book argues not only that medical racism persists and must be considered when examining adverse outcomes—as well as upsetting experiences for parents—but also that NICUs and life-saving technologies should not be the only strategies for improving the outcomes for black pregnant women and their babies. Davis makes the case for other avenues, such as community-based birthing projects, doulas, and midwives, that support women during pregnancy and labor are just as important and effective in avoiding premature births and mortality.
Download or read book Vibrant and Healthy Kids written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 621 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are the foundation of the United States, and supporting them is a key component of building a successful future. However, millions of children face health inequities that compromise their development, well-being, and long-term outcomes, despite substantial scientific evidence about how those adversities contribute to poor health. Advancements in neurobiological and socio-behavioral science show that critical biological systems develop in the prenatal through early childhood periods, and neurobiological development is extremely responsive to environmental influences during these stages. Consequently, social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors significantly affect a child's health ecosystem and ability to thrive throughout adulthood. Vibrant and Healthy Kids: Aligning Science, Practice, and Policy to Advance Health Equity builds upon and updates research from Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity (2017) and From Neurons to Neighborhoods: The Science of Early Childhood Development (2000). This report provides a brief overview of stressors that affect childhood development and health, a framework for applying current brain and development science to the real world, a roadmap for implementing tailored interventions, and recommendations about improving systems to better align with our understanding of the significant impact of health equity.
Download or read book Health Insurance is a Family Matter written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-09-18 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Health Insurance is a Family Matter is the third of a series of six reports on the problems of uninsurance in the United Sates and addresses the impact on the family of not having health insurance. The book demonstrates that having one or more uninsured members in a family can have adverse consequences for everyone in the household and that the financial, physical, and emotional well-being of all members of a family may be adversely affected if any family member lacks coverage. It concludes with the finding that uninsured children have worse access to and use fewer health care services than children with insurance, including important preventive services that can have beneficial long-term effects.
Download or read book Birthing Justice written by Julia Chinyere Oparah and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-22 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is a global crisis in maternal health care for black women. In the United States, black women are over three times more likely to perish from pregnancy-related complications than white women; their babies are half as likely to survive the first year. Many black women experience policing, coercion, and disempowerment during pregnancy and childbirth and are disconnected from alternative birthing traditions. This book places black women's voices at the center of the debate on what should be done to fix the broken maternity system and foregrounds black women's agency in the emerging birth justice movement. Mixing scholarly, activist, and personal perspectives, the book shows readers how they too can change lives, one birth at a time.
Download or read book Model Rules of Professional Conduct written by American Bar Association. House of Delegates and published by American Bar Association. This book was released on 2007 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Model Rules of Professional Conduct provides an up-to-date resource for information on legal ethics. Federal, state and local courts in all jurisdictions look to the Rules for guidance in solving lawyer malpractice cases, disciplinary actions, disqualification issues, sanctions questions and much more. In this volume, black-letter Rules of Professional Conduct are followed by numbered Comments that explain each Rule's purpose and provide suggestions for its practical application. The Rules will help you identify proper conduct in a variety of given situations, review those instances where discretionary action is possible, and define the nature of the relationship between you and your clients, colleagues and the courts.
Download or read book Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-10-16 with total page 753 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good-or equally poor-health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life.
Download or read book Promoting Health written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-02-01 with total page 507 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At the dawn of the twenty-first century, Americans enjoyed better overall health than at any other time in the nation's history. Rapid advancements in medical technologies, breakthroughs in understanding the genetic underpinnings of health and ill health, improvements in the effectiveness and variety of pharmaceuticals, and other developments in biomedical research have helped develop cures for many illnesses and improve the lives of those with chronic diseases. By itself, however, biomedical research cannot address the most significant challenges to improving public health. Approximately half of all causes of mortality in the United States are linked to social and behavioral factors such as smoking, diet, alcohol use, sedentary lifestyle, and accidents. Yet less than five percent of the money spent annually on U.S. health care is devoted to reducing the risks of these preventable conditions. Behavioral and social interventions offer great promise, but as yet their potential has been relatively poorly tapped. Promoting Health identifies those promising areas of social science and behavioral research that may address public health needs. It includes 12 papersâ€"commissioned from some of the nation's leading expertsâ€"that review these issues in detail, and serves to assess whether the knowledge base of social and behavioral interventions has been useful, or could be useful, in the development of broader public health interventions.
Download or read book Risking the Future written by Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1987-02-01 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than 1 million teenage girls in the United States become pregnant each year; nearly half give birth. Why do these young people, who are hardly more than children themselves, become parents? This volume reviews in detail the trends in and consequences of teenage sexual behavior and offers thoughtful insights on the issues of sexual initiation, contraception, pregnancy, abortion, adoption, and the well-being of adolescent families. It provides a systematic assessment of the impact of various programmatic approaches, both preventive and ameliorative, in light of the growing scientific understanding of the topic.
Download or read book Family Health Care Nursing written by Joanna Rowe Kaakinen and published by F.A. Davis. This book was released on 2018-02-01 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prepare for the real world of family nursing care! Explore family nursing the way it’s practiced today—with a theory-guided, evidence-based approach to care throughout the family life cycle that responds to the needs of families and adapts to the changing dynamics of the health care system. From health promotion to end of life, a streamlined organization delivers the clinical guidance you need to care for families. Significantly updated and thoroughly revised, the 6th Edition reflects the art and science of family nursing practice in today’s rapidly evolving healthcare environments.
Download or read book Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-07-23 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children are already learning at birth, and they develop and learn at a rapid pace in their early years. This provides a critical foundation for lifelong progress, and the adults who provide for the care and the education of young children bear a great responsibility for their health, development, and learning. Despite the fact that they share the same objective - to nurture young children and secure their future success - the various practitioners who contribute to the care and the education of children from birth through age 8 are not acknowledged as a workforce unified by the common knowledge and competencies needed to do their jobs well. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 explores the science of child development, particularly looking at implications for the professionals who work with children. This report examines the current capacities and practices of the workforce, the settings in which they work, the policies and infrastructure that set qualifications and provide professional learning, and the government agencies and other funders who support and oversee these systems. This book then makes recommendations to improve the quality of professional practice and the practice environment for care and education professionals. These detailed recommendations create a blueprint for action that builds on a unifying foundation of child development and early learning, shared knowledge and competencies for care and education professionals, and principles for effective professional learning. Young children thrive and learn best when they have secure, positive relationships with adults who are knowledgeable about how to support their development and learning and are responsive to their individual progress. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8 offers guidance on system changes to improve the quality of professional practice, specific actions to improve professional learning systems and workforce development, and research to continue to build the knowledge base in ways that will directly advance and inform future actions. The recommendations of this book provide an opportunity to improve the quality of the care and the education that children receive, and ultimately improve outcomes for children.
Download or read book What Mothers Say written by Sharon Bartholomew and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
