Download or read book The Influence of Adiposity on Mortality and Cardiovascular Risk written by Jared Paul Reis and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Kriminal Process so mit dreyen Diebs und R ubers Gesellen Nahmens Linder Reichmann und Welz verf hrt worden written by and published by . This book was released on 1728 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book High and Rising Mortality Rates Among Working Age Adults written by National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease written by Malcolm K Robinson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2006-03-07 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although cardiovascular disease remains the leading proximate cause of death in the United States, it is now estimated that obesity may be equivalent to smoking as the leading cause of preventable death in America. In light of these statistics, this reference presents our current understanding of the epidemiology, pathology, and genetics of the obe

Download or read book A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-08-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chronic diseases are common and costly, yet they are also among the most preventable health problems. Comprehensive and accurate disease surveillance systems are needed to implement successful efforts which will reduce the burden of chronic diseases on the U.S. population. A number of sources of surveillance data-including population surveys, cohort studies, disease registries, administrative health data, and vital statistics-contribute critical information about chronic disease. But no central surveillance system provides the information needed to analyze how chronic disease impacts the U.S. population, to identify public health priorities, or to track the progress of preventive efforts. A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases outlines a conceptual framework for building a national chronic disease surveillance system focused primarily on cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases. This system should be capable of providing data on disparities in incidence and prevalence of the diseases by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic region, along with data on disease risk factors, clinical care delivery, and functional health outcomes. This coordinated surveillance system is needed to integrate and expand existing information across the multiple levels of decision making in order to generate actionable, timely knowledge for a range of stakeholders at the local, state or regional, and national levels. The recommendations presented in A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases focus on data collection, resource allocation, monitoring activities, and implementation. The report also recommends that systems evolve along with new knowledge about emerging risk factors, advancing technologies, and new understanding of the basis for disease. This report will inform decision-making among federal health agencies, especially the Department of Health and Human Services; public health and clinical practitioners; non-governmental organizations; and policy makers, among others.

Download or read book Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data written by Timothy L. Lash and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-04-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bias analysis quantifies the influence of systematic error on an epidemiology study’s estimate of association. The fundamental methods of bias analysis in epi- miology have been well described for decades, yet are seldom applied in published presentations of epidemiologic research. More recent advances in bias analysis, such as probabilistic bias analysis, appear even more rarely. We suspect that there are both supply-side and demand-side explanations for the scarcity of bias analysis. On the demand side, journal reviewers and editors seldom request that authors address systematic error aside from listing them as limitations of their particular study. This listing is often accompanied by explanations for why the limitations should not pose much concern. On the supply side, methods for bias analysis receive little attention in most epidemiology curriculums, are often scattered throughout textbooks or absent from them altogether, and cannot be implemented easily using standard statistical computing software. Our objective in this text is to reduce these supply-side barriers, with the hope that demand for quantitative bias analysis will follow.

Download or read book International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-02-27 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1950 men and women in the United States had a combined life expectancy of 68.9 years, the 12th highest life expectancy at birth in the world. Today, life expectancy is up to 79.2 years, yet the country is now 28th on the list, behind the United Kingdom, Korea, Canada, and France, among others. The United States does have higher rates of infant mortality and violent deaths than in other developed countries, but these factors do not fully account for the country's relatively poor ranking in life expectancy. International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages: Dimensions and Sources examines patterns in international differences in life expectancy above age 50 and assesses the evidence and arguments that have been advanced to explain the poor position of the United States relative to other countries. The papers in this deeply researched volume identify gaps in measurement, data, theory, and research design and pinpoint areas for future high-priority research in this area. In addition to examining the differences in mortality around the world, the papers in International Differences in Mortality at Older Ages look at health factors and life-style choices commonly believed to contribute to the observed international differences in life expectancy. They also identify strategic opportunities for health-related interventions. This book offers a wide variety of disciplinary and scholarly perspectives to the study of mortality, and it offers in-depth analyses that can serve health professionals, policy makers, statisticians, and researchers.

Download or read book Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High Income Countries written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-06-27 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the last 25 years, life expectancy at age 50 in the United States has been rising, but at a slower pace than in many other high-income countries, such as Japan and Australia. This difference is particularly notable given that the United States spends more on health care than any other nation. Concerned about this divergence, the National Institute on Aging asked the National Research Council to examine evidence on its possible causes. According to Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries, the nation's history of heavy smoking is a major reason why lifespans in the United States fall short of those in many other high-income nations. Evidence suggests that current obesity levels play a substantial part as well. The book reports that lack of universal access to health care in the U.S. also has increased mortality and reduced life expectancy, though this is a less significant factor for those over age 65 because of Medicare access. For the main causes of death at older ages-cancer and cardiovascular disease-available indicators do not suggest that the U.S. health care system is failing to prevent deaths that would be averted elsewhere. In fact, cancer detection and survival appear to be better in the U.S. than in most other high-income nations, and survival rates following a heart attack also are favorable. Explaining Divergent Levels of Longevity in High-Income Countries identifies many gaps in research. For instance, while lung cancer deaths are a reliable marker of the damage from smoking, no clear-cut marker exists for obesity, physical inactivity, social integration, or other risks considered in this book. Moreover, evaluation of these risk factors is based on observational studies, which-unlike randomized controlled trials-are subject to many biases.

Download or read book The Surgeon General s Call to Action to Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity written by and published by Office of the Surgeon General. This book was released on 2001 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Promotes the recognition, treatment, and prevention of conditions of overweight and obesity in the United States.

Download or read book Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology written by Axel Pressler and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 1093 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This textbook provides a comprehensive, yet practically orientated overview of classic and novel sports cardiology topics, based on current evidence, guidelines, recommendations and expert experience. Numerous publications have provided guidance to these issues, but it has become increasingly difficult for both students and doctors to obtain a thorough, but practicable overview for optimal clinical care of athletes and patients. This book is intended as an educational work, filling the large gaps that are still present in the current educational guidelines for medical students and cardiology trainees. Textbook of Sports and Exercise Cardiology differs from other sports cardiology books by focusing on clear, practical recommendations based on the latest evidence, primarily targeting those who seek professional background information and education that can easily be transferred into everyday care.

Download or read book The Duration of Obesity and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Cardiovascular Cancer and Mortality written by Asnawi Abdullah and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent meta-analysis studies have provided clear evidence for the association between obesity and the risk of chronic diseases and mortality. The quantification of this association, however, has primarily been accomplished by considering the severity of bodyweight at a single point in time. The potential impact of the duration of obesity as an independent risk factor has been neglected. As the onset of obesity is becoming earlier with their impact on prolonging the duration of obesity in the community suggest that an accurate estimate of these relationships is essential. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the duration of obesity and the risk of mortality, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. In addition, the study explored different methods for measuring the duration of obesity, including the first investigation of the effect of combining the severity and the duration of obesity into a single measure of obese-years. To answer these objectives, the study analysed a dataset from a long-term cohort study of the original Framingham Heart Study, where bodyweight and outcomes were measured reliably and regularly at two yearly intervals for up to 48 years. The association was analysed using time-dependent Cox models adjusted for a number of potential confounders. The key finding of this study is that the duration of obesity is directly associated with an increased risk of mortality (all-cause and cause-specific mortality) independent of the level of body mass index. This association was not fully mediated by the chronic diseases of CVD, type-2 diabetes and cancer. It is also shown that the duration of obesity is independently associated with the risk of type-2 diabetes and with CVD. The study detected no association between the duration of obesity and the risk of cancer, except with cancer of the cervix uteri and borderline association with intestine & colon cancer. In general, a dose-response relationship was clear; suggesting that the longer years lived with obesity, the higher the risk of mortality, type-2 diabetes, and CVD. The study quantified that for every additional two years lived with obesity, the risk of all-cause mortality increased by 6%, type-2 diabetes by8%, and the risk of hard CVD by 3%. The increased risk of mortality did not differ between men and women, but the increased risk of type-2 diabetes and hard CVD appeared to be stronger for men than women. The study also found that a combined effect of the severity and the duration of obesity into a single term of "obese-years" provides better estimation of the risk of type-2 diabetes compared with simply using BMI or the duration of obesity alone. This study has implications for future public heath studies; it suggests that the duration of obesity variable should be included in future research estimating the burden of obesity related diseases. The findings in this thesis also indicate that without effective preventive strategies to delay the onset of obesity and to limit its duration, the risk of mortality and chronic diseases in the general population will increase in future.

Download or read book Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease written by Gianluca Iacobellis and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2009-10-08 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essential book comprehensively covers the diagnosis, treatment and management of cardiovascular disease in obese patients, translating up-to-date clinical research findings into clinical practice.

Download or read book Contributions Toward Evidence based Psychocardiology written by Jochen Jordan and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2007 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The chapters in this volume are based on a systematic meta-analysis of the international literature by 40 German scientists who convened to evaluate the research and discarded all but the highest quality data on psychological aspects of coronary heart disease. The result is a collection that synthesizes the most significant findings and indicate productive avenues for intervention and further research.

Download or read book Selection Bias in Studies of Obesity and Mortality written by Hailey Banack and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Obesity is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the known association between obesity and mortality in the general population, some authors have reported that obesity confers a survival advantage among individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). This phenomenon is known as the "obesity paradox". However, this paradoxical finding could be the result of selection bias and may not reflect a truly protective causal effect of obesity on mortality among individuals with CVD. Further complication in the study of obesity and mortality arises when considering smoking status or CVD risk factors in the analysis. The overall aim of my thesis work was to examine sources of selection bias in studies of obesity, CVD risk factors, and mortality. First, we reviewed the epidemiologic literature on the obesity paradox and assessed whether selection bias is a possible explanation for the obesity paradox. We used two types of sensitivity analysis to explore this paradox: one using sampling fractions derived from a population representative sample and the other using estimates of the magnitude of unmeasured CVD-mortality confounding. Results demonstrated that conditioning on a variable affected by exposure and sharing common causes with the outcome can make obesity appear protective among individuals with CVD. Next, we estimated the joint effects of obesity and smoking on all-cause mortality and investigated the presence of additive or multiplicative interaction. Obesity and smoking are both time-varying exposures that are subject to time-varying confounding. As such, using standard analytic methods will result in biased results. We fit a joint marginal structural model to avoid the bias that can occur with standard adjustment of time-varying confounders affected by prior exposure. The findings from this study demonstrated that obesity and smoking are both harmful exposures, independently and jointly, and the interaction between these exposures is sub-additive and sub-multiplicative. Finally, we evaluated the influence of selection bias on the relationship between obesity, cardiovascular risk factors, and all-cause mortality following an acute cardiac event. We used inverse probability of censoring weights (IPCW) to account for selection bias due to pre-hospital mortality. Results from weighted and unweighted analyses demonstrated a positive, graded relationship between number of CVD risk factors and mortality. Comparison of IPCW weighted and unweighted results provided evidence that failing to account for selection bias results in attenuated risk ratios for the effect of CVD risk factors on mortality. In this thesis we have identified several important sources of selection bias to consider in studies of obesity, CVD risk factors, and mortality. The results of these studies make important methodological and substantive contributions to the scientific literature. These findings contribute to the advancement of epidemiologic methods by demonstrating the application of three different tools to account for selection bias in epidemiologic research. It is important for clinicians and public health practitioners to recognize that studies claiming to have found a protective effect of obesity may be affected by selection bias. The analyses presented in this thesis demonstrate that selection bias is a plausible explanation for the apparent obesity paradox. There is no basis to support changing current clinical practice guidelines or population-level obesity reduction strategies based on research claiming to have evidence of a protective effect of obesity. " --

Download or read book Clinical Guidelines on the Identification Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults written by Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults (U.S.) and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Of evidence-based recommendations -- Introduction -- Overweight and obesity: background -- Examination of randomized controlled trial evidence -- Treatment guidelines -- Summary of recommendations -- Future research.

Download or read book How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease written by United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 728 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report considers the biological and behavioral mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenicity of tobacco smoke. Many Surgeon General's reports have considered research findings on mechanisms in assessing the biological plausibility of associations observed in epidemiologic studies. Mechanisms of disease are important because they may provide plausibility, which is one of the guideline criteria for assessing evidence on causation. This report specifically reviews the evidence on the potential mechanisms by which smoking causes diseases and considers whether a mechanism is likely to be operative in the production of human disease by tobacco smoke. This evidence is relevant to understanding how smoking causes disease, to identifying those who may be particularly susceptible, and to assessing the potential risks of tobacco products.

Download or read book Obesity written by World Health Organization and published by World Health Organization. This book was released on 2000 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report issues a call for urgent action to combat the growing epidemic of obesity, which now affects developing and industrialized countries alike. Adopting a public health approach, the report responds to both the enormity of health problems associated with obesity and the notorious difficulty of treating this complex, multifactorial disease. With these problems in mind, the report aims to help policy-makers introduce strategies for prevention and management that have the greatest chance of success. The importance of prevention as the most sensible strategy in developing countries, where obesity coexists with undernutrition, is repeatedly emphasized. Recommended lines of action, which reflect the consensus reached by 25 leading authorities, are based on a critical review of current scientific knowledge about the causes of obesity in both individuals and populations. While all causes are considered, major attention is given to behavioural and societal changes that have increased the energy density of diets, overwhelmed sophisticated regulatory systems that control appetite and maintain energy balance, and reduced physical activity. Specific topics discussed range from the importance of fat content in the food supply as a cause of population-wide obesity, through misconceptions about obesity held by both the medical profession and the public, to strategies for dealing with the alarming prevalence of obesity in children. "... the volume is clearly written, and carries a wealth of summary information that is likely to be invaluable for anyone interested in the public health aspects of obesity and fatness, be they students, practitioner or researcher." - Journal of Biosocial Science