Download or read book The Impact of Mechanical Leaf Removal on Grapevine Physiology Ripening related Phytohormone Biology and Fruit Quality in vitis Vinifera L Merlot written by Joshua VanderWeide and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Removal of basal leaves early in the vegetative and reproductive development of grapevines is a tool used to decrease fruit set, lower cluster rot severity, and improve fruit quality. However, the considerable time required for implementation limits its use by grape growers. Efficient mechanization can potentially mitigate these issues, studies are lacking in a cool climate setting where short seasons and humid summers limit grape production. Therefore, the goal of these studies were to compare mechanical leaf removal with the manual removal of six leaves at the pre-bloom and after-bloom phenological stages over two seasons in Pinot Grigio, a tight-clustered cultivar susceptible to bunch rot, and Merlot, which reaches suboptimal fruit quality in some seasons. For Pinot Grigio (Chapter 3), the loss of fruit to gray mold was lowered by all leaf removal treatments in the drier 2017 season, but only manual treatments mitigated loss from sour rot in that year. This indicates that a clear fruit zone and reduced cluster compactness are both needed to lower the effect of cluster rot disease. Only pre-bloom treatments enhanced fruit quality, likely driven by a similar reduction in cluster compactness. The results suggest that mechanical leaf removal at pre-bloom may be used to enhance fruit total soluble solids, while pre-bloom manual removal can be an effective means to reduce fruit loss to sour rot severity.For Merlot (Chapter 4), berry total soluble solids were highest with pre-bloom mechanical treatment. Furthermore, metabolomics analysis revealed that this treatment favored the accumulation of significantly more disubstituted anthocyanins and flavonols and OH-substituted anthocyanins compared with manual application. Given that vine balance was similar between treatments, increased ripening with PB-ME is likely due to enhanced microclimate conditions and higher carbon partitioning through a younger canopy containing basal leaf fragments proximal to fruit. Despite these results, it was not clear which factor was controlling the increase in fruit quality in response to pre-bloom mechanical leaf removal. In Chapter 5, an experiment was established where 60% of leaf area was removed from shoots in three ways: 1) manual removal of 5 leaves (PB-MA), 2) mechanical removal (PB-ME), and 3) simulated mechanical removal (PB-SIM), which was implemented to understand whether PB-ME improves fruit quality via enhanced microclimate conditions, or stress. Major phenylpropanoid classes were enhanced by PB-ME, however neither ABA nor ethylene were similarly altered, suggesting their lack of involvement in promoting phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in response to ELR. Instead, the leaf area at nodes above the fruit-zone was lower in PB-ME compared to C, which increased post-veraison fruit temperature (+2.8°C). These parameters correlated with anthocyanins at harvest. In conclusion, skin phenylpropanoid concentrations are influenced by canopy density above the fruit-zone. Finally, in Chapter 6, the influence of vine balance and light exposure on fruit quality parameters were compared in two locations (Michigan, Italy). Primary metabolism was not significantly altered with the excepting of titratable acidity being decreased by LR8 having the greatest light exposure during ripening. Flavonol biosynthesis was significantly altered by light exposure in both locations, but not by vine balance. The results indicate that fruit exposure to light, rather than source-to-sink balance has a greater influence on flavonoid biosynthesis in grape berries.

Download or read book Grapevine in a Changing Environment written by Hernâni Gerós and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-10-05 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically the most important fruit species in the world. Over the last decades many scientific advances have led to understand more deeply key physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. However, our knowledge on how grapevines respond to environmental stimuli and deal with biotic and abiotic stresses is still fragmented. Thus, this area of research is wide open for new scientific and technological advancements. Particularly, in the context of climate change, viticulture will have to adapt to higher temperatures, light intensity and atmospheric CO2 concentration, while water availability is expected to decrease in many viticultural regions, which poses new challenges to scientists and producers. With Grapevine in a Changing Environment, readers will benefit from a comprehensive and updated coverage on the intricate grapevine defense mechanisms against biotic and abiotic stress and on the new generation techniques that may be ultimately used to implement appropriate strategies aimed at the production and selection of more adapted genotypes. The book also provides valuable references in this research area and original data from several laboratories worldwide. Written by 63 international experts on grapevine ecophysiology, biochemistry and molecular biology, the book is a reference for a wide audience with different backgrounds, from plant physiologists, biochemists and graduate and post-graduate students, to viticulturists and enologists.

Download or read book Responses of Grapevines to Timing and Method of Leaf Removal written by Patricia Chalfant and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 89 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Several winegrapes grown in cool climates, including Vitis vinifera Cabernet Franc and Vitis sp. Chambourcin, benefit from crop reduction. The practice promotes timely fruit maturation and can improve fruit quality. Balanced pruning and cluster thinning are the cultural practices used to attain the desired crop load. However, crop reduction by cluster thinning is labor intensive, costly and typically not mechanized for winegrapes. In this study, the practice of early season leaf removal by hand and with a mechanized leaf remover is proposed as an alternate tool to reduce crop level, thereby optimizing crop load and fruit quality. The objectives were to determine the effects of the timing of leaf removal (pre-bloom, bloom, or fruitset) on yield components, crop load, fruit quality, and cold hardiness in Chambourcin and to 2) determine the effects of manual versus mechanical leaf removal at different phenological stages on yield components, growth, crop load, and fruit quality in Cabernet Franc. In Chambourcin, leaf removal at pre-bloom in 2010 and bloom in 2010 and 2011 reduced yield as compared to defoliation at fruitset and control (no removal). Early season leaf removal reduced crop load (Ravaz index) in both years. Defoliation at bloom increased bud lignification in both years and reduced bud injury in fall of 2010. Defoliation at pre-bloom reduced bud injury in winter in one of two years. In Cabernet Franc, manual leaf removal at pre-bloom and mechanical leaf removal at bloom reduced yield. Leaf removal had no negative effects on pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, or total phenolics in either cultivar in either year. Early season leaf removal can be used to control yield without negatively impacting growth, cluster compactness, disease incidence, fruit composition, or lignification. It is concluded that early season leaf removal is a viable alternative to cluster thinning as a method of yield reduction in Chambourcin. Early season mechanical leaf removal is a viable alternative to manual leaf removal.

Download or read book Ome wide Studies of Grapevine Fruit Composition and Responses to Agro environmental Factors in the Era of Systems Biology written by José Tomás Matus and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fruits play a substantial role in the human diet as a source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber and a wide range of molecules relevant to health promotion and disease prevention. The characterization of genes involved in the accumulation of these molecules during fruit development and ripening, and in the overall plant’s response to the environment, constitutes a fundamental step for improving yield- and quality-related traits, and for predicting this crop’s behavior in the field. This is certainly the case for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.), one of the most largely cultivated fruit crops in the world. The cultivation of this species is facing challenging scenarios driven by climate change – including increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), solar radiation, and earth surface temperature, and decreases of water and nutrient availability. All these events will potentially affect the grapevine phenology, physiology, and metabolism in many growing regions and ultimately affect the quality of their fruits and of the most important derived product, the wine. The sequencing of the grapevine genome has given rise to a new era, characterized by the generation of large-scale data that requires complex computational analyses. Numerous transcriptomic and metabolomic studies have been performed in the past fifteen years, providing insights into the gene circuits that control the accumulation of all sorts of metabolites in grapevines. From now on, the integration of two or more ‘omics’ will allow depicting gene-transcript-metabolite networks from a more holistic (i.e. systems) perspective. This eBook attempts to support this new direction, by gathering innovative studies that assess the impact of genotypes, the environment, and agronomical practices on fruits at the ‘ome’-scale. The works hereby collected are part of a Research Topic covering the use of ‘omics’-driven strategies to understand how environmental factors and agronomical practices – including microclimate modification (e.g. sunlight incidence or temperature), water availability and irrigation, and postharvest management – affect fruit development and composition. These studies report well-settled transcriptomic and metabolomic methods, in addition to newly-developed techniques addressing proteome profiles, genome methylation landscapes and ionomic signatures, some of which attempt to tackle the influence of terroir, i.e. the synergic effect of (micro)climate, soil composition, grape genotype, and vineyard practices. A few reviews and opinions are included that focus on the advantages of applying network theory in grapevine research. Studies on vegetative organs in their relation to fruit development and on fruit-derived cell cultures are also considered.

Download or read book Responses of Grapevine Physiology and Fruit Chemistry to Environmental Stimuli of Abiotic and Biotic Origin written by Andrew David Harner and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental stimuli from different abiotic and biotic origins can influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry at different scales, with downstream effects on wine chemistry and quality. These stimuli can originate at the macroscale (region), mesoscale (vineyard), and microscale (plant), and can interact in their influence upon wine grape production. Wine grape growers are limited in their ability to control factors at the macro- and mesoscale, while the microscale is more easily managed to ensure quality grape production; for example, while grape growers cannot change regional weather conditions or trends, various management methods can be implemented to influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry for quality wine production. The goal of this dissertation is to address this theme and investigate how different abiotic and biotic stimuli may influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry at different scales. This dissertation includes four chapters that investigated how environmental stimuli of abiotic and biotic origin influence grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry. In the first chapter, data was collected on 23 weather- and plant-related variables at nine different Grüner Veltliner (Grüner V.; Vitis vinifera L.) vineyards within a large geographic region for three years to determine how these variables influenced the volatile and non-volatile phenolic composition of Grüner V. wines. The second chapter assessed pre-bloom early leaf removal (ELR) and how increasing carbon limitation related to increasing ELR severities affects Grüner V. production parameters, fruit maturity, and volatile composition. Grüner V. is new grapevine variety to wine producing regions of the eastern U.S., and little is known about optimal production practices for Grüner V. grape and wine production. The guiding objectives of these two studies were to address this knowledge gap by determining the main weather- and plant-related drivers of Grüner V. wine volatile and phenolic composition and identifying an optimal ELR severity for highly vegetative Grüner V. that balances improvements in fruit and juice quality with penalties on vine yield and viability. Chapters three and four evaluated the responses of grapevine resource allocation and physiology to repeated phloem-feeding by increasing population densities of SLF and if physiological responses vary at different scales (i.e., single-leaf vs. whole-plant) and in time. The third chapter targeted how single-leaf gas exchange and end-of-season allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources are affected by SLF. The fourth chapter assessed the responses of whole-vine hydraulic functioning and vascular dynamics, and if SLF phloem-feeding induces similar responses at the whole-vine scale as those measured at the single-leaf scale in the first SLF chapter. Since SLF is a novel invasive insect pest that already has dealt economically relevant damage to Pennsylvania grape and wine producers, the objectives of these chapters were to determine how SLF phloem-feeding affects fundamental aspects of grapevine functioning and if grapevine responses change due to adult SLF population densities. This knowledge can subsequently be used to assist with development of economic action thresholds for SLF management in vineyard systems. In the first chapter, a combination of weather- and plant-related variables explained a high degree of variation measured in the volatile composition of Grüner V. wines produced from different vineyards within a large region, while phenolic composition was explained to a lower degree. Despite the high degree of variation in volatile composition that was explained by weather- and plant-related variables, the overall vintage effect was a stronger influence on wine volatile composition than variation in these variables among vineyards, at least for the volatile compounds measured. The second chapter illustrated how ELR can be an effective tool for improving fruit quality and altering juice volatile composition in Grüner V., while highlighting how high ELR severities (i.e., 8-12 leaves shoot-1) can negatively impact vine yield across years. The third and fourth chapters show how medium-to-high SLF densities (8-15 SLF shoot-1) can reduce grapevine gas exchange and whole-vine hydraulic functioning, while altering resource allocation dynamics by reducing the concentrations of belowground carbon storage reserves and driving an accumulation of carbon in aboveground tissues instead. These chapters also identified tissue-specific effects of SLF phloem-feeding on xylem and phloem tissues, namely by identifying and visualizing SLF-inflicted feeding damage localized to the phloem tissues while detecting shifts in diurnal tissue radius dynamics that reflect reduced xylem water flow and likely altered phloem carbon dynamics. Overall, these four chapters highlight how environmental stimuli from abiotic and biotic origins can affect grapevine physiology and fruit chemistry.

Download or read book The Science of Grapevines written by Markus Keller and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-01-19 with total page 522 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Science of Grapevines: Anatomy and Physiology is an introduction to the physical structure of the grapevine, its various organs, their functions and their interactions with the environment. Beginning with a brief overview of the botanical classification (including an introduction to the concepts of species, cultivars, clones, and rootstocks), plant morphology and anatomy, and growth cycles of grapevines, The Science of Grapevines covers the basic concepts in growth and development, water relations, photosynthesis and respiration, mineral uptake and utilization, and carbon partitioning. These concepts are put to use to understand plant-environment interactions including canopy dynamics, yield formation, and fruit composition, and concludes with an introduction to stress physiology, including water stress (drought and flooding), nutrient deficiency and excess, extreme temperatures (heat and cold), and the impact and response to of other organisms. Based on the author’s years of teaching grapevine anatomy as well as his research experience with grapevines and practical experience growing grapes, this book provides an important guide to understanding the entire plant. Chapter 7 broken into two chapters, now "Environmental Constraints and Stress Physiology and Chapter 8 "Living with Other Organisms" to better reflect specific concepts Integration of new research results including: Latest research on implementing drip irrigation to maximize sugar accumulation within grapes Effect of drought stress on grapevine’s hydraulic system and options for optimum plant maintenance in drought conditions The recently discovered plant hormone – strigolactones – and their contribution of apical dominance that has suddenly outdated dogma on apical dominance control Chapter summaries added Key literature references missed in the first edition as well as references to research completed since the 1e publication will be added

Download or read book Impact of Irrigation Levels During the Latter Stages of Fruit Ripening on the Yield Components Physiology and Berry and Wine Composition of Vitis Vinifera L written by Martin Mendez-Costabel and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Effects of Leaf Removal on Fruit Composition and Yield of Wine Grapes written by Andrew Martin Bledsoe and published by . This book was released on 1986 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impact of Different Irrigation Strategies on Grapes and Wine Quality of Four Grapevine Cultivars Vitis Sp in Cool Climate Conditions An Investigation Into the Relationships Among ABA Water Status Grape Cultivar and Wine Quality written by Gabriel Balint and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Effects of UV B Radiation on Grapevine Vitis Vinifera Cv Tempranillo Leaf Physiology and Berry Composition Framed Within the Climate Change Scenario water Deficit Elevated CO2 and Elevated Temperature written by Johann Martinez Lüscher and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of the thesis was to assess the effect of UV-B radiation on grapevine Vitis viniferacv. Tempranillo leaf physiology and grape berry composition, framed within the climatechange scenario. Experiments were conducted under glasshouse controlled conditions withfruit-bearing cuttings. Plants were exposed to three UV-B biologically effective doses (0,5.98, 9.66 kJ m-2 d-1) either from fruit set or veraison to maturity. The combined effects of UVand water deficit, as well as, UV-B and elevated CO2-temperature (700ppm, +4oC), appliedfrom fruit set to maturity were also tested. Gas exchange, Chlorophyll a fluorescence, lipidperoxidation, antioxidant enzyme activity, UV-B absorbing compound levels and chlorophylland carotenoid concentration were determined in leaves. Berry development was assessedquantitatively (e.g. elapsed time to reach phenological stages). Amino acid, anthocyanin andflavonol concentrations and profiles were analyzed in berries, as well as, transcript profilingof regulatory and structural genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis.The results show that initial down-regulation of photosynthesis was followed by anacclimation, mediated by the accumulation of UV-B absorbing compounds and antioxidantresponse elicitation (flavonoids and antioxidant enzymes). Water deficit and elevated CO2-temperature did not alter UV-B acclimation process, however, UV-B did led to certain degreeof cross-tolerance to elevated CO2-temperature, avoiding the senescence-induced oxidativedamage. Berry technological maturity (ca. 22oBrix) was delayed by UV-B exposure and waterdeficit, especially when combined, whereas it was hastened by elevated CO2-temperature. Inthe last case, UV-B attenuated the effect of elevated CO2 and temperature. Changes in berryripening rates were associated with changes in photosynthetic performance.UV-B radiation and water deficit induced lower grape must acidity, mediated by increases inrelative skin mass or potassium levels rather than a decrease in organic acid concentration.In addition this increase in relative skin mass may have contributed to higher anthocyaninconcentration in the must. Grape berry skin flavonol and anthocyanin concentration wasincreased by UV-B, mainly due to the up-regulation of the structural (CHS, F3'H, FLS, UFGTand GST) and regulatory genes (MYBF1 and MYBA1) committed to their synthesis.Quantitative changes in flavonol concentration induced by UV-B were always associated withqualitative changes in flavonol profile (i.e. increased relative abundance of mono- anddisubstituted flavonols), as a result of the competition of FLS with flavonoid hydroxylases(F3'H and F3'5'H) for the same substrates. The independent up-regulation of FLS and F3'5'Hby UV-B radiation and water deficit, respectively, resulted in an intaractive effect on theflavonol B ring hydroxylation pattern. Under elevated CO2-temperature anthocyanin-sugaraccumulation was decoupled. However, UV-B partially alleviated this uncoupling by upregulatinganthocyanin biosynthesis and modulating berry ripening rates.UV-B radiation greatly influenced grapevine leaf physiology and berry composition. Theseresponses to UV-B were modulated, to a greater or lesser extent, by other factors linked toclimate change (water availability, atmospheric CO2 levels and temperature).

Download or read book The Biochemistry of the Grape Berry written by Hernâni Gerós and published by Bentham Science Publishers. This book was released on 2012 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Grapes (Vitis spp.) are economically significant fruit species. Many scientific advances have been achieved in understanding physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of grape berry maturation. Some of these advances have led to the improvement of"

Download or read book Postharvest Biology and Technology for Preserving Fruit Quality written by Daniel Valero and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2010-05-12 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in the postharvest behavior of fruits and vegetables has a history as long as mankind's. Once we moved past mere survival, the goal of postharvest preservation research became learning how to balance consumer satisfaction with quantity and quality while also preserving nutritional quality. A comprehensive overview of new postharvest techno

Download or read book Grapevine Age Impact on Physiology and Berry and Wine Quality written by Khalil Bou Nader and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Biochemistry of Fruit Ripening written by G.B. Seymour and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 461 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is over 20 years since the publication of A.c. Hulme's two volume text on The Biochemistry of Fruits and thei.r Products. Whilst the bulk of the information contained in that text is still relevant it is true to say that our understanding of the biochemical and genetic mech

Download or read book Grapevine Molecular Physiology Biotechnology written by Kalliopi A. Roubelakis-Angelakis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-06-04 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Grapevine is one of the most widely cultivated plant species worldwide. With the publication of the grapevine genome sequence in 2007, a new horizon in grapevine research has unfolded. Thus, we felt that a new edition of ‘Molecular Biology & Biotechnology of the Grapevine’ could expand on all the latest scientific developments. In this edition and with the aid of 73 scientists from 15 countries, ten chapters describe new aspects of Grapevine Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology and eleven chapters have been revised and updated. This book is intended to be a reference book for researchers, scientists and biotechnological companies, who want to be updated in viticultural research, but also it can be used as a textbook for graduate and undergraduate students, who are interested in the Molecular Biology and Biotechnology of Plants with an emphasis on the Grapevine.

Download or read book Early Fruit zone Leaf Removal in Eastern Washington written by Brittany Lynn Komm and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Influence of Basal Leaf Removal and Cropping Level on Growth Yield Cold Hardiness and Bud Fruitfulness in Seyval Grapevines Vitis Sp written by Maria Teresa Franco de Barros and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: