Download or read book The Measurement of Hate Crimes in America written by Frank S. Pezzella and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-23 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Hate Crime Statistics Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey, this brief highlights the uniqueness of hate or bias crime victimization. It compares these to non-bias crimes and delineates the situational circumstances that distinguish bias from non-bias offending. The nuances of under-reporting shed light on bias-group and victim reasons for not reporting. By examining measurement issues associated with data collection systems, this brief helps explain why eighty-nine percent of participating law enforcement agencies report zero hate crimes each year. It describes patterns and trends in reporting the volume of general bias motivations and specific bias types, as the most prevalent hate crime offense types and most likely victims and offenders. With recommendations to address issues in measurement and under-reporting, including an action plan by the Enhance the Response to Hate Crimes Advisory Committee and the International Association of Chiefs of Police, a best practice model by the Oak Creek Police Department, and other promising law enforcement reporting models, this brief provides an increasingly critical resource for law enforcement practitioners and researchers dealing with hate crimes.

Download or read book Essays on the Measurement Reporting and Classification of Hate Crime in the United States written by Eaven Holder and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: analyzed NCVS data from victims of biased-motivated crimes to identify factors influencing officers decisions to classify a crime as a hate crime. Overall, officers tended to be legalistic and organizationally bound in their approach to classifying hate crimes, with victim reporting and available evidence being the most robust predictors of successful classification of hate crimes. This dissertation provides a nuanced picture of hate crime in the United States while also pointing to various sources of its mismeasurement. The final chapter explores implications for future research, policies, and practices for advancing and developing reliable and accurate hate crime statistics in the US. I particularly emphasize identifying critical junctures in successful hate crime reporting as well as other non-carceral solutions.

Download or read book Hate Crime in America written by Danielle Smith-Llera and published by Compass Point Books. This book was released on 2020 with total page 65 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate crime in the United States is on the rise. The FBI has reported that hate crimes rose by 17 percent in 2017, increasing for the third straight year, and the trend continued into 2018 and 2019. The crimes are most commonly motivated by hatred related to race, ethnicity, or country of origin. Many crimes are also motivated by bias against sexual orientation or gender identity. Students will learn why hate crime is on the rise and how they can help combat it.

Download or read book Hate Crimes Revisited written by Jack Levin and published by Basic Books. This book was released on 2009-03-25 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate crimes-violence aimed at individuals because they are members of a particular group-were once considered the rare illegal actions of a small but vocal assortment of extremists who thrived on hating minorities. No more. In this new book by two of the country's leading experts on hate crimes, published ten years after their classic book of the same name, these most-recognized authorities and media commentators reinterpret this scourge of our generation-hatred based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, and even citizenship. In the aftermath of the worst act of terrorism in this country's history-the bombing of the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001-the authors probe the causes and characteristics of such acts of hatred and, most vitally, their consequences for all of us.

Download or read book Hate Crimes in America written by Melissa Abramovitz and published by ABDO. This book was released on 2016-12-15 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate Crimes in America covers the history of crimes motivated by prejudice, examples of such incidents in the headlines today, and the ways in which communities are responding to these vicious acts. Aligned to Common Core Standards and correlated to state standards. Essential Library is an imprint of Abdo Publishing, a division of ABDO.

Download or read book How Crime in the United States is Measured written by Nathan James and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crime data collected through the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), and the National Crime Victimisation Survey (NCVS) are used by Congress to inform policy decisions and allocate federal criminal justice funding to states. As such, it is important to understand how each program collects and reports crime data, and the limitations associated with the data. This book reviews (1) the history of the UCR, the NIBRS, and the NCVS; (2) the methods each program uses to collect crime data; and (3) the limitations of the data collected by each program. The book then compares the similarities and differences of UCR and NCVS data. It concludes by reviewing issues related to the NIBRS and the NCVS. The UCR represents the first effort to create a national, standardised measure of the incidence of crime. It was conceived as a way to measure the effectiveness of local law enforcement and to provide law enforcement with data that could be used to help fight crime. UCR data are now used extensively by researchers, government officials, and the media for research, policy, and planning purposes. The UCR also provides some of the most commonly cited crime statistics in the United States. The UCR reports offence and arrest data for 8 different Part I offences and arrest data for 21 different Part II offences. The NIBRS was developed by the Federal Bureau of Investigation to respond to the law enforcement community's belief that the UCR needed to be updated to provide more in-depth data to meet the needs of law enforcement into the 21st century. The NIBRS collects data, including data on offence(s), offender(s), victim(s), arrestee(s), and any property involved in an offence, for 46 different Group A offences and 11 different Group B offences. Despite the more detailed crime data that the NIBRS can provide, nation-wide implementation of the program has been slow, for a variety of reasons, including cost considerations. The NCVS is the primary source of information on the characteristics of criminal victimisation, and on the number and types of crime not reported to law enforcement. The NCVS has four major objectives: (1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, (2) to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to police, (3) to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes, and (4) to permit comparisons over time and population type (e.g., urban, suburban, and rural). The NCVS asks respondents whether they have been the victim of rape and sexual assault, robbery, simple and aggravated assault, purse snatching/pick-pocketing, burglary, theft, or motor vehicle theft. In addition to collecting data on the number of victimisations, the NCVS gathers data on the details of each incident of victimisation.

Download or read book Making Hate A Crime written by Valerie Jenness and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2001-08-15 with total page 237 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Violence motivated by racism, anti-Semitism, misogyny, and homophobia weaves a tragic pattern throughout American history. Fueled by recent high-profile cases, hate crimes have achieved an unprecedented visibility. Only in the past twenty years, however, has this kind of violence—itself as old as humankind—been specifically categorized and labeled as hate crime. Making Hate a Crime is the first book to trace the emergence and development of hate crime as a concept, illustrating how it has become institutionalized as a social fact and analyzing its policy implications. In Making Hate a Crime Valerie Jenness and Ryken Grattet show how the concept of hate crime emerged and evolved over time, as it traversed the arenas of American politics, legislatures, courts, and law enforcement. In the process, violence against people of color, immigrants, Jews, gays and lesbians, women, and persons with disabilities has come to be understood as hate crime, while violence against other vulnerable victims-octogenarians, union members, the elderly, and police officers, for example-has not. The authors reveal the crucial role social movements played in the early formulation of hate crime policy, as well as the way state and federal politicians defined the content of hate crime statutes, how judges determined the constitutional validity of those statutes, and how law enforcement has begun to distinguish between hate crime and other crime. Hate crime took on different meanings as it moved from social movement concept to law enforcement practice. As a result, it not only acquired a deeper jurisprudential foundation but its scope of application has been restricted in some ways and broadened in others. Making Hate a Crime reveals how our current understanding of hate crime is a mix of political and legal interpretations at work in the American policymaking process. Jenness and Grattet provide an insightful examination of the birth of a new category in criminal justice: hate crime. Their findings have implications for emerging social problems such as school violence, television-induced violence, elder-abuse, as well as older ones like drunk driving, stalking, and sexual harassment. Making Hate a Crime presents a fresh perspective on how social problems and the policies devised in response develop over time. A Volume in the American Sociological Association's Rose Series in Sociology

Download or read book Hate Crimes written by United States. Federal Bureau of Investigation and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Predicting Hate Crime Reporting to Police written by Heather Zaykowski and published by ProQuest. This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Significant variation among the legal and scholarly definitions of hate crimes impact how these crimes are measured. Although scholars tend to use the Uniform Crime Reports to understand the scope of hate crime in the United States, these data suffer from limitations due to this lack of conformity as well as the future of local agencies to submit hate crime statistics. Furthermore, a crime has to be reported to police to be counted in the UCR data. Using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 1992-2005, this paper examines the factors related to police reporting behavior by violent hate crime through analyzing the demographic (gender, race, education, age, urban location) and the contextual characteristics of the incident (victim-offender relationship, severity: injury to victim, weapon used, multiple offenders). Particular attention was given to racial hate crimes to investigate differences within hate crime victimization categories. Understanding the mechanisms of police reporting behavior is important because the failure of victims to contact authorities undermines the ability of the criminal justice system to appropriately punish hate crime offenders and effectively deter future incidents. Supporting previous studies on victimization reporting, severity of the incident, gender and offenders unknown to the victim significantly and substantially increased reporting likelihood. Most interestingly, race did not dramatically impact reporting behavior for total hate crime, but had a significant and substantial effect on racial hate crime. Victimizations of Whites were more than 50 percent more likely to be reported than Non-White victimizations for racial hate crime.

Download or read book Hate Crime Statutes written by Frank S. Pezzella and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ​​​​​​This Brief provides a clearly outlined and accessible overview of the challenges in creating and enforcing hate crime legislation in the United States. As the author explains, while it is generally not controversial that hate crime behavior should be stopped, the question of how to do so effectively is complex. This volume begins with an introduction about defining hate crimes, and the history of hate crimes and hate crime legislation in the United States. The author shows arguments in favor of hate crime statutes, for example: hate crimes reach beyond their victims to members of the victims’ protected group and cohesion of society at large, and should therefore carry higher penalties.The author also shows arguments against hate crime statutes, for example that they sometimes contain enhanced penalties for certain specially protected groups and not others, and have a high potential for ambiguity and uneven enforcement. From a law enforcement perspective, the author explores the practical challenges in enforcing these statutes, and solutions to address them. Investigative techniques and resources vary significantly across police departments, as does training to identify and distinguish hate crimes from ordinary crimes. There is high potential for law enforcement and prosecutors’ personal biases to effect the classification of crimes as hate crimes. Law enforcement organizations are constantly faced with the dilemma of what and how to enforce legislation. This brief will be relevant for researchers in criminology and criminal justice, policy makers involved in hate crime legislation, social justice, and police-community relations, as well as related fields such as sociology, public policy and demography.​

Download or read book The Hate Crimes Statistics Act written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Subcommittee on the Constitution and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Training Guide for Hate Crime Data Collection written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Frequently Asked Questions About Hate Crimes written by Janell Broyles and published by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores the history of hate crimes, including the cases of the Ku Klux Klan and the Jena Six, and discusses why they occur and future legislation to criminalize the behavior.

Download or read book Hate Crimes written by James B. Jacobs and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2000-12-28 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early 1980s, a new category of crime appeared in the criminal law lexicon. In response to concerted advocacy-group lobbying, Congress and many state legislatures passed a wave of "hate crime" laws requiring the collection of statistics on, and enhancing the punishment for, crimes motivated by certain prejudices. This book places the evolution of the hate crime concept in socio-legal perspective. James B. Jacobs and Kimberly Potter adopt a skeptical if not critical stance, maintaining that legal definitions of hate crime are riddled with ambiguity and subjectivity. No matter how hate crime is defined, and despite an apparent media consensus to the contrary, the authors find no evidence to support the claim that the United States is experiencing a hate crime epidemic--instead, they cast doubt on whether the number of hate crimes is even increasing. The authors further assert that, while the federal effort to establish a reliable hate crime accounting system has failed, data collected for this purpose have led to widespread misinterpretation of the state of intergroup relations in this country. The book contends that hate crime as a socio-legal category represents the elaboration of an identity politics now manifesting itself in many areas of the law. But the attempt to apply the anti-discrimination paradigm to criminal law generates problems and anomalies. For one thing, members of minority groups are frequently hate crime perpetrators. Moreover, the underlying conduct prohibited by hate crime law is already subject to criminal punishment. Jacobs and Potter question whether hate crimes are worse or more serious than similar crimes attributable to other anti-social motivations. They also argue that the effort to single out hate crime for greater punishment is, in effect, an effort to punish some offenders more seriously simply because of their beliefs, opinions, or values, thus implicating the First Amendment. Advancing a provocative argument in clear and persuasive terms, Jacobs and Potter show how the recriminalization of hate crime has little (if any) value with respect to law enforcement or criminal justice. Indeed, enforcement of such laws may exacerbate intergroup tensions rather than eradicate prejudice.

Download or read book Understanding Hate Crimes written by Carolyn Turpin-Petrosino and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-27 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hate crimes and lesser acts of bigotry and intolerance are seen to be constants in today’s world. Since 1990, the federal government has published annual reports on hate crime incidents in the United States. While the reported numbers are disturbing, even more devastating is the impact of these crimes on individuals, communities, and society. This comprehensive textbook can serve as a stand-alone source for instructors and students who study hate crimes and/or other related acts. It invites the reader to consider relevant social mores and practices as well as criminal justice policies as they relate to hate crimes by presenting this subject within a broad context.

Download or read book Hate Crimes written by Thomas Streissguth and published by Facts on File. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When a criminal offense includes the element of bias it is regarded as a hate crime. In 1993 the Supreme Court approved penalty enhancement schemes for hate crimes in Wisconsin v. Mitchell. Recognizing these crimes as acts committed against entire communities, 45 U.S. states now impose additional penalties for hate crimes. The Supreme Court and state courts have put important constitutional limits on the enforcement and prosecution of hate crimes statutes, and Congress has repeatedly debated whether to enact a federal hate-crimes law. But lawmakers, courts, and ordinary Americans continue to disagree over which crime victims hate crimes laws should protect. Meanwhile, critics insist that the law should make no distinction between bias crimes and ordinary crimes. ""Hate Crimes, Revised Edition"" provides students and general readers with the resources necessary to define, understand, and research one of the most contentious topics in the United States today. A glossary, appendixes, and a chronology round out this accessible and timely new resource. Coverage includes: a complete background on the incidence of hate crimes; an overview of hate-crime legislation and judicial opinions regarding these laws at both the state and national levels; the public debate over the desirability, constitutionality, and justifiability of penalty enhancement for perpetrators of hate crimes; the public debate over whether hate-crimes laws should protect crime victims based on disability, status as an immigrant, sexual orientation, or gender identity; and extracts from documents such as the FBI Uniform Crime Report (2006), the Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act (2007), and the Joint Statement Before the House Committee of the Judiciary Concerning the Jena Six (2007).

Download or read book Hate Crimes Criminal Law and Identity Politics written by New York University Center for Research in Crime and Justice James B. Jacobs Director and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1998-03-28 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early 1980s, a new category of crime appeared in the criminal law lexicon. In response to concerted advocacy-group lobbying, Congress and many state legislatures passed a wave of "hate crime" laws requiring the collection of statistics on, and enhancing the punishment for, crimes motivated by certain prejudices. This book places the evolution of the hate crime concept in socio-legal perspective. James B. Jacobs and Kimberly Potter adopt a skeptical if not critical stance, maintaining that legal definitions of hate crime are riddled with ambiguity and subjectivity. No matter how hate crime is defined, and despite an apparent media consensus to the contrary, the authors find no evidence to support the claim that the United States is experiencing a hate crime epidemic--instead, they cast doubt on whether the number of hate crimes is even increasing. The authors further assert that, while the federal effort to establish a reliable hate crime accounting system has failed, data collected for this purpose have led to widespread misinterpretation of the state of intergroup relations in this country. The book contends that hate crime as a socio-legal category represents the elaboration of an identity politics now manifesting itself in many areas of the law. But the attempt to apply the anti-discrimination paradigm to criminal law generates problems and anomalies. For one thing, members of minority groups are frequently hate crime perpetrators. Moreover, the underlying conduct prohibited by hate crime law is already subject to criminal punishment. Jacobs and Potter question whether hate crimes are worse or more serious than similar crimes attributable to other anti-social motivations. They also argue that the effort to single out hate crime for greater punishment is, in effect, an effort to punish some offenders more seriously simply because of their beliefs, opinions, or values, thus implicating the First Amendment. Advancing a provocative argument in clear and persuasive terms, Jacobs and Potter show how the recriminalization of hate crime has little (if any) value with respect to law enforcement or criminal justice. Indeed, enforcement of such laws may exacerbate intergroup tensions rather than eradicate prejudice.