Download or read book The Role of Ocean Heat Transport on Rapid Sea Ice Declines in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble written by Gabriel Auclair and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Many climate models predict future rapid sea ice declines in the Arctic. These events are linked with anomalous northward Ocean Heat Transport (OHT). Using the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble (CESM-LE), we find that the partitioning of the poleward OHT between the different gates of the Arctic (Barents Sea Opening (BSO), Fram Strait or Bering Strait) is key to this link with the rapid declines. In total, 64 of the 79 rapid declines in CESM-LE are linked with anomalous OHT. The interaction between OHT and sea ice happens mainly over continental shelves. The Bering Strait OHT is linked to more rapid declines than the BSO OHT, presumably because of the broader Eurasian shelf. No clear link is found between rapid declines and the OHT through the Fram Strait, which is a deep gate to the Arctic Ocean, except when the rapid decline is also linked to the BSO or Bering Strait OHTs. When the September Sea Ice Extent (SIE) before the rapid decline is located only over deep basins in the central Arctic, we observe a decrease in basal melt during the decline. We hypothesize that this is due to an enhanced stratification that reduces heat transfer between the ocean and the ice. The ice-atmosphere heat flux anomalies are more strongly correlated with the sea ice concentration anomalies over the deep basins in the 21st century than the ice-ocean heat flux anomalies. Our results suggest that OHTs are causing rapid sea ice declines mostly when the SIE is large enough to cover the continental shelves and that the atmosphere is the main driver when the initial SIE is located only over the deep basins." --

Download or read book The Influence of Heat Transport on Arctic Amplification written by Laura Elizabeth Fleming and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic surface air temperature has warmed nearly twice as much as the global mean since the mid-20th century. Arctic sea ice has also been declining rapidly in recent decades. There is still discussion about how much of this Arctic amplification is caused by local factors, such as changes in surface albedo, versus remote factors, such as changes in heat transport from the midlatitudes. This thesis focuses mainly on the role of poleward heat transport on Arctic amplification. Most of the previous studies on this topic have defined ocean heat transport as the zonally averaged ocean heat transport at 65∘N or 70∘N, which ignores the physical pathways of heat into the Arctic and may include recirculation of heat in the North Atlantic. In this thesis, we define the ocean heat transport as the heat transport across five sections surrounding the Arctic, to create a closed domain in the Arctic. Previous studies on Arctic amplification have used either a single model run or have compared results from a multi-model ensemble. While the multi-model ensemble approach may potentially average out biases in individual models, the ensemble spread confounds the model differences and the internal climate variability. In this thesis, we investigate the Arctic amplification in the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) Large Ensemble. The CESM1 Large Ensemble includes 40 members that use the same model and external forcing, but different initializations. This simulates different climate trajectories that can occur in a given atmosphere-ocean-land-cryosphere system. We find that CESM1 Large Ensemble projects a large increase towards the end of the 21st century in ocean heat transport into the Arctic, and that the increase in ocean heat transport is significantly correlated with Arctic amplification. The main contributor to the increase in ocean heat transport is the increase across the Barents Sea Opening. The increase in Barents Sea Opening ocean heat transport is highly correlated with the decrease in sea ice in the Barents-Kara Sea region. We propose that this is because the increase in ocean heat transport melts the ice at the sea ice margin, which results in increased surface heat flux from the ocean and further local feedback through decreased surface albedo and increased cloud coverage. We also find that while the changes in atmosphere heat transport into the Arctic circle at 66.5∘N are on the same order as the changes in ocean heat transport, they are not correlated with Arctic amplification.

Download or read book Arctic Subarctic Ocean Fluxes written by Robert R. Dickson and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-03-03 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We are only now beginning to understand the climatic impact of the remarkable events that are now occurring in subarctic waters. Researchers, however, have yet to agree upon a predictive model that links change in our northern seas to climate. This volume brings together the body of evidence needed to develop climate models that quantify the ocean exchanges through subarctic seas, measure their variability, and gauge their impact on climate.

Download or read book Arctic Oceanic and Sea Ice Heat Fluxes from the Community Climate System Model Versions 3 and 4 written by Louis Renaud-Desjardins and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This thesis furthers the understanding of thermal interactions between the ocean and the sea ice using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM). It focuses on the results from the six simulations under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B from the CCSM version 3 (CCSM3) and the five simulations under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 6.0 scenario from the CCSM version 4 (CCSM4). Rapid losses of September sea ice extent were simulated through all the A1B simulations from the CCSM3. A rapid loss event is recorded when the derivative of the five-year running mean of September sea ice extent is inferior to -0.5 million km$^2$ per year. These events are preceded by pulses of warm water toward the Arctic Ocean one to two years beforehand. The presented analysis includes all the physical processes affecting sea ice in connection with the years of rapid September sea ice extent loss. Every melt process increases until the years of rapid sea ice extent loss. At the same time, the sea ice formation processes stagnate and the sea ice transport through the gates of the Arctic Ocean decreases. Therefore, we conclude that the rapid losses of September sea ice extent are caused by increased melt -- especially bottom melt. In the A1B simulations, the sea ice receives from the ocean 20 W/m$^2$ of heat in 1900 up to 120~W/m$^2$ in 2100. This is significantly more than the conventional 2 W/m$^2$ found in the literature. This important increase in heat transfer is caused by a combination of multiplicative of a significant increase in sea surface temperature and currents all over the Arctic Ocean. The heat sources causing the significant increase in sea surface temperature can be uncovered through a temperature-heat ocean budget. The temperature-heat ocean budget proved impossible to close satisfactorily. This was the case for both versions 3 and 4. In particular, for version 4 which has extended output variables, we found an error for the vertically integrated budget exceeding 50~W/m$^2$. Nevertheless, the study of advective heat transport through the gateways of the Arctic Ocean can provide insight on the warming of the Arctic Ocean and its impact on sea ice melt. The heat transport through the gateways of the Arctic Ocean is studied for both the CCSM versions 3 and 4. Both models forecast very different Arctic conditions. The CCSM3 advective heat transport is dominated by the heat fluxes through the Barents Sea Opening. Its total advective heat transfer to the Arctic Ocean is positive, warming the Arctic Ocean, from 35 W/m$^2$ in 1900 up to 13~W/m$^2$ in 2100. The CCSM4 advective heat transport is not dominated by the advective heat flux from one of its gateways. Indeed, in this case, the heat transport gets important contributions from all the gateways. Its total advective heat transfer starts from 19 W/m$^2$ in 1900 up to 60~W/m$^2$ in 2100. The CCSM3 advective heat transfer is more than twice as important than the one simulated by the CCSM4"--

Download or read book The Alaskan Beaufort Sea written by Peter W. Barnes and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-09-17 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environments provides an interdisciplinary view into almost all aspects of the environment, with a detailed survey of the background literature. This book focuses on the Alaskan Beaufort Shelf environment. Organized into four parts encompassing 20 chapters, this book begins with an overview of the characteristics and history of the region in which the research took place and defines the objectives of the studies program. This text then examines the subsynoptic meteorological networks along the Beaufort Sea coast and shelf. Other chapters consider the thermally generated mesoscale effects on surface winds and the orographic mesoscale effects on surface winds. This book discusses as well the phytoplankton associations and relative phytoplankton production in the area between the 20-m depth contour and the edge of the ice in summer. The final chapter deals with the characteristics of the ice cover and oil-ice interactions that will affect cleanup activities after blowout. This book is a valuable resource for scientists and conservationists.

Download or read book The Nordic Seas written by Burton G. Hurdle and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 788 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " ... as soon as one has traversed the greater part of the wild sea, one comes upon such a huge quantity of ice that nowhere in the whole world has the like been known." "This ice is of a wonderful nature. It lies at times quite still, as one would expect, with openings or large fjords in it; but sometimes its movement is so strong and rapid as to equal that of a ship running before the wind, and it drifts against the wind as often as with it." Kongespeilet - 1250 A.D. ("The Mirror of Kings") Modern societies require increasing amounts influence on the water mass and on the resulting of scientific information about the environment total environment of the region; therefore, cer tain of its characteristics will necessarily be in whieh they live and work. For the seas this information must describe the air above the sea, included.

Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

Download or read book The Pacific Arctic Region written by Jacqueline M. Grebmeier and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-10 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Pacific Arctic region is experiencing rapid sea ice retreat, seawater warming, ocean acidification and biological response. Physical and biogeochemical modeling indicates the potential for step-function changes to the overall marine ecosystem. This synthesis book was coordinated within the Pacific Arctic Group, a network of international partners working in the Pacific Arctic. Chapter topics range from atmospheric and physical sciences to chemical processing and biological response to changing environmental conditions. Physical and biogeochemical modeling results highlight the need for data collection and interdisciplinary modeling activities to track and forecast the changing ecosystem of the Pacific Arctic with climate change.

Download or read book Surface Windstress and the Partitioning of Ocean Volume Ux Between Fram Strait and Barents Sea Opening in the Community Earth System Model Large Ensemble written by Bimochan Niraula and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The transition from a perennial to a seasonal sea ice cover in the Arctic Ocean as simulated by many global climate models is not gradual. Instead it is occurring through periods of rapid sea ice decline related to pulses of ocean heat entering the Arctic Ocean that cause more open water. Atlantic water entering over shallow shelves of the Arctic (Eurasian and Barents Sea shelf) has the largest impact on the temporal evolution of the sea ice extent because the warmer water can interact with the sea ice cover before sinking at depth where little interactions with the pack ice is present. To this end, we have analyzed output diagnostics from the Community Earth System Model - Large Ensemble and looked at the variability in ocean heat and volume flux entering the Arctic through the Barents Sea Opening (BSO) and Fram Strait gate. Results show that anomalies in heat flux are closely linked with anomalies in volume flux, while trends in heat flux can be associated with trends in the temperature of Atlantic water. The volume flux passing through the BSO is strongly correlated with the mean meridional windstress and windstress curl over large areas of the Nordic seas, and the winds in the region can affect the partitioning of water between the two gates." --

Download or read book The Arctic Climate System written by Mark C. Serreze and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-10-13 with total page 413 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Arctic can be viewed as an integrated system, characterised by intimate couplings between its atmosphere, ocean and land, linked in turn to the larger global system. This comprehensive, up-to-date assessment begins with an outline of early Arctic exploration and the growth of modern research. Using an integrated systems approach, subsequent chapters examine the atmospheric heat budget and circulation, the surface energy budget, the hydrologic cycle and interactions between the ocean, atmosphere and sea ice cover. Reviews of recent directions in numerical modelling and the characteristics of past Arctic climates set the stage for detailed discussion of recent climate variability and trends, and projected future states. Throughout, satellite remote sensing data and results from recent major field programs are used to illustrate key processes. The Arctic Climate System provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the subject for researchers and advanced students in a wide range of disciplines.

Download or read book Antarctic Sea Ice Variability in the Southern Ocean Climate System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-04-24 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sea ice surrounding Antarctica has increased in extent and concentration from the late 1970s, when satellite-based measurements began, until 2015. Although this increasing trend is modest, it is surprising given the overall warming of the global climate and the region. Indeed, climate models, which incorporate our best understanding of the processes affecting the region, generally simulate a decrease in sea ice. Moreover, sea ice in the Arctic has exhibited pronounced declines over the same period, consistent with global climate model simulations. For these reasons, the behavior of Antarctic sea ice has presented a conundrum for global climate change science. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in January 2016, to bring together scientists with different sets of expertise and perspectives to further explore potential mechanisms driving the evolution of recent Antarctic sea ice variability and to discuss ways to advance understanding of Antarctic sea ice and its relationship to the broader ocean-climate system. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Download or read book Arctic Sea Ice Decline written by Eric T. DeWeaver and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-28 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 180. This volume addresses the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice, placing recent sea ice decline in the context of past observations, climate model simulations and projections, and simple models of the climate sensitivity of sea ice. Highlights of the work presented here include An appraisal of the role played by wind forcing in driving the decline; A reconstruction of Arctic sea ice conditions prior to human observations, based on proxy data from sediments; A modeling approach for assessing the impact of sea ice decline on polar bears, used as input to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's decision to list the polar bear as a threatened species under the Endangered Species Act; Contrasting studies on the existence of a "tipping point," beyond which Arctic sea ice decline will become (or has already become) irreversible, including an examination of the role of the small ice cap instability in global warming simulations; A significant summertime atmospheric response to sea ice reduction in an atmospheric general circulation model, suggesting a positive feedback and the potential for short-term climate prediction. The book will be of interest to researchers attempting to understand the recent behavior of Arctic sea ice, model projections of future sea ice loss, and the consequences of sea ice loss for the natural and human systems of the Arctic.

Download or read book Interacting Climates of Ocean Basins written by Carlos R. Mechoso and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-26 with total page 359 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of interactions between the climates of different ocean basins and their key contributions to global climate variability and change. Providing essential theory and discussing outstanding examples as well as impacts on monsoons, it a useful resource for graduate students and researchers in the atmospheric and ocean sciences.

Download or read book The Changing Flow of Energy Through the Climate System written by Kevin E. Trenberth and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-13 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elegant, novel explanation of climate change, emphasizing physical understanding and concepts, while avoiding complex mathematics, supported by excellent color illustrations.

Download or read book Impact of Ocean Heat Transport on the Natural and Forced Variability of Arctic Sea ice in the GFDL CM2 O Model Suite written by Marine Decuypère and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "A recent study links an increase in the horizontal resolution of ocean models to improved representations of Arctic sea-ice and Ocean Heat Transport (OHT, Docquier et al., 2019). Here, the impact of horizontal resolution on meridional OHT, sea-ice natural variability and response to climate change is investigated over a broader range of spatial resolutions, using the GFDL CM2-O climate model suite (1°, 1/4°, and 1/10°) in both preindustrial control and climate change simulations. Results show a direct link between OHT and sea-ice extent (SIE) in the Arctic. This link, however, is not monotonic with spatial resolution contrary to findings by Docquier et al. (2019). While OHT increases and SIE decreases from the Low to the Medium resolution models, the reverse is true from the Medium to the High resolution models. Differences in OHT and SIE between the three models mostly arise from the preindustrial state. As the spatial resolution increases, the Irminger Current - recirculating waters around the southern tip of Greenland - is favored at the expense of the North Atlantic Drift - bringing water in the Arctic through Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening (BSO). This rerouting of water to the Western side of Greenland results in less heat delivered to the Arctic in the High resolution model than in its Medium counterpart. As a result, the Medium resolution model is in best agreement with observed SIE and OHT in the BSO and Fram Strait - the Bering Strait OHT is smaller than observed in all models. Concurrent with the change in the partitioning in volume is a gradual change in deep convection centers from the Greenland-Irminger-Norwegian (GIN) Seas in the Low resolution model to the Labrador Sea in the High resolution model. Results strongly suggest a role for the deep convection in the North Atlantic on the OHT into the Arctic"--

Download or read book The Oceans and Rapid Climate Change written by Dan Seidov and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-01-09 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 126. Until a few decades ago, scientists generally believed that significant large-scale past global and regional climate changes occurred at a gradual pace within a time scale of many centuries or millennia. A secondary assumption followed: climate change was scarcely perceptible during a human lifetime. Recent paleoclimatic studies, however, have proven otherwise: that global climate can change extremely rapidly. In fact, there is good evidence that in the past at least regional mean annual temperatures changed by several degrees Celsius on a time scale of several centuries to several decades.

Download or read book Energy Balance Climate Models written by Gerald R. North and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-12-04 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy Balance Climate Models Written by renowned experts in the field, this first book to focus exclusively on energy balance climate models provides a concise overview of the topic. It covers all major aspects, from the simplest zero-dimensional models, proceeding to horizontally and vertically resolved models. The text begins with global average models, which are explored in terms of their elementary forms yielding the global average temperature, right up to the incorporation of feedback mechanisms and some analytical properties of interest. The eff ect of stochastic forcing is then used to introduce natural variability in the models before turning to the concept of stability theory. Other one dimensional or zonally averaged models are subsequently presented, along with various applications, including chapters on paleoclimatology, the inception of continental glaciations, detection of signals in the climate system, and optimal estimation of large scale quantities from point scale data. Throughout the book, the authors work on two mathematical levels: qualitative physical expositions of the subject material plus optional mathematical sections that include derivations and treatments of the equations along with some proofs of stability theorems. A must-have introduction for policy makers, environmental agencies, and NGOs, as well as climatologists, molecular physicists, and meteorologists.