Download or read book The Moral Circle and the Self written by Kim Chong Chong and published by Open Court Publishing. This book was released on 2003 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chinese, Australian, North American, and British philosophers probe some conscious and unconscious assumptions in Chinese and western ethics, and question some of the common ways the two traditions are distinguished. Most of the papers are from a May 2000 workshop in Singapore. Annotation 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Download or read book The Expanding Circle written by Peter Singer and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Subhuman written by T. J. Kasperbauer and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do we think about animals? How do we decide what they deserve and how we ought to treat them? Subhuman takes an interdisciplinary approach to these questions, drawing from research in philosophy, neuroscience, psychology, law, history, sociology, economics, and anthropology. Subhuman argues that our attitudes to nonhuman animals, both positive and negative, largely arise from our need to compare ourselves to them.
Download or read book The Stringent Moral Circle written by Eliana Hadjiandreou and published by . This book was released on 2024 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Across contexts, people consistently underestimate others' prosociality. In this dissertation work, I attempt to theoretically link these findings to a broader underestimation: the moral landscapes of other people are imagined as more constricted compared to that of the self. In two pilot studies (Studies 1a & 1b) using the Moral Expansiveness Scale (MES; Crimston et al., 2016), we found that participants reported their moral circles to be more expansive compared to those they predicted for others. This was true for entities that are typically distant in the moral circle (that is: outgroup, stigmatized, animals of high sentience, animals of low sentience, plants, environment), but not entities that are typically placed proximal to the center (that is: family & friends, ingroup, revered). We aimed to assess whether this is because of lack of access to information about these distant categories from the perspective of general others. In order to do this, three studies (Studies 2, 3, and 4) asked participants to fill out the Moral Expansiveness Scale from three perspectives -- self, close others, average others. We predicted that participants' moral circles will be comparably inclusive to the moral circles they reported for their close others due to having informational access to their moral worlds, but that average others will be reported as being less inclusive than the self and close others due to greater reliance on stereotypes about distant categories, that reflect cynical bias. Because we expected that the comparable scores between self and close other are not only due to feeling more similar to close others and liking them more than average others, we expected to see the same results even when participants were encouraged to reflect on being dissimilar from their close others (Study 2), and when participants were encouraged to think of reasons they dislike their close others (Study 3). Finally, in Study 4, we expected that assigning participants to an anti-cynicism condition which exposes them to information highlighting human prosociality will eliminate this discrepancy, which we expected to persist in the pro-cynicism and control conditions. Results showed that the moral inclusivity discrepancy for distant entities persisted but was smaller in the case of close others, and that similarity and liking partially accounted for the overlap between self and close other scores. Study 4 showed unique reductions in the perceived moral expansiveness of average others for distant entities in the cynicism condition, although statistical results were mixed. Implications for the potential cynicism explanation and future directions are discussed.
Download or read book Self Knowledge and Moral Identity written by Ranjan Kumar Panda and published by . This book was released on 2022-02-28 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many contemporary philosophers, such as Akeel Bilgrami, Crispin Wright, Christine Korsgaard, and Mrinal Miri, have explicitly discussed the relevance of self-knowledge in relation to the discourse of normativity. This book addresses the notion of self-knowledge as relevant in the formation of moral identity.
Download or read book How Are We to Live written by Peter Singer and published by Prometheus Books. This book was released on 2010-03-19 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many people have an uneasy feeling that they may be missing out on something basic that would give their lives a significance it currently lacks. But how should we live? What is there to stop us behaving selfishly? In this account, which makes reference to a wide variety of sources and everyday issues, Peter Singer suggests that the conventional pursuit of self-interest is individually and collectively self-defeating. Taking into consideration the beliefs of Jesus, Kant, Rousseau, and Adam Smith amongst others, he looks at a number of different cultures, including America, Japan, and the Aborigines to assess whether or not selfishness is in our genes and how we may find greater satisfaction in an ethical lifestyle.
Download or read book The Second Person Standpoint written by Stephen Darwall and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-09-30 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why should we avoid doing moral wrong? The inability of philosophy to answer this question in a compelling manner—along with the moral skepticism and ethical confusion that ensue—result, Stephen Darwall argues, from our failure to appreciate the essentially interpersonal character of moral obligation. After showing how attempts to vindicate morality have tended to change the subject—falling back on non-moral values or practical, first-person considerations—Darwall elaborates the interpersonal nature of moral obligations: their inherent link to our responsibilities to one another as members of the moral community. As Darwall defines it, the concept of moral obligation has an irreducibly second-person aspect; it presupposes our authority to make claims and demands on one another. And so too do many other central notions, including those of rights, the dignity of and respect for persons, and the very concept of person itself. The result is nothing less than a fundamental reorientation of moral theory that enables it at last to account for morality’s supreme authority—an account that Darwall carries from the realm of theory to the practical world of second-person attitudes, emotions, and actions.
Download or read book The Moral Landscape written by Sam Harris and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2011-09-13 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sam Harris dismantles the most common justification for religious faith--that a moral system cannot be based on science.
Download or read book Regard for Reason in the Moral Mind written by Joshua May and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-05-04 with total page 281 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The burgeoning science of ethics has produced a trend toward pessimism. Ordinary moral thought and action, we're told, are profoundly influenced by arbitrary factors and ultimately driven by unreasoned feelings. This book counters the current orthodoxy on its own terms by carefully engaging with the empirical literature. The resulting view, optimistic rationalism, shows the pervasive role played by reason our moral minds, and ultimately defuses sweeping debunking arguments in ethics. The science does suggest that moral knowledge and virtue don't come easily. However, despite the heavy influence of automatic and unconscious processes that have been shaped by evolutionary pressures, we needn't reject ordinary moral psychology as fundamentally flawed or in need of serious repair. Reason can be corrupted in ethics just as in other domains, but a special pessimism about morality in particular is unwarranted. Moral judgment and motivation are fundamentally rational enterprises not beholden to the passions.
Download or read book The Righteous Mind written by Jonathan Haidt and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2013-02-12 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • The acclaimed social psychologist challenges conventional thinking about morality, politics, and religion in a way that speaks to conservatives and liberals alike—a “landmark contribution to humanity’s understanding of itself” (The New York Times Book Review). Drawing on his twenty-five years of groundbreaking research on moral psychology, Jonathan Haidt shows how moral judgments arise not from reason but from gut feelings. He shows why liberals, conservatives, and libertarians have such different intuitions about right and wrong, and he shows why each side is actually right about many of its central concerns. In this subtle yet accessible book, Haidt gives you the key to understanding the miracle of human cooperation, as well as the curse of our eternal divisions and conflicts. If you’re ready to trade in anger for understanding, read The Righteous Mind.
Download or read book The Expanding Circle written by Peter Singer and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-18 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is ethics? Where do moral standards come from? Are they based on emotions, reason, or some innate sense of right and wrong? For many scientists, the key lies entirely in biology--especially in Darwinian theories of evolution and self-preservation. But if evolution is a struggle for survival, why are we still capable of altruism? In his classic study The Expanding Circle, Peter Singer argues that altruism began as a genetically based drive to protect one's kin and community members but has developed into a consciously chosen ethic with an expanding circle of moral concern. Drawing on philosophy and evolutionary psychology, he demonstrates that human ethics cannot be explained by biology alone. Rather, it is our capacity for reasoning that makes moral progress possible. In a new afterword, Singer takes stock of his argument in light of recent research on the evolution of morality.
Download or read book The Nietzschean Self written by Paul Katsafanas and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-02-25 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nietzsche's works are replete with discussions of moral psychology, but to date there has been no systematic analysis of his account. How does Nietzsche understand human motivation, deliberation, agency, and selfhood? How does his account of the unconscious inform these topics? What is Nietzsche's conception of freedom, and how do we become free? Should freedom be a goal for all of us? How does--and how should--the individual relate to his social context? The Nietzschean Self offers a clear, comprehensive analysis of these central topics in Nietzsche's moral psychology. It analyzes his distinction between conscious and unconscious mental events, explains the nature of a type of motivational state that Nietzsche calls the 'drive', and examines the connection between drives, desires, affects, and values. It explores Nietzsche's account of willing unity of the self, freedom, and the relation of the self to its social and historical context. The Nietzschean Self argues that Nietzsche's account enjoys a number of advantages over the currently dominant models of moral psychology--especially those indebted to the work of Aristotle, Hume, and Kant--and considers the ways in which Nietzsche's arguments can reconfigure and improve upon debates in the contemporary literature on moral psychology and philosophy of action.
Download or read book Moral Selves Evil Selves written by S. Hitlin and published by Springer. This book was released on 2008-09-15 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book highlights the oft neglected moral aspect of "the self," examining the variety of neurological, psychological, and social processes that enter into the development and maintenance of moral orientations.
Download or read book Saving Animals Saving Ourselves written by Jeff Sebo and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2020, COVID-19, the Australia bushfires, and other global threats served as vivid reminders that human and nonhuman fates are increasingly linked. Human use of nonhuman animals contributes to pandemics, climate change, and other global threats which, in turn, contribute to biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse, and nonhuman suffering. Jeff Sebo argues that humans have a moral responsibility to include animals in global health and environmental policy. In particular, we should reduce our use of animals as part of our pandemic and climate change mitigation efforts and increase our support for animals as part of our adaptation efforts. Applying and extending frameworks such as One Health and the Green New Deal, Sebo calls for reducing support for factory farming, deforestation, and the wildlife trade; increasing support for humane, healthful, and sustainable alternatives; and considering human and nonhuman needs holistically. Sebo also considers connections with practical issues such as education, employment, social services, and infrastructure, as well as with theoretical issues such as well-being, moral status, political status, and population ethics. In all cases, he shows that these issues are both important and complex, and that we should neither underestimate our responsibilities because of our limitations, nor underestimate our limitations because of our responsibilities. Both an urgent call to action and a survey of what ethical and effective action requires, Saving Animals, Saving Ourselves is an invaluable resource for scholars, advocates, policy-makers, and anyone interested in what kind of world we should attempt to build and how.
Download or read book The Life You Can Save written by Peter Singer and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2010 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Argues that for the first time in history we're in a position to end extreme poverty throughout the world, both because of our unprecedented wealth and advances in technology, therefore we can no longer consider ourselves good people unless we give more to the poor. Reprint.
Download or read book Understanding Moral Obligation written by Robert Stern and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many histories of modern ethics, Kant is supposed to have ushered in an anti-realist or constructivist turn by holding that unless we ourselves 'author' or lay down moral norms and values for ourselves, our autonomy as agents will be threatened. In this book, Robert Stern challenges the cogency of this 'argument from autonomy', and claims that Kant never subscribed to it. Rather, it is not value realism but the apparent obligatoriness of morality that really poses a challenge to our autonomy: how can this be accounted for without taking away our freedom? The debate the book focuses on therefore concerns whether this obligatoriness should be located in ourselves (Kant), in others (Hegel) or in God (Kierkegaard). Stern traces the historical dialectic that drove the development of these respective theories, and clearly and sympathetically considers their merits and disadvantages; he concludes by arguing that the choice between them remains open.
Download or read book Atlas of Moral Psychology written by Kurt Gray and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2018-01-23 with total page 607 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive and cutting-edge volume maps out the terrain of moral psychology, a dynamic and evolving area of research. In 57 concise chapters, leading authorities and up-and-coming scholars explore fundamental issues and current controversies. The volume systematically reviews the empirical evidence base and presents influential theories of moral judgment and behavior. It is organized around the key questions that must be addressed for a complete understanding of the moral mind.
