Download or read book The Human Costs of Nitrate contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 71 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Human Costs of Nitrate contaminated Drinking Water in the San Joaquin Valley written by Eli Moore and published by . This book was released on 2011-03-11 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Environmental Justice Analysis of Nitrate Contamination in San Joaquin Valley Drinking Water written by Katherine Ann Kilduff and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Just Water Social Disparities and Drinking Water Quality in California s San Joaquin Valley written by Carolina Laurie Balazs and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California's San Joaquin Valley is one of the world's richest agricultural regions yet it is also home to some of the greatest environmental problems, including drinking water contamination. After decades of intensive agriculture in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), the region's aquifers and rivers are some of the most contaminated in the nation. This creates a notoriously difficult environmental problem to regulate, and related public health and environmental justice issues. Ninety-five percent of the SJV population relies on this contaminated groundwater for drinking thus creating an exposure risk. Contaminant exposures are further compounded by the fact that with high costs of treatment, few water systems are able to afford mitigation, especially under-resourced communities. Yet most of our understanding of water in the San Joaquin Valley concerns agricultural water use, or environmental water quality of rivers, streams and aquifers. Very little focuses directly on drinking water quality, and much less on the health and regulatory implications of this contamination. My dissertation combines the fields of environmental health science and environmental justice to examine the relationship between exposures to contaminants and the socioeconomic characteristics of drinking water systems. Combining both fields allows me to explore which individuals and communities are most vulnerable to drinking water contamination, whether these groups are equipped to mitigate exposure at household, community or regional levels, and what underlying processes impact exposure. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to a growing field of research that addresses the impacts of contaminated drinking water supplies and inadequate service provision in the U.S., but still has considerable gaps. While the environmental justice literature focuses on the extent and causes of disproportionate environmental burdens, it has largely failed to examine drinking water issues. While the environmental health arena has contributed a plethora of studies on drinking water exposures and health outcomes, it has mainly focused on issues in the developing world, and has not always addressed social disparities in the U.S. with regards to water. To fill these gaps, my dissertation addresses three sets of questions: 1) Are there social disparities in exposure to drinking water contaminants in California's San Joaquin Valley? 2) Are there social disparities in the ability of water systems to comply with drinking water standards? 3) What are the social, political and environmental processes that explain the origins and persistence of observed disparities and their associated health and regulatory implications? Underlying these questions is a hypothesis that scale-alone (i.e., small system size) does not fully explain disparities in drinking water contamination and compliance abilities, and that a focus on demographic composition of water systems may further elucidate which communities are most vulnerable. Using mixed methods, I answer these questions by focusing on community water systems throughout the Valley, and exploring the relationship between nitrate and arsenic contamination and community demographics. To answer the first two questions, I combine two main sets of historical datasets of drinking water quality maintained by the California Department of Public Health. With this data I estimate distribution water quality and contaminant exposure, and compliance with federal standards at the water system level. I then use statistical modeling techniques to examine the relationship between race, class and exposure to nitrate and arsenic in water systems. To answer the third question, I rely on primary ethnographic data that includes semi-structured interviews and participant observation with county and state regulators, drinking water advocates and community residents. I complement this primary data with media and document reviews relating to drinking water contamination in the San Joaquin Valley. My results show that among smaller water systems, those serving larger fractions of Latinos have higher nitrate levels in their drinking water. This provides evidence of an environmental inequity. I also find that systems with lower rates of home ownership have higher arsenic concentrations in their drinking water. In addition, these systems have higher odds of receiving an arsenic maximum contaminant level violation. For arsenic, these results indicate that communities with fewer economic resources face a dual burden--they are not only exposed to higher arsenic levels, but are also served by non-compliant systems. I conclude by developing a new social epidemiology framework that captures the multiple challenges created by natural, built and social environmental factors. I use the framework to argue that these multi-level driving factors impact both coping abilities and exposure at the community and household level. In sum, my dissertation highlights the distributional and procedural inequities that exist with regards to drinking water contamination and compliance with drinking water standards. In doing so, this research challenges the notion that drinking water problems are only a matter of system size and elucidates the drinking water disparities that low-income communities and communities of color face.

Download or read book Nitrate Contamination written by Istvan Bogardi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 438 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The nitrate content of drinking water is rising at an alarming rate in several regions of NATO countries and elsewhere in the world. The increase is due to lack of proper sewage treatment, and primarily to excess fertilizer application. Also, eutrophication in several coastal areas is triggered by high nitrate concentrations. The main purpose of this book is to integrate scientific knowledge related to exposure assessment, health consequences and control of nitrate contamination in water. The motivation is related to the magnitude, the possible adverse health effects, and the high cost of control ling nitrate contamination. Future research tasks are defined by an interaction among hydro logists, toxicologists and environmental engineers in an integrated framework for nitrate risk management. The target readership of this book is a mix of university colleagues, practitioners from both the private and public sectors and advanced graduate students working with the hydrological, health science or environmental engineering aspects of nitrate contamination. The main conclusions include: 1. For risk assessment purposes, knowledge and sufficiently accurate models are available to predict nitrate load and its fate in water under changes in land use. 2. Once agricultural exposure controls are implemented, the response times in ground water may be so long as to make controls unrealistic. 3. It is still unknown whether agricultural best management practice is a compromise between nitrate risk reduction and agricultural revenue. 4. The current drinking water guidelines of 10 mg/L NOrN need not be changed.

Download or read book Nitrate in Drinking Water written by Edward C Anton and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book A Memorandum Report on Nitrates in Ground Waters of the San Joaquin Valley written by California. Department of Water Resources. San Joaquin District and published by . This book was released on 1970 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nitrate and Pesticides in Ground Water in the Eastern San Joaquin Valley California written by Karen R Burow and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Agricultural Drainage Water Contamination in the Western San Joaquin Valley written by and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Exploring Spatial Relationships Among Dairy Farms Drinking Water Quality and Maternal child Health Outcomes in the San Joaquin Valley written by Sarah Brown Blake and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Access to clean and affordable water is a significant public health issue globally, in the United States, and in California where land is heavily used for agriculture and dairy operations. The purpose of this study was to explore the geographic relationships among dairy farms, nitrate levels in drinking water, low birth weight, and socioeconomic data at the ZIP Code level in the San Joaquin Valley. The Translational Environmental Research in Rural Areas (TERRA) framework was used to explore these relationships as they relate to nursing practice. This was an ecological study using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to explore and analyze secondary data sources. Rural Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) codes, California Department of Public Health (CDPH) 2011 birth data by ZIP Code, dairy locations from the Central Valley Regional Water Quality Control Board (CVRWQCB), and drinking water quality information from the California Groundwater Ambient Monitoring and Assessment (GAMA) program were used in the analysis. In addition, U.S. Census data were incorporated for demographic descriptive purposes. Data from ZIP Codes with dairies located in the eight counties in the San Joaquin Valley area of California were compared to ZIP Codes without dairies in the same counties. A total of 211 ZIP Codes were analyzed using spatial autocorrelation and regression analysis methods in ArcGIS version 10.1. Descriptive data revealed that ZIP Codes with dairies had a higher percentage of Hispanic births (p = 0.001). Spatial statistics revealed that ZIP Codes with more dairy farms and a higher dairy cow density had higher levels of nitrate contamination. No direct correlation was detected between LBW and unsafe nitrate levels at the ZIP Code level. It is possible that more variation may occur at smaller geographies. Further research examining communities that use private and small community wells in the San Joaquin Valley should be conducted. In addition, birth data at smaller geographies should be used to continue exploring the relationship between birth outcomes and nitrate contamination in drinking water. Implications for nursing practice are discussed within the context of the TERRA framework.

Download or read book A Twenty First Century U S Water Policy written by Juliet Christian-Smith and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-08-23 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is zero hour for a new US water policy! At a time when many countries are adopting new national approaches to water management, the United States still has no cohesive federal policy, and water-related authorities are dispersed across more than 30 agencies. Here, at last, is a vision for what we as a nation need to do to manage our most vital resource. In this book, leading thinkers at world-class water research institution the Pacific Institute present clear and readable analysis and recommendations for a new federal water policy to confront our national and global challenges at a critical time. What exactly is at stake? In the 21st century, pressures on water resources in the United States are growing and conflicts among water users are worsening. Communities continue to struggle to meet water quality standards and to ensure that safe drinking water is available for all. And new challenges are arising as climate change and extreme events worsen, new water quality threats materialize, and financial constraints grow. Yet the United States has not stepped up with adequate leadership to address these problems. The inability of national policymakers to safeguard our water makes the United States increasingly vulnerable to serious disruptions of something most of us take for granted: affordable, reliable, and safe water. This book provides an independent assessment of water issues and water management in the United States, addressing emerging and persistent water challenges from the perspectives of science, public policy, environmental justice, economics, and law. With fascinating case studies and first-person accounts of what helps and hinders good water management, this is a clear-eyed look at what we need for a 21st century U.S. water policy.

Download or read book Alternative Water Supply Options for Nitrate Contamination in California s Tulare and Salinas Groundwater Basins written by Kristin Linn Honeycutt and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrate is California's most ubiquitous groundwater contaminant and has significant potential to harm human health. The Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley were chosen as pilot study areas to study the population susceptible to nitrate contamination in groundwater, and identify the available short-term and long-term alternative water supply options. Farming practices on agricultural lands and dairies in these basins produce high levels of nitrate. The population served by the groundwater have a high risk of exposure to nitrate, and often cannot afford treatment or alternative water supply options. These factors combine to make the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley highly susceptible to health effects from nitrate in drinking water. This thesis estimates the population potentially susceptible to consuming nitrate in groundwater and examines the alternative water supply options available for each system type. The economic and financial costs are estimated for each water supply option and a least cost analysis is performed for the entire basin susceptible population. Approximately 766,000 people in California's Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley have drinking water supplies susceptible or potentially susceptible to nitrate groundwater contamination. Water users that are served by a community water system exceeding a nitrate threshold, or lacking historical nitrate records, account for about 675,000 people. The remaining 88,000 people are estimated to be connected to a self-supplied household or local small water system that is located in an area exceeding the nitrate threshold. Assuming unchanging and unabated basin-wide trends in nitrate groundwater levels, the susceptible community water system population is estimated to increase 80% by 2050. The most promising options for communities connected to highly susceptible water systems are to consolidate with a larger system; consolidate with nearby smaller systems and regionalize into a larger system; install ion exchange community water treatment; drill a new well; blend sources; and as an interim solution, provide point-of-use treatment to households. There is significant potential for consolidation of systems. Solely based on system size and spatial proximity to surrounding systems, there is great possibility for smaller water systems to consolidate with larger water systems. Promising solutions for self-supplied households or local small water systems within a highly susceptible sub-area are to install a point-of-use reverse osmosis treatment system, or drill a new or deeper well.The overall cost of providing nitrate-compliant drinking water to the Tulare Lake Basin and Salinas Valley is estimated to be about $25 to $30 million per year for the long-term. Roughly, $18 to $23 million per year is estimated to be needed for community water system users and about $7 million is estimated to be needed for household self-supplied or local small water system users. To put this funding need in perspective, the overall costs correspond to $33 to $40 per year per susceptible person, $6 to $8 per study area irrigated acre per year, or $125 to $150 per ton of fertilizer applied.

Download or read book The Politics of Inequality written by David Pettinicchio and published by Emerald Group Publishing. This book was released on 2021-07-19 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For its breadth and depth of research, this volume of Research in Political Sociology is essential reading for researchers and students of Politics, Sociology and Policy.

Download or read book An Analysis of Nitrate Contaminated Water in Cherry Valley written by Adriana Hernandez-Romo and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of nitrate contamination in the water in Cherry Valley. It examines the theory that human effluent is the source of the nitrate and evaluates the role of politics in the nitrate issue.

Download or read book The California Nitrogen Assessment written by Thomas P. Tomich and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2016-06-14 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen is indispensable to all life on Earth. However, humans now dominate the nitrogen cycle, and nitrogen emissions from human activity have real costs: water and air pollution, climate change, and detrimental effects on human health, biodiversity, and natural habitats. Too little nitrogen limits ecosystem processes, while too much nitrogen transforms ecosystems profoundly. The California Nitrogen Assessment is the first comprehensive account of nitrogen flows, practices, and policies for California, encompassing all nitrogen flows—not just those associated with agriculture—and their impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing. How California handles nitrogen issues will be of interest nationally and internationally, and the goal of the assessment is to link science with action and to produce information that affects both future policy and solutions for addressing nitrogen pollution. This book also provides a model for application of integrated ecosystem assessment methods at regional and state (subnational) levels.

Download or read book Environmental Justice in a Moment of Danger written by Julie Sze and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2020-01-07 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Let this book immerse you in the many worlds of environmental justice.”—Naomi Klein We are living in a precarious environmental and political moment. In the United States and in the world, environmental injustices have manifested across racial and class divides in devastatingly disproportionate ways. What does this moment of danger mean for the environment and for justice? What can we learn from environmental justice struggles? Environmental Justice in a Moment of Danger examines mobilizations and movements, from protests at Standing Rock to activism in Puerto Rico in the wake of Hurricane Maria. Environmental justice movements fight, survive, love, and create in the face of violence that challenges the conditions of life itself. Exploring dispossession, deregulation, privatization, and inequality, this book is the essential primer on environmental justice, packed with cautiously hopeful stories for the future.

Download or read book Sustainable Water written by Allison Lassiter and published by University of California Press. This book was released on 2015-07-24 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water scarcity, urban population growth, and deteriorating infrastructure are impacting water security around the globe. Struggling with the most significant drought in its recorded history, California faces all of these challenges to secure reliable water supplies for the future. The unfolding story of California water includes warnings and solutions for any region seeking to manage water among the pressures of a dynamic society and environment. Written by leading policy makers, lawyers, economists, hydrologists, ecologists, engineers, and planners, Sustainable Water reaches across disciplines to address problems and solutions for the sustainable use of water in urban areas. The solutions and ideas put forward in this book integrate water management strategies to increase resilience in a changing world. Contributors: John T. Andrew, Carolina Balazs, Celeste Cantú, Juliet Christian-Smith, Matthew Deitch, Caitlin Dyckman, Howard Foster, Julian Fulton, Peter Gleick, Brian E. Gray, Ellen Hanak, Maurice Hall, Michael Hanemann, Sasha Harris-Lovett, Matthew Heberger, G. Mathias Kondolf, Jay Lund, Damian Park, Kristen Podolak, John Radke, Isha Ray, David Sedlak, Fraser Shilling, Daniel Wendell, Robert Wilkinson, Cleo Woelfle-Erskine, Sarah Yarnell