Download or read book Earthquake Prediction written by David W. Simpson and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1981 with total page 698 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Maurice Ewing Series, Volume 4. From May 12 to May 16, 1980, eighty-eight scientists from eleven countries attended a Symposium on Earthquake Prediction at Mohonk Mountain House, Mohonk, New York. This was the third in a biennial series honoring Maurice Ewing, first director of Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory. The Symposium was one of several events that were held in 1980 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences at Columbia University. The two earlier Ewing Symposia, on island arcs and deep sea drilling, reflected Ewing's lifelong interest in the structure and evolution of the ocean floor. In the Third Ewing Symposium we touch another area—earthquake seismology—that played an important part in Ewing's career. Work on surface waves and long-period seismology under Ewing's direction during the 1950's and 1960's, along with his exploration of the earth beneath the oceans, provided much of the framework on which current ideas on earthquake generation and plate tectonics are based.

Download or read book Earthquake Processes Physical Modelling Numerical Simulation and Data Analysis Part II written by Mitsuhiro Matsu'ura and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the last decade of the 20th century, there has been great progress in the physics of earthquake generation; that is, the introduction of laboratory-based fault constitutive laws as a basic equation governing earthquake rupture, quantitative description of tectonic loading driven by plate motion, and a microscopic approach to study fault zone processes. The fault constitutive law plays the role of an interface between microscopic processes in fault zones and macroscopic processes of a fault system, and the plate motion connects diverse crustal activities with mantle dynamics. An ambitious challenge for us is to develop realistic computer simulation models for the complete earthquake process on the basis of microphysics in fault zones and macro-dynamics in the crust-mantle system. Recent advances in high performance computer technology and numerical simulation methodology are bringing this vision within reach. The book consists of two parts and presents a cross-section of cutting-edge research in the field of computational earthquake physics. Part I includes works on microphysics of rupture and fault constitutive laws, and dynamic rupture, wave propagation and strong ground motion. Part II covers earthquake cycles, crustal deformation, plate dynamics, and seismicity change and its physical interpretation. Topics in Part II range from the 3-D simulations of earthquake generation cycles and interseismic crustal deformation associated with plate subduction to the development of new methods for analyzing geophysical and geodetical data and new simulation algorithms for large amplitude folding and mantle convection with viscoelastic/brittle lithosphere, as well as a theoretical study of accelerated seismic release on heterogeneous faults, simulation of long-range automaton models of earthquakes, and various approaches to earthquake predicition based on underlying physical and/or statistical models for seismicity change.

Download or read book The Role of Fluids in Faulting written by Yuyun Yang and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluid-rock interactions have long been recognized as crucial drivers in earthquakes and slow slip events. In the context of induced seismicity, the injection of high-pressure fluid underground during wastewater disposal, hydrothermal energy production or hydraulic fracturing operations have triggered earthquakes in geologically stable regions that previously had minimal detected seismicity. Many hypotheses about how these earthquakes were triggered have been proposed, including pore pressure diffusion, long-range poroelastic stressing, and fault loading and reactivation by aseismic slip. The injection of fluid into a fault not only alters pore pressure and triggers slip, but also changes properties of the fault zone that in turn impact fluid flow, pressure diffusion, and fault slip behavior. The most relevant properties here are porosity and permeability. Many experiments, in both the laboratory and in situ, show that dilatancy (the expansion of pores and the fluids within them) accompanies shear deformation of fault zone rocks. In the absence of fluid flow (i.e., undrained conditions), dilatancy reduces pore pressure, increasing the effective normal stress and strengthening the fault. Porosity changes also alter permeability. As pores dilate and more porous space becomes connected, permeability is enhanced. This facilitates fluid flow and enables pore pressure perturbations to reach greater distances along the fault in a shorter period of time. It is certainly evident that the evolution of porosity and permeability, while complex, can fundamentally influence fluid flow and fault slip behavior, and therefore needs to be taken into account in fault models with hydromechanical coupling. In the context of tectonic earthquakes and episodic slow slip events, rock porosity and permeability changes over the earthquake cycle also dictate the nature of the slip that occurs. During the coseismic period, rapid slip cracks open pore space and causes dilatancy, which strengthens the fault and prevents it from slipping further. Permeability is also enhanced as the porosity increases, which may act to weaken further parts of the fault as the fluid migrates. Over the interseismic period, the fault heals from mechanical compaction, and is also gradually sealed by ductile compaction mechanisms such as pressure solution, which involves dissolving minerals at stressed contact points and depositing them in pores. This closing of pores and permeability reduction increases the pore fluid pressure, which will weaken the fault and cause slip again, and this cycle continues. Understanding how the interplay of dilatancy, compaction produces and arrests fault slip is important in characterizing where and how slow slip events occur, and when that might give rise to earthquakes. In this thesis, I investigate the fault response to pore pressure changes coupled to porosity and permeability evolution using 2D numerical simulations of a strike-slip fault governed by rate-and-state friction. The first part of the thesis investigates aseismic slip triggered by fluid injection in the context of induced seismicity. The goal of this study is to evaluate the controlling factors for the initiation and propagation of aseismic slip, and to make testable predictions of potentially observable quantities like the migration rate of the aseismic slip front, as a function of prestress, permeability, injection rate, and frictional parameters. We showcase comparisons for different prestress conditions, permeability values, injection rates, initial state variables, and frictional properties, evaluating their relative importance in determining slip behavior. We also highlight how neglecting porosity and permeability evolution can drastically change the nature of fault slip, and connect our simulations with a limited set of observations to emphasize the important role of hydromechanical coupling in characterizing fault response to fluid injection. Furthermore, we calibrated our model and fit the results to InSAR observations of aseismic slip in the Delaware Basin that is caused by the injection of oilfield water. This shows the applicability of the numerical model to field data and potentially the monitoring of induced seismicity. The second part of the thesis focuses on earthquake cycle simulations in the tectonic context. We explore pore pressure, porosity and permeability evolution over the earthquake cycle and how they impact the occurrences of slow slip events and earthquake ruptures. The first model builds on the study of injection-induced aseismic slip and adds viscous compaction to porosity evolution to study slow slip events. We show that the slow slip events are driven by the interaction between pore compaction which raises fluid pressure and weakens the fault, as well as pore dilation which decreases fluid pressure and limits the slip instability. Cyclic behaviors of these events can range from long-term events lasting from a few months to years to very rapid short-term events lasting for only a few days. The accumulated slip for each event is on the order of centimeters, and the stress drop is generally less than 10 MPa. The second model ignores porosity evolution and only considers permeability evolution that is coupled to effective normal stress, fault slip and a characteristic healing time over which the fault heals interseismically. We demonstrate the viability of fault valving in an earthquake sequence model that accounts for permeability evolution and fault zone fluid transport. Predicted changes in fault strength from cyclic variations in pore pressure are substantial ($\sim$10-20 MPa) and perhaps even larger than those from changes in friction coefficient. We also show how fluids facilitate the propagation of aseismic slip fronts and transmission of pore pressure changes at relatively fast rates. The modeling framework we introduce here can be applied to a wide range of problems, including tectonic earthquake sequences, slow slip and creep transients, earthquake swarms, and induced seismicity.

Download or read book Role of Fluid Pressure in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting written by Marion King Hubbert and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Fluids In The Earth s Crust written by W.S. Fyfe and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fluids in the Earth’s Crust explores the generation and migration of fluids in the crust and their influence on the structure. This book also deals with the collection and concentration of these fluids into commercially possible reservoirs or their fossil trace formed as ore bodies. Chapter one of this book discusses fluid motion and geochemical and tectonic processes. It then defines fluid, discusses the rocks in the surface environment, and provides evidence of the changes of a rock’s position and the motion of fluids. This book also explores the chemistry of natural fluids, including the composition of ocean water; pore water and deep-drill fluids; metamorphic fluids; fluid inclusions; and magmatic fluids. Volatile species in minerals, such as water, carbon and carbon dioxide, chlorine, fluorine, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen and other inert gases, are presented in this book. Other chapters in this book cover the solubility of minerals and physical chemistry of their solutions; the metamorphic reactions and processes; buffer systems; rock deformation; crustal conditions; dewatering of crust; and diapirism. The last part of the book discusses fluids, tectonics, and chemical transport. This book will be of great value to mining and oil geologists, as well as to pure geologists.

Download or read book The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting written by Christopher H. Scholz and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-05-02 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our understanding of earthquakes and faulting processes has developed significantly since publication of the successful first edition of this book in 1990. This revised edition, first published in 2002, was therefore thoroughly up-dated whilst maintaining and developing the two major themes of the first edition. The first of these themes is the connection between fault and earthquake mechanics, including fault scaling laws, the nature of fault populations, and how these result from the processes of fault growth and interaction. The second major theme is the central role of the rate-state friction laws in earthquake mechanics, which provide a unifying framework within which a wide range of faulting phenomena can be interpreted. With the inclusion of two chapters explaining brittle fracture and rock friction from first principles, this book is written at a level which will appeal to graduate students and research scientists in the fields of seismology, physics, geology, geodesy and rock mechanics.

Download or read book The Role of Fluids in Faulting and Fracturing in Carbonates and Other Upper Crustal Rocks written by Fabrizio Agosta and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Faulting Fracturing and Igneous Intrusion in the Earth s Crust written by David Healy and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2012 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Geologists have long grappled with understanding the mechanical origins of rock deformation. Stress regimes control the nucleation, growth and reactivation of faults and fractures; induce seismic activity; affect the transport of magma; and modulate structural permeability, thereby influencing the redistribution of hydrothermal and hydrocarbon fluids. Experimentalists endeavour to recreate deformation structures observed in nature under controlled stress conditions. Earth scientists studying earthquakes will attempt to monitor or deduce stress changes in the Earth as it actively deforms. All are building upon the pioneering research and concepts of Ernest Masson Anderson, dating back to the start of the twentieth century. This volume celebrates Anderson's legacy, with 14 original research papers that examine faulting and seismic hazard; structural inheritance; the role of local and regional stress fields; low angle faults and the role of pore fluids; supplemented by reviews of Andersonian approaches and a reprint of his classic paper of 1905--

Download or read book Role of Fluid Pressure in Mechanics of Overthrust Faulting written by Marion King Hubbert and published by . This book was released on 1959 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Involvement of Fluids in Earthquake Ruptures written by Teruo Yamashita and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-24 with total page 197 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book furnishes state-of-the-art knowledge about how earthquake faulting is coupled with fluid flow. The authors describe the theoretical background of modeling of faulting coupled with fluid flow in detail. Field and laboratory evidence to suggest the fluid involvement in earthquake faulting is also carefully explained. All of the provided information constitutes together a basic framework of the fault modeling for a comprehensive understanding of the involvement of fluids in earthquake ruptures. Earthquake generation is now widely believed to be significantly affected by high-pressure fluid existing at depths. Consequently, modeling study of earthquake faulting coupled with fluid flow is becoming increasingly active as a field of research. This work is aimed at a wide range of readers, and is especially relevant for graduate students and solid-earth researchers who wish to become more familiar with the field.

Download or read book Rock Fractures and Fluid Flow written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-08-27 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientific understanding of fluid flow in rock fracturesâ€"a process underlying contemporary earth science problems from the search for petroleum to the controversy over nuclear waste storageâ€"has grown significantly in the past 20 years. This volume presents a comprehensive report on the state of the field, with an interdisciplinary viewpoint, case studies of fracture sites, illustrations, conclusions, and research recommendations. The book addresses these questions: How can fractures that are significant hydraulic conductors be identified, located, and characterized? How do flow and transport occur in fracture systems? How can changes in fracture systems be predicted and controlled? Among other topics, the committee provides a geomechanical understanding of fracture formation, reviews methods for detecting subsurface fractures, and looks at the use of hydraulic and tracer tests to investigate fluid flow. The volume examines the state of conceptual and mathematical modeling, and it provides a useful framework for understanding the complexity of fracture changes that occur during fluid pumping and other engineering practices. With a practical and multidisciplinary outlook, this volume will be welcomed by geologists, petroleum geologists, geoengineers, geophysicists, hydrologists, researchers, educators and students in these fields, and public officials involved in geological projects.

Download or read book A Continental Plate Boundary written by David Okaya and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 175. A Continental Plate Boundary offers in one place the most comprehensive, up-to-date knowledge for researchers and students to learn about the tectonics and plate dynamics of the Pacific-Australian continental plate boundary in South Island and about the application of modern geological and geophysical methods. It examines what happens when convergence and translation occur at a plate boundary by Describing the geological and geophysical signature of a continental transform fault; Identifying the diverse vertical and lateral patterns of deformation at the plate boundary; Assessing an apparent seismicity gap on the plate boundary fault and fast-moving plate motions; Comparing this plate boundary to other global convergent continental strike-slip plate boundaries; Documenting the utility of the double-sided, onshore-offshore seismic method for exploration of a narrow continental island; and Providing additional papers presenting previously unpublished results. This volume will prove invaluable for seismologists, tectonophysicists, geodesists and potential-field geophysicists, geologists, geodynamicists, and students of the deformation of tectonic plates.

Download or read book Flow Processes in Faults and Shear Zones written by G. Ian Alsop and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2004 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Faults and their deeper level equivalents, shear zones, are localized regions of intense deformation within the Earth. They are recognized at all scales from micro to plate boundary, and are important examples of the nature of heterogeneous deformation in natural rocks. Faults and shear zones are significant as they profoundly influence the location, architecture and evolution of a broad range of geological phenomenao The topography and bathymetry of the Earth's surface is marked by mountain belts and sedimentary basins that are controlled by faults and shear zoneso In addition, faults and shear zones control fluid migration and transport including hydrothermal and hydrocarbon systems. Once faults and shear zones are established, they are often long-lived features prone to multiple reactivation over very large time-scales. This collection of papers addresses lithospheric deformation and the rheology of shear zones, together with processes of partitioning and the unravelling of fault and shear zone histories.

Download or read book Fault Mechanics and Transport Properties of Rocks written by Brian Evans and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1992-08-04 with total page 549 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This festschrift, compiled from the symposium held in honor of W.F. Brace, is a timely overview of fault mechanics and transport properties of rock. State-of-the-art research is presented by internationally recognized experts, who highlight developments in this contemporary area of study subsequent to Bill Brace's pioneering work. Key Features* The strength of brittle rocks* The effects of stress and stress-induced damage on physical properties of rock* Permeability and fluid flow in rocks* The strength of rocks and tectonic processes

Download or read book The Role of Fluids in the Mechanics of Thrust Faulting written by Douglas Francis Goff and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Tectonic Faults written by Mark R. Handy and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2007 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists examine tectonic faulting on all scales--from seismic fault slip to the formation of mountain ranges--and discuss its connection to a wide range of global phenomena, including long-term climate change and evolution. Tectonic faults are sites of localized motion, both at the Earth's surface and within its dynamic interior. Faulting is directly linked to a wide range of global phenomena, including long-term climate change and the evolution of hominids, the opening and closure of oceans, and the rise and fall of mountain ranges. In Tectonic Faults, scientists from a variety of disciplines explore the connections between faulting and the processes of the Earth's atmosphere, surface, and interior. They consider faults and faulting from many different vantage points--including those of surface analysts, geochemists, material scientists, and physicists--and in all scales, from seismic fault slip to moving tectonic plates. They address basic issues, including the imaging of faults from Earth's surface to the base of the lithosphere and deeper, the structure and rheology of fault rocks, and the role of fluids and melt on the physical properties of deforming rock. They suggest strategies for understanding the interaction of faulting with topography and climate, predicting fault behavior, and interpreting the impacts on the rock record and the human environment. Using an Earth Systems approach, Tectonic Faults provides a new understanding of feedback between faulting and Earth's atmospheric, surface, and interior processes, and recommends new approaches for advancing knowledge of tectonic faults as an integral part of our dynamic planet.

Download or read book Faulting Fault Sealing and Fluid Flow in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs written by G. Jones and published by Geological Society Publishing House. This book was released on 1998 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation "Compared with many other areas of the petroleum geosciences, studies of the structural controls on fluid flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs are in their infancy. As hydrocarbon reserves have become depleted and the oil industry has become more competitive, the need to cut costs by optimizing production and predicting the occurrence of subtle traps has highlighted the importance of information on the way in which faults and fractures affect fluid flow. Structural geologists are now having to provide answers to questions such as: Are hydrocarbons likely to have migrated into (or out of) the trap? What is the likely height of hydrocarbons that a fault can support? Is it likely that compartments which have not been produced exist within a field and will therefore require further drilling?" "This volume aims to find answers to these questions."--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved.