Download or read book The Heart of the Matter from Nuclear Interactions to Quark Gluon Dymanics sic written by J.-F. Mathiot and published by Atlantica Séguier Frontières. This book was released on 1995 with total page 584 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Quark Gluon Plasma and Cold Nuclear Matter Modification of Y States at square Root superscript S NN written by Santona Tuli and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quantum chromodynamics describes the phases of strongly-interacting matter and their boundaries, including the deconfined quark-gluon plasma (QGP) phase reached in the high energy density regime. Properties of the QGP are studied using ultrarelativistic collisions of fully-ionized heavy nuclei, which also exhibit (cold) nuclear matter properties unrelated to the plasma. An indicator of the QGP temperature is the modification of quarkonium production in collisions between two heavy ions relative to collisions between two protons. The modification in collisions between a heavy ion and a proton, where the QGP is typically not produced but nuclear matter is abundant, provides an essential baseline. Production cross sections of Y(1S), Y(2S), and Y(3S) mesons decaying into [mu]+[mu]− in proton-lead (pPb) collisions are measured using data collected by the CMS experiment at [square root][superscript s]NN = 5.02 TeV. Nuclear modification factors R[subscript pPb] for all three Y states, obtained using measured proton-proton (pp) cross sections at the same collision energy, show that Y states are suppressed in pPb collisions compared to pp collisions. Sequential ordering of the Y R[subscript pPb], with Y(1S) least suppressed and Y(3S) most suppressed, indicates presence of final- state modification of Y mesons in pPb collisions. The R[subscript pPb] of individual Y states are found to be consistent with constant values when studied as functions of transverse momentum and center-of-mass rapidity. Predictions using the final-state comover interaction model, which incorporates sequential suppression of bottomonia in pPb, are found to be in better agreement with the measured R[subscript pPb] versus rapidity than predictions using initial-state mod- ification models. Nuclear modification is less pronounced in pPb collisions than in lead-lead collisions, where the additional lead nucleus and QGP effects result in greater Y suppression. Forward-backward production ratios R[subscript FB] of Y states, which help investigate regions of different nuclear matter densities, are found to be consistent with unity and constant with increasing event activity measured both far away from and near to the measured Y.
Download or read book Nuclear Dynamics From Quarks to Nuclei written by M.T. Pena and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Papers presented at the 20th CFIF fall workshop held in Lisbon, Portugal, in October/November 2002. The focus of these papers is on the latest experimental observations and on theoretical progress made in the fields of few-nucleon dynamics and related problems. The topics range from electron-nucleus scattering, meson production, relativistic effects, structure of nucleons and of light nuclei, to heavy-ion collisions.
Download or read book Exploring the Quark Gluon Content of Hadrons written by and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) was formulated over three decades ago, it poses enormous challenges for describing the properties of hadrons from the underlying quark-gluon degrees of freedom. Moreover, the problem of describing the nuclear force from its quark-gluon origin is still open. While a direct solution of QCD to describe the hadrons and nuclear force is not possible at this time, we explore a variety of developed approaches ranging from phenomenology to first principle calculations at one or other level of approximation in linking the nuclear force to QCD. The Dyson Schwinger formulation (DSE) of coupled integral equations for the QCD Green's functions allows a non-perturbative approach to describe hadronic properties, starting from the level of QCD n-point functions. A significant approximation in this method is the employment of a finite truncation of the system of DSEs, that might distort the physical picture. In this work we explore the effects of including a more complete truncation of the quark-gluon vertex function on the resulting solutions for the quark 2-point functions as well as the pseudoscalar and vector meson masses. The exploration showed strong indications of possibly large contributions from the explicit inclusion of the gluon 3- and 4-point functions that are omitted in this and previous analyses. We then explore the possibility of extrapolating state of the art lattice QCD calculations of nucleon form factors to the physical regime using phenomenological models of nucleon structure. Finally, we further developed the Quark Meson Coupling model for describing atomic nuclei and nuclear matter, where the quark-gluon structure of nucleons is modeled by the MIT bag model and the nucleon many body interaction is mediated by the exchange of scalar and vector mesons. This approach allows us to formulate a fully relativistic theory, which can be expanded in the nonrelativistic limit to reproduce the well known phenomenological Skyrme-type interaction density functional, thus providing a direct link to well modeled nuclear forces. Moreover, it allows for a derivation of the equation of state for cold uniform dense nuclear matter for application to calculations of the properties of neutron stars.
Download or read book Theory of Ultra Dense Matter and the Dynamics of High Energy Interactions Involving Nuclei Progress Report December 15 1993 December 14 1994 written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report summarizes the progress made during the second year of the three year DOE agreement DE-FG02-93ER40764 on theoretical nuclear physics research performed at the Columbia University and presents a detailed budget adjustment for the third year period December 15, 1994 to December 14, 1995. Sections 1.1 to 1.8 highlight the technical progress made on the following general areas: Multiple scattering and radiative processes in QCD; the quark-gluon plasma transition in nuclear matter; QCD transport theory and dissipative mechanism in dense matter; phenomenological models of high energy interactions involving nuclei; signatures of quark-gluon plasma formation in A+A; neurocomputation theory. Section 2 contains a bibliography of published papers and invited conference papers. Section 3 lists the Columbia nuclear theory members for the December 15, 1994 to December 14, 1995 period. Finally, the budget adjustment requesting $319,830 for the third year relative to the original $320,000 is presented in section 6. Copies of the research papers accompany this report.
Download or read book Quark gluon Plasma 4 written by Rudolph C. Hwa and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a review volume containing articles written by experts on current theoretical topics in the subject of Quark-Gluon Plasma created in heavy-ion collisions at high energy. It is the fourth volume in the series with the same title sequenced numerically. The articles are written in a pedagogical style so that they can be helpful to a wide range of researchers from graduate students to mature physicists who have not worked previously on the subject. A reader should be able to learn from the reviews without having extensive knowledge of the background literature.
Download or read book Particle Production in Highly Excited Matter written by H. H. Gutbrod and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1993 with total page 712 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seven years after the first experiments in the new subfield of nuclear physics known as the highly relativistic heavy ion physics, the NATO Advanced Study Institute on title] was held at Il Ciocco, near Lucca in Tuscany, Italy. This proceedings volume begins with an overview section (seven lectures
Download or read book Nuclear Physics written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-02-25 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The principal goals of the study were to articulate the scientific rationale and objectives of the field and then to take a long-term strategic view of U.S. nuclear science in the global context for setting future directions for the field. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter provides a long-term assessment of an outlook for nuclear physics. The first phase of the report articulates the scientific rationale and objectives of the field, while the second phase provides a global context for the field and its long-term priorities and proposes a framework for progress through 2020 and beyond. In the second phase of the study, also developing a framework for progress through 2020 and beyond, the committee carefully considered the balance between universities and government facilities in terms of research and workforce development and the role of international collaborations in leveraging future investments. Nuclear physics today is a diverse field, encompassing research that spans dimensions from a tiny fraction of the volume of the individual particles (neutrons and protons) in the atomic nucleus to the enormous scales of astrophysical objects in the cosmos. Nuclear Physics: Exploring the Heart of Matter explains the research objectives, which include the desire not only to better understand the nature of matter interacting at the nuclear level, but also to describe the state of the universe that existed at the big bang. This report explains how the universe can now be studied in the most advanced colliding-beam accelerators, where strong forces are the dominant interactions, as well as the nature of neutrinos.
Download or read book Nonequilibrium Probes of the Quark gluon Plasma written by Babak Salehi Kasmaei and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The goal of high-energy nuclear physics is to understand the dynamics and properties of the various forms and phases of the strongly-interacting matter. Heavy-ion collision experiments are performed to deposit a large energy density in a very small volume of space and generate a form of extremely hot matter called the quark-gluon plasma (QGP). The behavior of the generated matter shows signatures of collectivity allowing phenomenological models based on statistical or fluid dynamical descriptions to be used successfully to analyze the outcomes the experiments. However, the very short lifetime and the extreme conditions of the QGP call for the construction of theoretical models based on the physics of nonequilibrium systems.Understanding the properties of QGP requires the study of collective excitations in the emergent many-body dynamics of the quarks and gluons as the fundamental objects in the theory of quantum chromodynamics. In this dissertation, the collective excitations of the nonequilibrium QGP are studied by calculating the quark and gluon self-energies within the hard loop effective theory. By extracting the solutions of the gluon dispersion relation in the complex plane, the presence of unstable modes in the momentum-anisotropic QGP is studied. The quark self-energy is also used to calculate the rate of photon emission from QGP in the subsequent studies performed as part of this dissertation. Electromagnetic probes (photons and dileptons) are considered among the best observables for extracting information about the early stages of evolution of the strongly interacting matter produced in heavy-ion collisions. In contrast to the hadrons, the emitted photons and leptons are not distorted by a strong coupling to the medium and they can escape the system with much larger mean free paths. Since the dilepton and photon emission rates from QGP are directly affected by the momentum distribution of the partonic degrees of freedom, their emission patterns can provide information about the nonequilibrium features of the system such as the momentum anisotropy of the distributions. In this dissertation, the effects of momentum anisotropy on the yields and elliptic flow coefficients of the dileptons and photons from QGP are investigated. The emission rates are calculated for distributions featuring ellipsoidal momentum anisotropies, and then the rates are convolved with the space-time evolution of the system using a relativistic hydrodynamical model. The effects of various parameters on the results are studied. In particular, the results are interpreted considering their connections to the extraction of early dynamics of QGP from future experimental data. Another important class of the probes of the nonequilibrium QGP is related to the dynamics of the heavy quarks in the system and their bound states. The properties of the heavy bound states, such as their decay rates, are affected by the hot and dense strongly interacting medium. Heavy quarks, due to their longer relaxation times, are also used to probe the transport properties of the QGP perturbed out of equilibrium. The potential for a bound state inside a hot medium may acquire an imaginary part. In this dissertation, the imaginary part of the heavy quark potential is calculated using classical-statistical simulations of the Yang-Mills theory on lattice. The connection of the results to the momentum diffusion of the heavy quarks is discussed. Lattice computation for the real-time dynamics of the non-Abelian theories allows for the nonperturbative analysis of the systems in and out of equilibrium.
Download or read book New State of Nuclear Matter written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article reviews several important results from RHIC experiments and discusses their implications. They were obtained in a unique environment for studying QCD matter at temperatures and densities that exceed the limits wherein hadrons can exist as individual entities and raises to prominence the quark-gluon degrees of freedom. These findings are supported by major experimental observations via measuring of the bulk properties of particle production, particle ratios and chemical freeze-out conditions, and elliptic ow; followed by hard probe measurements: high-pT hadron suppression, dijet fragment azimuthal correlations, and heavy favor probes. These measurements are presented for particles of different species as a function of system sizes, collision centrality, and energy carried out in RHIC experiments. The results reveal that a dense, strongly-interacting medium is created in central Au + Au collisions at p sNN = 200 GeV at RHIC. This revelation of a new state of nuclear matter has also been observed in measurements at the LHC. Further, the IP-Glasma model coupled with viscous hydrodynamic models, which assumes the formation of a QGP, reproduces well the experimental ow results from Au + Au at p sNN = 200 GeV. This implies that the fluctuations in the initial geometry state are important and the created medium behaves as a nearly perfect liquid of nuclear matter because it has an extraordinarily low ratio of shear viscosity to entropy density, =s 0.12. However, these discoveries are far from being fully understood. Furthermore, recent experimental results from RHIC and LHC in small p + A, d + Au and 3He+Au collision systems provide brand new insight into the role of initial and final state effects. These have proven to be interesting and more surprising than originally anticipated; and could conceivably shed new light in our understanding of collective behavior in heavy-ion physics. Accordingly, the focus of the experiments at both facilities RHIC and the LHC is on detailed exploration of the properties of this new state of nuclear matter, the QGP.
Download or read book HUNTING THE QUARK GLUON PLASMA written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) construction project was completed at BNL in 1999, with the first data-taking runs in the summer of 2000. Since then the early measurements at RHIC have yielded a wealth of data, from four independent detectors, each with its international collaboration of scientists: BRAHMS, PHENIX, PHOBOS, and STAR [1]. For the first time, collisions of heavy nuclei have been carried out at colliding-beam energies that have previously been accessible only for high-energy physics experiments with collisions of ''elementary'' particles such as protons and electrons. It is at these high energies that the predictions of quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the fundamental theory that describes the role of quarks and gluons in nuclear matter, come into play, and new phenomena are sought that may illuminate our view of the basic structure of matter on the sub-atomic scale, with important implications for the origins of matter on the cosmic scale. The RHIC experiments have recorded data from collisions of gold nuclei at the highest energies ever achieved in man-made particle accelerators. These collisions, of which hundreds of millions have now been examined, result in final states of unprecedented complexity, with thousands of produced particles radiating from the nuclear collision. All four of the RHIC experiments have moved quickly to analyze these data, and have begun to understand the phenomena that unfold from the moment of collision as these particles are produced. In order to provide benchmarks of simpler interactions against which to compare the gold-gold collisions, the experiments have gathered comparable samples of data from collisions of a very light nucleus (deuterium) with gold nuclei, as well as proton-proton collisions, all with identical beam energies and experimental apparatus. The early measurements have revealed compelling evidence for the existence of a new form of nuclear matter at extremely high density and temperature--a medium in which the predictions of QCD can be tested, and new phenomena explored, under conditions where the relevant degrees of freedom, over nuclear volumes, are expected to be those of quarks and gluons, rather than of hadrons. This is the realm of the quark gluon plasma, the predicted state of matter whose existence and properties are now being explored by the RHIC experiments.
Download or read book Cold Nuclear Matter Effects in J psi Production written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 6 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lattice QCD predicts that, above a certain critical energy density or temperature, strongly interacting matter undergoes a phase transition from the hadronic world to a quark-gluon plasma state, where the coloured quarks and gluons are no longer bound to colourless hadrons. The suppression of quarkonium production in high-energy nuclear collisions is one of the most interesting signatures of QGP formation, for two reasons: due to their large masses, charm and beauty quarks are created only in the initial hard scattering processes, before the QGP is formed; and the Q{bar Q} binding potential should be screened in the deconfined colour medium. Until the LHC starts colliding Pb nuclei, charm is the heaviest quark that can check the validity of the finite temperature QCD predictions, given the much smaller beauty production cross sections. However, the interpretation of the presently available results on charmonium suppression in heavy-ion collisions, obtained at the SPS and RHIC, is hampered by a multitude of other 'nuclear effects', which exist even in the absence of QGP formation, such as the badly understood nuclear modifications of the gluon distribution functions, the level of energy lost by the partons traversing the nuclei before producing the Q{bar Q} pair, the rate at which the nascent quarkonium state is broken up by the surrounding nuclear matter, etc. Fortunately, most of these 'cold nuclear matter' effects can be studied on the basis of proton-nucleus measurements. However, care must be taken when converting the p-A observations into a reference baseline that can be used in the analysis of the heavy-ion data. In particular, it has recently been shown [1] that it is wrong to assume that the rate of final-state Glauber-like J/[psi] absorption, usually called the 'J/[psi] absorption cross section', [sigma]{sub abs}{sup J/{psi}}, is independent of the collision energy and of the charmonium kinematics, as was previously assumed in the analysis of the SPS heavy-ion data.
Download or read book Introduction to Elementary Particles written by David Jeffery Griffiths and published by HarperCollins Publishers. This book was released on 1987-01-01 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Holographic Duality in Condensed Matter Physics written by Jan Zaanen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-11-05 with total page 587 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A pioneering treatise presenting how the mathematical techniques of holographic duality can unify the fundamental theories of physics.
Download or read book Particle Physics written by Necia Grant Cooper and published by CUP Archive. This book was released on 1988-04-29 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains the emergence of a profoundly new understanding of the fundamental forces of Nature.
Download or read book Noncommutative Geometry Quantum Fields and Motives written by Alain Connes and published by American Mathematical Soc.. This book was released on 2019-03-13 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The unifying theme of this book is the interplay among noncommutative geometry, physics, and number theory. The two main objects of investigation are spaces where both the noncommutative and the motivic aspects come to play a role: space-time, where the guiding principle is the problem of developing a quantum theory of gravity, and the space of primes, where one can regard the Riemann Hypothesis as a long-standing problem motivating the development of new geometric tools. The book stresses the relevance of noncommutative geometry in dealing with these two spaces. The first part of the book deals with quantum field theory and the geometric structure of renormalization as a Riemann-Hilbert correspondence. It also presents a model of elementary particle physics based on noncommutative geometry. The main result is a complete derivation of the full Standard Model Lagrangian from a very simple mathematical input. Other topics covered in the first part of the book are a noncommutative geometry model of dimensional regularization and its role in anomaly computations, and a brief introduction to motives and their conjectural relation to quantum field theory. The second part of the book gives an interpretation of the Weil explicit formula as a trace formula and a spectral realization of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. This is based on the noncommutative geometry of the adèle class space, which is also described as the space of commensurability classes of Q-lattices, and is dual to a noncommutative motive (endomotive) whose cyclic homology provides a general setting for spectral realizations of zeros of L-functions. The quantum statistical mechanics of the space of Q-lattices, in one and two dimensions, exhibits spontaneous symmetry breaking. In the low-temperature regime, the equilibrium states of the corresponding systems are related to points of classical moduli spaces and the symmetries to the class field theory of the field of rational numbers and of imaginary quadratic fields, as well as to the automorphisms of the field of modular functions. The book ends with a set of analogies between the noncommutative geometries underlying the mathematical formulation of the Standard Model minimally coupled to gravity and the moduli spaces of Q-lattices used in the study of the zeta function.
Download or read book Secrets of the Aether written by David W. Thomson III and published by The Aenor Trust. This book was released on 2004-10-06 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author David Thomson and Jim Bourassa have founded the Quantum AetherDynamics Institute, an organization dedicated to understanding the Aether. For the first time in human history, the Aether is fully quantified based upon empirical data. Through a very simple observation noted nearly 200 years ago by Charles Coulomb, the electromagnetic units have been corrected of an error that has led physics astray for so long. Now, electrodynamics expresses in simple dimensional equations, the neurosciences unite with quantum and classical physics, and we can precisely model the geometry of subatomic particles.
