Download or read book The Sapphire Crystal written by Martin Berry and published by Mereo Books, mereobook, mereobooks. This book was released on 2017-05-24 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Melina and her friend Lisa cannot understand why they have developed magical powers - until they are whisked away from their homes in the middle of the night by the Gamlyns, a race of small, green people from another world and another time. The Gamlyns derive special powers from an extraordinary sapphire crystal hidden deep inside a cave. It seems that one of their race has learned to use its powers for her own wicked purposes, and her quest for power is threatening both the Gamlyns' world and our own. Melina and Lisa learn that they have a vital - and dangerous - part to play in helping the Gamlyns to save both worlds from destruction. An enthralling, magical fantasy story for 9-12 year olds.ÿ

Download or read book Sapphire written by Elena R. Dobrovinskaya and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-04-21 with total page 493 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By the second half of the twentieth century, a new branch of materials science had come into being — crystalline materials research. Its appearance is linked to the emergence of advanced technologies primarily based on single crystals (bulk crystals and films). At the turn of the last century, the impending onset of the “ceramic era” was forecasted. It was believed that ceramics would play a role comparable to that of the Stone or Bronze Ages in the history of civilization. Naturally, such an assumption was hypothetical, but it showed that ceramic materials had evoked keen interest among researchers. Although sapphire traditionally has been considered a gem, it has developed into a material typical of the “ceramic era.” Widening the field of sapphire application necessitated essential improvement of its homogeneity and working characteristics and extension of the range of sapphire products, especially those with stipulated properties including a preset structural defect distribution. In the early 1980s, successful attainment of crystals with predetermined char- teristics was attributed to proper choice of the growth method. At present, in view of the fact that the requirements for crystalline products have become more str- gent, such an approach tends to be insufficient. It is clear that one must take into account the physical–chemical processes that take place during the formation of the real crystal structure, i.e., the growth mechanisms and the nature and causes of crystal imperfections.

Download or read book A Century of Sapphire Crystal Growth written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Paris around 1890, A.V.L. Verneuil developed a flame fusion process to produce ruby and sapphire. By 1900 there was brisk demand for ruby manufactured by Verneuil's method, which was used with little alteration for 50 years. From 1932-1953, S.K. Popov in the Soviet Union established a capability for manufacturing high quality sapphire by the Verneuil process. In the U.S., under government contract during World War II, Linde Air Products Co. implemented the Verneuil process for making jewel bearings for precision instruments. In the 1960s and 1970s, the Czochralski process was implemented by Linde and its successor, Union Carbide, to make higher quality crystals for ruby lasers. Stimulated by a government contract for structural fibers in 1966, H. LaBelle invented edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG). The Saphikon company, owned now by Saint-Gobain, evolved from this effort. Stepanov independently developed edge-defined film-fed growth in the Soviet Union. In 1967 F. Schmid and D. Viechnicki at the Army Materials Research Lab grew sapphire by the heat exchanger method (HEM). Schmid later established Crystal Systems, Inc. around this technology. Rotem Industries, founded in Israel in 1969, perfected the growth of sapphire hemispheres and near-net-shape domes by gradient solidification. In the U.S., growth of near-net-shape sapphire domes was demonstrated by both the EFG and HEM methods in the 1980s but neither method became commercial. Today, domes in the U.S. are made by scooping sapphire boules with diamond-impregnated cutting tools. Commercial markets for sapphire, especially in the semiconductor industry, are healthy and growing at the dawn of the 21st century.

Download or read book Sapphires written by Eric Ethan and published by Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP. This book was released on 2011-08-01 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are blue sapphires, clear sapphires, “fancy sapphires,” and star sapphires. All of these valuable gems are featured in this book, with colorful photographs to show readers their beauty. Where do most sapphires come from? How much was the most expensive sapphire worth? These questions and many more are answered in the pages of this book.

Download or read book The Sapphire Crystal written by Martin Berry and published by Mereo Books. This book was released on 2017-03-14 with total page 244 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Melina and her friend Lisa cannot understand why they have developed magical powers - until they are whisked away from their homes in the middle of the night by the Gamlyns, a race of small, green people from another world and another time. The Gamlyns derive special powers from an extraordinary sapphire crystal hidden deep inside a cave. It seems that one of their race has learned to use its powers for her own wicked purposes, and her quest for power is threatening both the Gamlyns' world and our own. Melina and Lisa learn that they have a vital - and dangerous - part to play in helping the Gamlyns to save both worlds from destruction. An enthralling, magical fantasy story for 9-12 year olds.

Download or read book Yielding and Flow of Sapphire alpha A1b2sOb3s Crystals written by H. Conrad and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book X ray Studies of Sapphire Crystal Perfection written by Harold Bernstein and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The imperfection structure of A1203 single crystals was studied with the double crystal X-ray spectrometer. Preliminary rocking curve measurements on the basal planes of several sapphire and crystals indicated a dependence of peak multiplicity on rocking axis orientation. The results could be interpreted in terms of an ordered stacking of line dislocations having the 1120 Burgers vector. A pair of fully oriented 0 and 90 degree Verneuil crystals were examined by light microscopy, Laue back reflection photography and diffraction techniques, revealing major differences in imperfection structure between the two crystals. Detailed rocking curve surveys of the principal planes of the 90 degree crystal were made and dislocation densities calculated from the measured half-breadths in terms of proposed dislocation models. Good agreement is found between the calculated dislocation densities and those determined by etch pit counting. (Author).

Download or read book Physical Properties of Diamond and Sapphire written by Roshan L. Aggarwal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2019-05-03 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Focusing on the physical properties of diamond and sapphire, this monograph provides readers with essential details on crystal structure and growth, mechanical properties, thermal properties, optical properties, light scattering of diamond and sapphire crystals, and sapphire lasers. Various physical properties are comprehensively discussed: Mechanical properties include hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, and Young’s modulus. Thermal properties include thermal expansion, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. Optical properties of diamond and sapphire include transmission, refractive index, and absorption. Light scattering includes Raman scattering and Brillouin scattering. Sapphire lasers include chromium-doped and titanium-doped lasers. Aimed at researchers and industry professionals working in materials science, physics, electrical engineering, and related fields, this monograph is the first to concentrate solely on physical properties of these increasingly important materials.

Download or read book Some Interface Growth Features of Czochralski Sapphire Crystals written by Stanford University. Department of Materials Science and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Advanced Topics on Crystal Growth written by Sukarno Ferreira and published by IntechOpen. This book was released on 2013-02-20 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crystal growth is the key step of a great number of very important applications. The development of new devices and products, from the traditional microelectronic industry to pharmaceutical industry and many others, depends on crystallization processes. The objective of this book is not to cover all areas of crystal growth but just present, as specified in the title, important selected topics, as applied to organic and inorganic systems. All authors have been selected for being key researchers in their field of specialization, working in important universities and research labs around the world. The first section is mainly devoted to biological systems and covers topics like proteins, bone and ice crystallization. The second section brings some applications to inorganic systems and describes more general growth techniques like chemical vapor crystallization and electrodeposition. This book is mostly recommended for students working in the field of crystal growth and for scientists and engineers in the fields of crystalline materials, crystal engineering and the industrial applications of crystallization processes.

Download or read book Evaluation of the Quality of Sapphire Using X Ray Rocking Curves and Double Crystal X Ray Topography written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Single-crystal sapphire is a material with a wide range of applications as a result of its unique physical, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The quality of a sapphire crystal can influence its effectiveness in many applications. High-quality, near-perfect, single-crystal sapphire can be grown, but it is difficult to shape and polish because of its extreme hardness, and surface flaws and damage are commonly produced during fabrication. Since this damage may exist in a buried subsurface layer, it can be difficult to detect. X-ray rocking curves and X-ray topography are extremely sensitive to the level of defects and strains in single crystals. A number of sapphire substrates, from several suppliers were examined using these techniques in order to determine how applicable they are for detecting defects in sapphire. A wide range in quality was found in sapphire received from different suppliers. Residual grinding/polishing damage was observed in many samples. Other defects observed included dislocations and mosaic structure and twinning in lower quality material. Rocking curves and double-crystal X-ray topography appear to be simple techniques for evaluating and determining the quality of sapphire. In particular, they are sensitive to subsurface damage and microscopic defects can be imaged at low to moderate magnification.

Download or read book Sapphire written by Isaias Tartaglia and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the authors discuss the structure, technology and applications of sapphire. Topics include the advances in machining technology of sapphire wafers; the growth and surface investigations of synthetic sapphire; laser-assisted micro-fabrication of sapphire; and the heat-physical processes of sapphire crystal growth by horizontal directed crystallisation.

Download or read book Sapphire Gemstones A Collection of Historical Articles on the Origins Structure and Properties of Sapphires written by Various and published by Mitchell Press. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains classic material dating back to the 1900s and before. The content has been carefully selected for its interest and relevance to a modern audience. Carefully selecting the best articles from our collection we have compiled a series of historical and informative publications on the subjects of gemology and crystallography. The titles in this range include "Gemstone Manufacturing" "The Optical Properties of Gemstones and Crystals" "The Thirty-Two Classes of Crystal Symmetry" and many more. Each publication has been professionally curated and includes all details on the original source material. This particular instalment, "Sapphire Gemstones" contains information on their properties, origins, structure and much more. Intended to illustrate the main features of the sapphire it is a comprehensive guide for anyone wishing to obtain a general knowledge of the subject and to understand the field in its historical context. We are republishing these classic works in affordable, high quality, modern editions, using the original text and artwork.

Download or read book Optical Properties of Single crystal Sapphire Fibers written by Glenn N. Merberg and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Characterization of the Optical Properties of Single Crystal Sapphire Fibers written by Paul Andrew Mallas and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Optical Characterization of Single crystal Sapphire Fibers Grown by Laser heated Pedestal Growth Method written by Zhonghui Ge and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 154 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Ruby and Sapphire written by Richard W. Hughes and published by . This book was released on 2017-01-01 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the dawn of time, ruby and sapphire have both attracted and fascinated humans in ways that few other items could.While objects of desire are found throughout the natural world, physical beauty is too often ephemeral. From the allure of a man, woman, flower or butterfly, through the fleeting moments of a sunset, there is little that lasts and practically nothing that can be passed down to our descendants. The exception is precious stones. Not only are they the most durable creations of mother nature, but their visual splendor is truly eternal.In this companion to his 2013 book, Ruby & Sapphire--A Collector's Guide, Richard Hughes examines these gems from the gemological standpoint, delving into these gems not just from the aesthetic, but also from the scientific point of view.The product of nearly 40 years of firsthand experience, it covers every aspect of the subject from A-Z. History, sources, prices, quality analysis, synthetics and treatments, everything is here. Ruby & Sapphire--A Gemologist's Guide represents the most comprehensive book ever written on a single precious stone. With over 1000 photos, maps and illustrations and 3500 references, it is nothing less than a tour-de-force of gemological scholarship.