Download or read book The Impact and Public Health Implications of Endocrine Pharmaceuticals in Ground Water Wastewater and Drinking Water written by Jeffrey Hall Dobken and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water written by Peter Weyer and published by American Water Works Association. This book was released on 2001 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the potential implications of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) for drinking water and wastewater utilities. Based on an April 2000 workshop held in Chicago, the report overviews various perspectives on identifying and measuring compounds of interest, possible public health impacts, water treatment options, and risk perception and communication issues. The resulting research needs are outlined. An appendix provides abstracts of the lectures delivered. No index. c. Book News Inc.
Download or read book Endocrine disrupting Chemicals in Drinking Water written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Energy and Environment and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book State of Knowledge of Endocrine Disruptors and Pharmaceuticals in Drinking Water written by S. Snyder and published by International Water Assn. This book was released on 2009 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this project was to develop a con
Download or read book Endocrine Disrupters in Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes written by Jason W. Birkett and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-11-25 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) have been shown to produce changes in the endocrine system of organisms, leading to increases in cancers and abnormalities in reproductive structure and function. This book presents research on the endocrine-disrupting effects of sewage and industrial effluents, covering the sources, fate, and transport of EDCs
Download or read book Psychiatric Pharmaceuticals as Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater written by Bruna Silva and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-06-25 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes how psychiatric pharmaceuticals, namely antidepressants, anxiolytics, sedatives and hypnotics are among the most prescribed active substances due to the higher occurrence of psychiatric disorders throughout the world. It goes on to demonstrate how patients’ excretion of the active compounds along with several metabolites is considered to be the main pathway for the occurrence of these emerging pollutants in wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface and drinking water, soils and sediments. Further chapters are devoted to an exploration of these pharmaceuticals’ high persistence, toxicity and intrinsic biological activity, which can affect the nervous and endocrine systems of terrestrial and aquatic non-target organisms, the dissemination of these compounds in environment matrices and the growing number of associated problems and concerns. The remainder of the book describes how conventional wastewater treatment processes are generally inefficient when it comes to the removal of this type of pollutants, giving rise to the demand for implementing alternative or complementary treatment technologies. Extensive research studies on the efficiency of the degradation and/or removal of these pollutants are summarized, and adsorption, membrane and advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are proposed. Given its content and structure, the book offers a concise summary of the most significant findings on psychiatric pharmaceutical removal in wastewater.
Download or read book Endocrine Disrupters written by Polyxeni Nicolopoulou-Stamati and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-14 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During recent decades, millions of tonnes of man-made chemicals have been produced and released into the environment, with very little safety testing. Many of these chemical substances have been found to interfere with the endocrine system and modulate its function. This book not only overviews the effects of endocrine/disrupting substances on human health, but also addresses the regulatory problems from the point of view of international organisations, including the WHO, the EU, and the European Chlorine Industry. This volume contains the proceedings of a workshop held at the International Hippocrates Foundation on Kos Island, Greece, in September 1999. The workshop was part of the activities of the ASPIS project, which aims at raising awareness of environmental health impacts among multidisciplinary groups. The contributions to this volume are the result of the interaction of participants at the workshop. As such, it addresses the issue of endocrine disrupters from many different points of view and allows the subject to be approached by a multidisciplinary readership, including: decision makers, medical doctors, environmental experts, post/and undergraduate students, lawyers, engineers, and journalists.
Download or read book Human Pharmaceuticals in the Environment written by Bryan W. Brooks and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-06-08 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human interaction with the environment remains one of the most pervasive facets of modern society. In a world characterized by rapid population growth, unprecedented global trade and digital communications, energy security, natural resource scarcities, climatic changes and environmental quality, emerging diseases and public health, biodiversity and habitat modifications are routinely touted by the popular press as they canvas global political agendas and scholarly endeavors.
Download or read book Environmental Health written by U.s. Government Accountability Office and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-17 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Drinking water in some metropolitan areas contains concentrations of pharmaceuticals, raising concerns about their potential impact on human health. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to regulate contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, in public drinking water systems if they may adversely affect human health among other criteria. Pharmaceuticals may enter drinking water supplies from several pathways, including discharge from wastewater facilities. GAO was asked to provide information on the (1) extent to which pharmaceuticals occur in drinking water and their effects, if any, on human health; (2) U.S. and other countries' approaches to reducing their occurrence; and (3) challenges, if any, that EPA faces in determining whether to regulate pharmaceuticals. GAO reviewed federal and peer-reviewed reports, and surveyed a nonprobability sample of five U.S. programs designed to properly dispose of pharmaceuticals. We selected these programs based on geographic diversity and program characteristics. We also researched such programs in two countries, and interviewed scientists and agency officials."
Download or read book Health Effects of Drinking Water Contaminants written by Edward J. Calabrese and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1989-06-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new book evaluates the risks and benefits of the widely used types of drinking water treatment technologies, based on assessment and comparison of chemicals used in treatment, by-products of chemicals, and non-treatment. This valuable material was prepared by independent experts in drinking water treatment technology and toxicology, in conjunction with EPA.
Download or read book Endocrine disrupting Properties of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products PPCPS written by Manahil Monshi and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thousands of chemicals have introduced into the environment as a result of human activity since the industrial revolution, and the U.S. Government Accountability Office has estimated that as many as 1,500 new chemical entities are synthesized each year ("Key Issues: Toxic Chemicals - High Risk Issue," 2017). Many of these chemicals are now found in surface water and ground water and can have detrimental effects on environmental health and on human health. This anthropogenic contamination has resulted in the labeling of the diverse array of chemicals found in water, which are not routinely monitored or regulated, as contaminants of emerging concern or CECs. Some of the CECs of greatest concern are those capable of disrupting endocrine system function. The endocrine system of humans and wildlife is designed to be very sensitive to endogenous signaling molecules we call hormones. Exogenous chemicals that can mimic or augment the signaling by hormones are capable of disrupting the normal function of endocrine systems, and this subset of CECs has been called endocrine disrupting chemicals or EDCs. EDCs can have a broad range of deleterious impacts on biological function and can affect development and reproduction, and cause cancer. Although EDC effects have been reported in the literature, the number of newly released and existing chemicals in the environment underscores the need for better EDC detection tools. Some of the most commonly observed evidence for endocrine disruption in the environment comes from the observation of feminized male fish or altered sex ratios with fewer males downstream of wastewater effluent outfalls. Evidence strongly suggests that these EDC effects are due to the estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic influence of chemical contaminants in the water. Some of the known or suspected EDCs fall into the category of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).
Download or read book Health Effects of Drinking Water Contaminants written by Edward J. Calabrese and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-10-28 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new book evaluates the risks and benefits of the widely used types of drinking water treatment technologies, based on assessment and comparison of chemicals used in treatment, by-products of chemicals, and non-treatment. This valuable material was prepared by independent experts in drinking water treatment technology and toxicology, in conjunction with EPA.
Download or read book Generations at Risk written by Ted Schettler and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1999 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Compelling evidence suggests that human exposure to some toxic chemicals can have lifelong and even intergenerational effects on reproduction and development. Generations at Risk presents compelling evidence that human exposure to some toxic chemicals can have lifelong and even intergenerational effects on human reproduction and development. The result of a collaboration involving public health professionals, physicians, environmental educators, and policy advocates, this book examines how scientific, social, economic, and political systems may fail to protect us from environmental and occupational toxicants. It is an important sourcebook for those concerned about their own health and that of their loved ones, as well as for medical and public health workers, community activists, policymakers, and industrial decision makers.
Download or read book Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater Hazards and Policy Responses written by Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) and published by IWA Publishing. This book was released on 2020-07-15 with total page 138 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report calls for a better understanding of the effects of pharmaceutical residues in the environment, greater international collaboration and accountability distribution, and policy actions to prevent and remedy emerging concerns. Laboratory and field tests show traces of oral contraceptives causing the feminisation of fish and amphibians, and residues of psychiatric drugs altering fish behaviour. Antimicrobial resistance, linked to the overuse of antibiotics, has rapidly escalated into a global health crisis. Unless adequate measures are taken to manage the risks, pharmaceutical residues will increasingly be released into the environment as ageing populations, advances in healthcare, and intensification of meat and fish production spur the demand for pharmaceuticals worldwide. The report outlines a collective, life‑cycle approach to managing pharmaceuticals in the environment. A policy mix of source‑directed, use‑orientated and end‑of‑pipe measures, involving several policy sectors, can help to improve health and protect the environment.
Download or read book The Endocrine Disruptors written by Maria Marino and published by . This book was released on 2007-01-01 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, it has become evident that many chemicals present in the environment can mimic, antagonize or alter the physiological actions of endogenous hormones. These compounds have been termed endocrine disrupters (EDs) and defined as exogenous substances that cause adverse health effects in an intact organism or in its progeny, consequent to changes in endocrine function [1]. EDs, even when present in minute amounts (part per trillion), could interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones responsible for homeostasis maintenance, reproduction, and developmental processes [2]. Currently more than 100 chemicals have been identified as EDs. Within this heterogeneous group of molecules we find: (a) synthetic chemicals used in industry, agriculture, and consumer products; (b) synthetic chemicals used as pharmaceutical drugs; and (c) natural chemicals found in human and animal food. About half of these compounds are substituted with halogen groups, mostly chlorine and bromine, and include dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, methoxychlor, dieldrin, and hexachlorocyclohexane. EDs have long environmental half-life resulting in a continue increase of their global concentration in the environment and can be detected and may concentrate at great distances from where they are produced, used or released. EDs have very low water solubility and extremely high lipid solubility, leading to their bioaccumulation in adipose tissue. Exposure to EDs can occur from a number of different sources: humans and animals can be exposed involuntarily by drinking contaminated polluted water, breathing contaminated air, ingesting food, contacting contaminated soil or even in the workplace. Although endocrine disruption has only received high-profile attention for just over a decade [2], the phenomenon does have a longer historical background. In the early 1900s, pig farmers in the USA complained of fertility problems in swine herds fed on moldy grain [3], and concern was stimulated in the 1940s by reports of infertility in sheep grazing on certain clovers in Western Australia [4]. Over the following two decades, estrogenic actions were evidenced in birds [5] and in mammals [6] owing to the dissemination of the agrochemical orto-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), at the same time masculinization of bivalves and gastropods[7], with concomitant declines in population, was found in the 1970s with the introduction of tributyltin into antifouling paints for the boats, while feminization of fishes was observed in UK rivers in the presence of estrogenic components in sewage effluent [8]. Also the occurrence of genital abnormalities in both male and female alligators in Lake Apopka (FL, USA) were observed as effect of a spill of the pesticide difocol in 1980. After these first observations the scientific community increased the awareness of the consequences of exposure to chemicals which can interfere with reproductive functions [9]. Endocrine disruption in wildlife is now acknowledged to be a widespread problem, much resulting from environmental pollution, and, in the case of aquatic forms of wildlife, from the continuous exposure to these chemicals in the water. Extrapolation of the results of these researches on wildlife resulted in concern that the same compounds could interfere with hormone action in humans. Handling hazardous substances and the risk of exposure to chemicals are a painful part of modern life, as technology and science progress. Moreover, exposure to chemicals present in foods, at home, and at work is an important risk factor for human health, especially since our scientific knowledge is still not sufficient to ensure proper prevention. Nowadays there is justifiable concern that endocrine disruption could be the underlying cause of increasing female and male reproductive problems, thus endocrine disruption is one of the topics receiving much attention throughout all sectors of the society, and the debate between pharmaceutical companies and public health organisms is increasing. Both parts will call for urgent need of more research. The scientific challenge for the future is to identify the relevant real-life sources of exposure of the human population to endocrine-disrupting compounds and to find the appropriate remediation actions. This can be done: (a) by assessing the impact on human health of long-term, low-dose exposure to such chemicals; (b) by understanding the synergistic effects of the copious number of chemicals to which humans and animals are exposed; (c) by defining the variety of underlying mechanisms at molecular, cellular and physiological level, (d) by exploiting new technologies addressed to the remediation of the environment polluted by the presence of EDs, and (e) by designing and developing new sensors or biosensors capable of determining their concentration in traces. The review presented in this book has been written under the sponsorship of the Interuniversitary Consortium National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB) , constituted by 26 Public Italian Universities. INBB is stimulating the research on endocrine disruptors, by encouraging and coordinating joint research projects between its members and those of other Italian public scientific institutions. This book represents one of the results of the meeting The biological and clinical research on endocrine disruptors: current status and perspectives , held in Rome during 2005 from October 27 to 28 and organized by INBB and ISPESL (Istituto Superiore Prevenzione e Sicurezza del Lavoro). The first three chapters of this book review the EDs effects on natural population living in aquatic ecosystems where EDs, due to their lipophilicity, tend to concentrate in sediments and in food webs. The edible mussel Mytilus (Chapter 1), a marine bivalve that can accumulate large amounts of organic contaminants, represents a species of economical, ecological and public health-related interest. Amphibians (Chapter 2) are favourite models for studying various aspects of reproduction, development of the central nervous system and metamorphosis. Moreover, there is great concern about the EDs and the dramatic decline of wild amphibian populations. In Chapter 3 different species of fishes are considered as experimental models to analyze, by both genomic and proteomic approaches, the expression of key molecules involved in reproduction and in detoxification processes. The following two chapters focus on the EDs effects on thyroid functions and on the development of central mechanisms controlling reproduction. Wildlife observations in polluted areas clearly demonstrate a significant incidence of thyroid imbalance in several species. Several EDs are now known or suspected to be thyroid disruptors altering thyroid economy at multiple levels. These compounds may interfere with thyroid homeostasis through many mechanisms of action, at receptor level, in binding to transport proteins, in cellular uptake mechanisms or in modifying the metabolism of thyroid hormones. Chapter 4 offers a focus on endocrine disrupting activity of chemical compounds on thyroid function. The dimorphic control of reproductive functions depends on the ability of the central nervous system, particularly the hypothalamus, to respond properly to circulating reproductive hormones. This ability is acquired during a perinatal critical period, when the presence of different levels of sex steroid hormones in male and female fetuses/neonates induces a sex-specific morpho-functional development of the neuronal networks controlling reproduction. The perinatal stage is thus particularly sensitive to endogenous or exogenous substances that interfere with the activities of sex steroid hormones. Chapter 5 summarizes the current knowledge on the neuro-endocrine disrupting potential of the perinatal exposure to the major classes of EDs focusing the attention on animal studies aimed to identify the EDs action mechanisms and the resulting impairment of the reproductive behavior. Flavonoids are defined as naturally occurring molecules of plant origin, capable of acting as hormone mimetics or antagonists, but also as endocrine disruptors. Many of them have been marketed as dietary supplements or nutraceuticals with health claims, thus leading to significant increase in flavonoid consumption levels in the Western population. Even though several reports suggest for these compounds health-promoting effects in preventing age-related diseases such as atherosclerosis, hormone-dependent cancers, and osteoporosis, the mechanistic aspects of their activity have not been fully clarified and a wide consensus of the pros and cons of their use in humans has not been reached by the scientific community. Chapter 6 presents an overview of the state of the art of the knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying flavonoids estrogen-like activity. Feed additives represent a major issue for the safety of foods of animal origin, as they constitute the bulk of chemicals used in animal production. Feeds can also be a major vehicle for human dietary intake of persistent EDs (Chapter 7). Farm animals ingest these substances with food and drinking water and it is likely that the range of ingestion will increase in the future as growing amounts of sewage sludges are recycled onto agricultural land with an overall increase of environmental contamination exerting adverse effects on human health. Research on how the exposure to EDs affects human health in the work environment (Chapter 8) attracts increasing attention among international scientists. Certain workplaces pose particular problems as regards the potential risk connected to processes involving the use, manufacture and handling of these chemicals, and the type of job that puts workers at greatest risk of contact with them. Some EDCs represent occupational risk factors credibly capable of inducing hormone-dependent tumors. Occupational exposure to EDs is a highly complicated question: risk factors in the workplace must be identified; how they penetrate the body has to be established; confounding factors in everyday environments are numerous, and it is hard to make a definite diagnosis of their effects on human health. Owing to the harmful health effects of EDs, the attention of many scientists has been attracted towards the remediation of environment polluted by their presence and the design and development of sensors or biosensors capable of determining their concentration in traces. In Chapter 9 the experimental results concerning the enzymatic remediation of waters polluted by Bisphenol A (BPA), taken as a model of endocrine disruptors, is discussed in view of the potential application of the technology of non-isothermal bioreactors to the treatment of polluted waters. Also the functioning of a tyrosinase-based sensor able to measure the BPA concentration in traces is presented in the same chapter. These reviews emphasize that many environmental chemicals possess endocrine-disrupting properties, and that exposure to such chemicals can have adverse effects on health and reproduction even at very low concentrations. Great care should be used when attempting to apply these data to other species or real life situations. Indeed only a paucity of information is available on the metabolism and tissue distribution of these chemicals which may vary according to species physiology as well as to levels and duration of exposure. Furthermore, the possible interactions between single contaminants of the complex mixtures present in the environment may induce completely unpredictable effects, due to synergies or reciprocal inhibition effects, suggesting great caution in drawing conclusions. It is hoped that these reviews will serve to stimulate further research on EDs and human health. References 1.Report of the proceedings of the European workshop on the impact of endocrine disrupters on human health and wildlife. 1996, Weybridge, UK, report EUR17549 of the environment and climate change research programme of DGXII of the European commission. 2.Colborn T, vom Saal FS & Soto AM. Environ Health Perspectiv 1993, 101, 378 384. 3.McNutt SH, Purwin P & Murray C. J Amer Veterinary Medical Ass 1928, 73, 484. 4.Bennets H, Underwood EJ & Shier FL. Australian Veterinary Journal 1946, 22, 2 12. 5.Burlington H & Linderman VF. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 1950, 74, 48 51. 6.Bitman J, Cecil HC, Harris SJ & Fries GF. Science 1968, 162, 371 372. 7.Matthiessen P. Pure and Applied Chemistry 2003, 75, 2197 2206. 8.Jobling S, Nolan M, Tyler CR et al. Environmental Science and Technology 1998, 32, 2498 2506. 9.Guillette Jr. LJ & Gunderson MP. Reproduction 2001, 122, 857 864.
Download or read book Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Environment written by Rolf Halden and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2011-09-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book documents the current science of CECs with important new data on the risks associated with a broad range of persistent organic pollutants.
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Water and Health written by Jamie Bartram and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-09-25 with total page 873 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive handbook provides an authoritative source of information on global water and health, suitable for interdisciplinary teaching for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students. It covers both developing and developed country concerns. It is organized into sections covering: hazards (including disease, chemicals and other contaminants); exposure; interventions; intervention implementation; distal influences; policies and their implementation; investigative tools; and historic cases. It offers 71 analytical and engaging chapters, each representing a session of teaching or graduate seminar. Written by a team of expert authors from around the world, many of whom are actively teaching the subject, the book provides a thorough and balanced overview of current knowledge, issues and relevant debates, integrating information from the environmental, health and social sciences.
