Download or read book The Impact of Partnership Factors on Adherence to HIV Pre Exposure Prophylaxis and Antiretroviral Therapy written by Zoe Gabriele Baker and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adherence to medications for HIV prevention and treatment is essential to reducing HIV transmission risk and improving health outcomes. Adherence to these medications remain insufficient in several key populations, however. Understanding how partnership types and dynamics may encourage or hinder HIV medication adherence is necessary to improving adherence rates among important sub-groups, including young men who have sex with men (YMSM), serodiscordant couples, and adolescent girls. My first paper identified the partnership and housing factors associated with adherence to oral PrEP among YMSM. PrEP adherence was relatively low in the study, declining from 46% at baseline to 39% at study conclusion. PrEP adherence was significantly associated with increasing age (OR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.60), and race (African-Americans vs. other OR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.66). Relationship type, length, and depth, number of partners, and partner's HIV status were not significantly associated with adherence. PrEP adherence was associated with housing insecurity, including ever being kicked out of the home (AOR=0.43; 95% CI: 0.18, 1.04), and the Housing Insecurity Index (AOR=0.64; 95% CI: 0.44, 0.93). PrEP adherence was also associated with privacy, including number of people living in the residence (AOR=0.82; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.95), sleeping in a private bedroom (AOR=2.10, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.40), and the Lack of Privacy Index (AOR=0.82; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.95). YMSM did not modify their PrEP-taking depending on relationship risk. Housing insecurity and lack of privacy may hinder PrEP adherence among YMSM. My second paper determined whether HIV viral suppression was associated with partnership status and partnership support among HIV-positive individuals and serodiscordant couples in Brazil. Viral suppression did not significantly differ between HIV-positive partnered (79% virally suppressed) and unpartnered (76% virally suppressed) individuals. Among individuals in partnerships, viral load suppression was significantly associated with having partners who attended monthly visits (AOR=2.99; 95% CI: 1.00, 8.93); among women in partnerships, viral load suppression was significantly associated with having a partner who actively reminded them to take ART (AOR=2.67; 95% CI: 1.04, 6.88). Practical measures of social support, including attending monthly visits and reminding a partner to take ART, may improve viral suppression among HIV-positive individuals in serodiscordant partnerships. My third paper assessed the product, relationship, and sex factors that affect acceptability of a vaginal ring (VR) for HIV prevention among adolescent girls aged 15 to 17 years. Product factors were most frequently mentioned as barriers to VR acceptability. Many participants reported concerns about the large size of the VR upon first impression, and some reported pain with VR insertion. Several participants reported concerns regarding cleanliness of the VR, particularly during menstruation. Relationship factors rarely appeared to act as barriers to VR acceptability; the majority of participants disclosed VR use to their sexual partners, and positive reactions from sexual partners regarding the VR were common. Emotional and/or physical discomfort surrounding VR use during sex was mentioned occasionally as a potentially barrier to VR acceptability. Relationship factors appear to be important in several populations for adherence to HIV-related medications. YMSM in high-risk sexual relationships may not modify PrEP-taking, leaving them at risk for HIV acquisition. Among serodiscordant couples, practical measures of partnership support may improve ART adherence and promote viral suppression. While adolescent girls most often reported that product-related factors inhibited VR acceptability, lack of partnership disclosure, negative partner reactions, and discomfort during sex may hinder VR acceptability among some girls.

Download or read book Disease Control Priorities Third Edition Volume 6 written by King K. Holmes and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 1027 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

Download or read book Understanding Factors that Influence Pre exposure Prophylaxis Efficacy for HIV 1 Prevention written by Pamela M. Murnane and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a promising new HIV-1 prevention strategy, with demonstrated efficacy from four randomized clinical trials. However, two trials of PrEP, both among heterosexual African women, did not find efficacy for protection against HIV-1. While adherence to PrEP has been proposed as the primary driver of the range of results across trials, other factors warrant investigation. This dissertation work contributes to our understanding of behavioral and biological factors that influence the effectiveness of PrEP and aims to inform PrEP implementation strategies. This dissertation was conducted within the Partners PrEP Study, a placebo-controlled, randomized trial of daily oral PrEP among 4747 heterosexual HIV-1 serodiscordant couples (one partner is infected with HIV-1 and the other partner is uninfected) in Kenya and Uganda which demonstrated high efficacy for two daily oral PrEP regimens, tenofovir alone and co-formulated tenofovir-emtricitabine. In a series of secondary analyses of data from the Partners PrEP Study, we evaluated the effect of PrEP among high-risk subgroups to determine whether efficacy was sustained in the context of high HIV exposure, we estimated the causal effect of PrEP when adherence was estimated to be high by applying multiple methods to correct for non-adherence in randomized trials, and we assessed whether PrEP adversely impacted hormonal contraceptive effectiveness for pregnancy prevention, as young women are a priority population for HIV prevention. The work presented here supports the hypothesis that the key driver of divergent PrEP trial results was adherence, and indicates that oral PrEP is highly effective for women and men, reducing HIV-1 risk by over 80% when estimated to have been used with high adherence. These analyses contribute to a more nuanced understanding of how PrEP works and inform guidelines for initiating PrEP among persons at risk of HIV-1 acquisition.

Download or read book The Association Between Sexual Behavior and Adherence to HIV Pre exposure Prophylaxis Medication in HIV Serodiscordant Couples written by Alexander Kintu and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: High levels of adherence have been identified as a key factor for effective pre-exposure prophylaxis medication (PrEP). Because PrEP is a new concept in HIV prevention, there are limited data on predictors of adherence, though initial findings indicate that sexual behavior could be an influencing factor. This study examines different aspects of sexual behavior and their associations with monthly rates and patterns of adherence. We enrolled 1147 HIV-negative individuals living in long-term serodiscordant relationships at three sites in Uganda. Sexual behavior was assessed via monthly in-person interviews and adherence was measured through electronic monitoring of pill bottle openings. We used generalized estimation equations to adjust for risk factors of low adherence to PrEP medication. Fifty-three percent of participants were male, 51% were aged between 18 and 34 years, the median number of years they had lived with the HIV-positive partner was 8.5 years and 24.2% were in polygamous relationships. Participants who had sex with other partners and also had less than 100% use of condoms were more than twice as likely to have less than 80% adherence (OR=2.48, 95%CI=1.70-3.62). Per electronic monitoring, 54.7% of cohort participants had at least one 72-hour consecutive gap in adherence. Participants who had sex with other partners and were also had also reported less than 100% use of condoms had a 50% increase in odds of having a 72-hour gap in adherence (OR=1.50, 95%CI=1.19-31.91). Low overall adherence and extended gaps in adherence were more common in participants that abstained from sex and those that reported sex outside their primary partnership. Despite high monthly adherence rates, many study participants had long periods of non-adherence during which they engaged in risky sexual behavior with potential for HIV acquisition.

Download or read book Migration induced HIV and AIDS in Rural Mozambique and Swaziland written by Jonathan Crush and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2010 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: South Africa's gold mining workforce has the highest prevalence rates of tuberculosis and HIV infection of any industrial sector in the country. The contract migrant labour system, which has long outlived apartheid, is responsible for this unacceptable situation. The spread of HIV to rural communities in Southern Africa is not well understood. The accepted wisdom is that migrants leave for the mines, engage in high-risk behaviour, contract the virus and return to infect their rural partners. This model fails to deal with the phenomenon of rural-rural transmission and cases of HIV discordance (when the female migrant is infected and the male migrant not). Nor does it reveal whether all rural partners are equally at risk of infection. This study examines the vulnerability of rural partners in southern Mozambique and southern Swaziland, which are two major source areas for migrant miners. It presents the results of surveys with miners and partners in these two sending-areas and affords the opportunity to compare two different mine-sending areas. The two areas are not only geographically and culturally different, they have had contrasting experiences with the mine labour system over the last two decades. The spread of HIV in Southern Africa in the 1990s coincided with major downsizing and retrenchment in the gold mining industry which impacted differently on Mozambique and Swaziland. Swaziland has been in decline as a source of mine migrants while Mozambique remained a relatively stable source of mine migrants. The study therefore aims not only to shed light on vulnerability in mine sending areas, but also to draw out any contrasts that might exist between two mine-sending areas that were inserted into the mine migrant labour system in different ways during the expansion of the HIV epidemic.

Download or read book New Approaches to HIV Prevention in African HIV Serodiscordant Couples written by Kathryn G. Curran and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation informs the future implementation of HIV prevention for HIV serodiscordant couples in Africa. The research objectives include: 1) reviewing effective HIV prevention interventions, 2) evaluating the use of daily short message service (SMS, i.e. text message) surveys to measure sex and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence, and 3) examining the acceptability of initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at higher CD4 counts, a powerful HIV prevention tool. After the necessary first step of HIV testing and counseling, HIV serodiscordant couples may be offered appropriate HIV prevention interventions, including condoms, male circumcision, treatment of sexually transmitted infections, and two recent biomedical strategies: initiation of ART by the HIV-infected partner and PrEP by the HIV-uninfected partner. Importantly, the widespread implementation and effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions requires understanding and encouraging behaviors for acceptance, adherence, and correct use. We conducted a prospective study of HIV-related behaviors and qualitative research to answer key implementation questions regarding the feasibility of PrEP and acceptability of early ART among HIV serodiscordant couples. Within a clinical trial of PrEP, we evaluated the use of daily SMS surveys to examine patterns in sexual behavior and PrEP use. Daily SMS data collection was acceptable, obtained high response rates, and provided an assessment of temporal patterns of HIV risk behaviors and PrEP use over a 60-day period. Participants were more likely to adhere to daily PrEP doses when they were sexually-active, PrEP use was not associated with unprotected sex, and anticipating sex was difficult. In addition, HIV risk behaviors were reported on more days through daily SMS surveys compared to monthly interviewer-administered questionnaires, highlighting the potential of SMS to collect more accurate self-reported data. SMS may offer a new method for measuring and promoting behaviors related to HIV risk and adherence as well as enhancing communication between patients and providers. Qualitative research with HIV serodiscordant couples familiar with HIV prevention methodologies highlighted common perceived advantages and concerns related to early initiation of ART, and an important conceptualization of ART as the "final stage" before dying. This negative meaning of ART initiation poses a challenge to acceptance of early ART and indicates that new messages regarding ART initiation are needed. These new messages should emphasize the benefits of HIV prevention and maintaining good health; acknowledge concerns such as side effects and life-long adherence; and ultimately, portray a positive image of individuals on ART. Social and behavioral factors, in particular sustained adherence as well as individual and community acceptance, will be fundamental to successful implementation of early ART and PrEP and should remain a focus of HIV prevention and treatment

Download or read book Problem solving Therapy written by Thomas J. D'Zurilla and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 1999 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection written by World Health Organization and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

Download or read book Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pre Exposure Prophylaxis Against HIV written by Max Von Kleist and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Download or read book Handbook of Antimicrobial Resistance written by Matthias Gotte and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While many volumes have been written about various aspects of antimicrobial resistance, this book is a comprehensive reference work. All manifestations of resistance are addressed: viral; bacterial, parasitical and fungal are given dedicated sections. The underlining molecular mechanisms, which depend not only on the microbe but on the specific drug (target), are highly diverse. This work discusses and compares the biological, biochemical and structural aspects of resistance and its evolution.

Download or read book Just Die Quietly Domestic Violence and Women s Vulnerability to HIV in Uganda written by Lisa Karanja and published by Human Rights Watch. This book was released on 2003 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Private Choices and Public Health written by Tomas J. Philipson and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An economics professor and a federal judge point out that engaging in unprotected sex is a dangerous but pleasurable activity, like downhill skiing and mountain climbing, and that people weigh the risks and benefits when deciding whether or not to do it. The people setting up public health measures to combat the spread of AIDS, they say, are not taking this informed and often rational decision-making into account. Therefore, their predictions are off and their information campaigns are not only in effective, but may well be encouraging the disease's spread. They also look at the cost and benefits of research and education for the society as a whole. The book is bound to be controversial. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Download or read book HIV AIDS written by Nancy Dumais and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-02-22 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With increasing efficacy of antiretroviral therapy, HIV/AIDS has shifted from a disease with high mortality to a chronic illness with substantial longevity. However, researchers, physicians and social workers still face many challenges, and it is important to raise awareness on several aspects that people living with HIV/AIDS have to deal in their daily lives. This book has assembled an array of chapters on the medical, social and economic aspects of HIV/AIDS. The chapters were written by experts from around the globe reflecting the importance of the topic. This book will be of great interest not only to graduate students but also to active academics and practitioners.

Download or read book HIV AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On written by Poul Rohleder and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-09-01 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much has happened since the first appearance of AIDS in 1981: it has been identified, studied, and occasionally denied. The virus has shifted host populations and spread globally. Medicine, the social sciences, and world governments have joined forces to combat and prevent the disease. And South Africa has emerged as ground zero for the pandemic. The editors of HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On present the South African crisis as a template for addressing the myriad issues surrounding the epidemic worldwide, as the book brings together a widely scattered body of literature, analyzes psychosocial and sexual aspects contributing to HIV transmission and prevention, and delves into complex intersections of race, gender, class, and politics. Including largely overlooked populations and issues (e.g., prisoners, persons with disabilities, stigma), as well as challenges shaping future research and policy, the contributors approach their topics with rare depth, meticulous research, carefully drawn conclusions, and profound compassion. Among the topics covered: The relationship between HIV and poverty, starting from the question, "Which is the determinant and which is the consequence?" Epidemiology of HIV among women and men: concepts of femininity and masculinity, and gender inequities as they affect HIV risk; gender-specific prevention and intervention strategies. The impact of AIDS on infants and young children: risk and protective factors; care of children by HIV-positive mothers; HIV-infected children. Current prevention and treatment projects, including local-level responses, community-based work, and VCT (voluntary counseling and testing) programs. New directions: promoting circumcision, vaccine trials, "positive prevention." South Africa’s history of AIDS denialism. The urgent lessons in this book apply both globally and locally, making HIV/AIDS in South Africa 25 Years On uniquely instructive and useful for professionals working in HIV/AIDS and global public health.

Download or read book HIV AIDS in Latin America and the Caribbean written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Guide to the Clinical Care of Women with HIV written by Jean R. Anderson and published by DIANE Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 2005 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRODUCT ITEM -OVERSRTOCK SALE-- Significantly reduced price. Edited by Jean R. Anderson. This guide addresses the health care needs unique to women with HIV. It targets clinicians who provide primary care to women as well as those seeking an understanding of how to take care of women with HIV/AIDS. This guide includes tables, figures, color plates, resources, references, and indices. This 2005 edition includes new chapters on international issues and nutrition. Edge indexed."

Download or read book Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management written by Michael H. Antoni and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-09-10 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Living with HIV can be stressful, which can affect both your emotional and physical well-being. You may feel a loss of control over your life, socially isolated, or anxious and depressed. Studies have shown that prolonged stress can negatively impact the immune system, making it less effective in fighting illness. If you are concerned about the impact stress has on your life and on your health, this book can help you learn to relax and manage stress more effectively. This book presents a group treatment program that has been scientifically proven to reduce stress in individuals living with HIV. Written by the developers of this groundbreaking program, this workbook is based on the principles of Cognitive-Behavioral Stress Management (CBSM). You will learn a variety of relaxation techniques, all designed to help you reduce tension and stress. As you become more aware of stress and its effects, stress management skills will increase your ability to cope. This workbook comes complete with user-friendly monitoring forms and homework exercises designed to help reinforce the skills learned in group. It also includes instructions for relaxation practice that will remain useful long after you've completed the program. Used in conjunction with the group program described in the corresponding facilitator guide, this workbook will help you successfully manage stress and lead a more healthy life. TreatmentsThatWorkTM represents the gold standard of behavioral healthcare interventions! · All programs have been rigorously tested in clinical trials and are backed by years of research · A prestigious scientific advisory board, led by series Editor-In-Chief David H. Barlow, reviews and evaluates each intervention to ensure that it meets the highest standard of evidence so you can be confident that you are using the most effective treatment available to date · Our books are reliable and effective and make it easy for you to provide your clients with the best care available · Our corresponding workbooks contain psychoeducational information, forms and worksheets, and homework assignments to keep clients engaged and motivated · A companion website (www.oup.com/us/ttw) offers downloadable clinical tools and helpful resources · Continuing Education (CE) Credits are now available on select titles in collaboration with PsychoEducational Resources, Inc. (PER)