Download or read book The Gross Anatomy and Micro anatomy of the Rat Tail and Tendo muscle Mechanics of Tail Movements written by James Thompson and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Muscle Synergies and how They Contribute to the Movement of the Tail During the Nociceptive Withdrawal Response in the Rat s Tail written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 3 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Noxious stimuli can evoke the nociceptive withdrawal response (NWR), which protects the affected part of the body from injury. The rat's tail, because of the large number of joint (n=84) and muscle (n=300) degrees of freedom, may present a computational challenge to the central nervous system. Previous studies have revealed that synergies act to reduce the number of degrees of freedom across diverse movements in a variety of animals; however, there is little information in mammals on synergistic control of the tail. The long-term specific aim of this project is to test the hypothesis that during the NWR muscle synergies controlling rat's tail reduces the muscular degrees of freedom by recording the electromyograms (EMGs) from intrinsic tail muscles during heat evoked NWRs. Adult, male Sprague Dawley rats were briefly anesthetized with isoflurane. The tail was marked in thirteen equally spaced locations on the dorsal surface of the tail for stimulation and tracking. To record the EMG, 14 fine wires were inserted at seven locations along the length of the tail. Heat stimuli were delivered at 11 locations along the tail to evoke a NWR that was captured by high speed video. Robust single and multi-unit EMG recordings were obtained. The EMG had two components, an early component right after stimulation and a late component. The early component coincided with initial movement of the tail away from the heat stimulus; however, it consistently lagged movement onset by 93 ms. The location of peak EMG closely matched the site of heat stimulation. In order to find possible synergies, principle component analysis revealed that 93% of the movement could be explained by three synergies constructed from seven possible muscle degrees-of-freedom, thus reducing computational complexity from 7 to 3 degrees of freedom. These results demonstrate that intrinsic tail muscles contribute to tail movement, but because of the lag relative to movement they are not sufficient to fully explain the initial movement of the NWR. Further, the results support the use by the central nervous systems of synergies to reduce the substantial computational complexity of tail movement.
Download or read book Index to Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees by the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland and the Council for National Academic Awards written by Geoffrey M. Paterson and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Index to Theses Accepted for Higher Degrees in the Universities of Great Britain and Ireland written by and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 420 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Anatomy of the Wood Rat written by Alfred Brazier Howell and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book A laboratory manual of the anatomy of the rat written by Harrison Randall Hunt and published by Рипол Классик. This book was released on 1924 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Anatomy and Dissection of the Rat written by Warren F. Walker and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 1997-12-15 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The careful explanation of each step of the dissection, helpful diagrams and illustrations, and detailed discussion of the structure and function of each system in Anatomy and Dissection of the Rat, Third Edition, optimize the educational value of the dissection process. These laboratory exercises are available as a bound set for the first time ever; They’re still offered separately, as well. This popular series, which includes Anatomy and Dissection of the Frog and Anatomy and Dissection of the Fetal Pig, is geared toward introductory courses in biology, comparative anatomy, and zoology.
Download or read book Research and Development of a Computational Simulation of a Rat Tail written by and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To better understand the potential use of synergies in the neural control of muscle in the rat tail during the NWR, a new computational biomechanical model of the tail was created in Matlab/Simulink based on experimentally measured parameters - length, mass, stiffness, and damping - of the tail. The tail was simplified from 28 coccygeal vertebrae to 12 equal length segments. The model was validated by applying known forces to the tail and comparing the observed and predicted movements. Using forward dynamics assisted data tracking (FDADT), we determined that while a single tendon synergy was adequate for small and proximal movements, distal movements that include both local bend and tail base rotation required a modified multi-tendon step synergy. Further, synergies with distal forces, such as the multi-tendon triangular pattern, always failed to match the lack of distal movement. Complementary inverse dynamics broadly supported these finding. Overall, our new model has the potential to provide insights into the neural control of hyper-redundant limbs and body parts, such as the rat tail.
Download or read book Anatomy of the Rat written by Eunice Chace Greene and published by . This book was released on 1963 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Anatomy of the Laboratory Rat written by Rudolf Hebel and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Reconstruction of the Tail Nociceptive Withdrawal Response from Combinations of Movement Primitives Associated with Individual Muscles in the Rat written by and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract One type of involuntary movement is the nociceptive withdrawal response (NWR), in which mammals move a part of their body away from noxious, or tissue damaging, stimuli. Previous studies have evoked the limb NWR in diverse animals such as cats, frogs, and humans. However, there is minimal information on how complex movement arising from numerous muscles and joints, such as in the tail of the rat, is effectively coordinated. The specific aim was to identify the contribution of movement from individual extrinsic muscles to the tail NWR utilizing a new technique. From previous studies, extrinsic muscles in the pelvis have been shown to be the primary components in controlling tail movement. In our experiments, the NWR was first evoked in intact-unanesthetized rats by applying heat stimuli (laser, 980nm, 2-6 watts) to the lateral surface of the tail. Tail movement in the NWR was away from the stimulus, in the lateral direction, resulting in a local bend in the tail in the region of stimulation. Subsequently, the rat was deeply anesthetized and the tendons from extrinsic muscles were pulled manually to create movement "primitives". To assess whether movement in the NWR could be explained by movement primitives arising from the movements created by individual tendons, the NWR in the first part of the experiment was computationally reconstructed in terms of the movement primitives from the second part of the experiment in which tendons were pulled. Our results indicated that the NWR could be reconstructed from the movement associated with pulling one or at most two tendons. Thus, although the rat tail has numerous muscles that act on the tail, one or two muscles acting through tendons are sufficient to account for the entire NWR, thereby potentially simplifying the central nervous system control of movement.
Download or read book Rockwood and Matsen s The Shoulder E Book written by Charles A. Rockwood and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2016-08-08 with total page 1200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fully updated with completely updated content, exciting new authors, and commentary by national and international experts in the field, Rockwood and Matsen’s The Shoulder, 5th Edition continues its tradition of excellence as the cornerstone reference for effective management of shoulder disorders. This masterwork provides how-to guidance on the full range of both tried-and-true and recent surgical techniques, including both current arthroscopic methods and the latest approaches in arthroplasty. An outstanding editorial team headed by Drs. Charles A. Rockwood, Jr. and Frederick A. Matsen III ensures that you have the tools you need to achieve optimal patient outcomes for any shoulder challenge you encounter. Throughout the book the authors focus on the value of the procedures to patients, showing ways that expense and risk can be minimized. Combines the ‘how to’ for ‘tried and true’ shoulder procedures along with the latest arthroscopic methods for managing shoulder disorders. Focuses on the most challenging open procedures, including those often overlooked in training programs, yet thoroughly reviews the rationale for using minimally invasive arthroscopic techniques whenever possible. Offers scientifically based coverage of shoulder function and dysfunction to aid in the decision-making process. Features new commentaries from international authorities – including dissenting and alternative viewpoints -- and final comments by our editorial experts. Covers new approaches, including reverse total shoulder, the latest rotator cuff repair methods, and the "ream and run" procedure, as well as emerging imaging methods.
Download or read book Laboratory Anatomy of the White Rat written by Robert B. Chiasson and published by . This book was released on 1958 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Traces the origins and history of the legend of Tristan and Iseut, examines its many variations, and discusses its appearance in and influence on modern opera and poetry.
Download or read book Anatomy of the Rat written by Eunice Chace Greene and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Basic Limbic System Anatomy of the Rat written by Leonard Hamilton and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-04-06 with total page 150 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If this were a traditional textbook of neuroanatomy, many pages would be devoted to a description of the ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord and several chapters to the organization of the sensory and motor systems, and, perhaps, a detailed discussion of the neurological deficits that follow various types of damage to the nervous system would also be included. But in the first draft of this book, the spinal cord was mentioned only once (in a figure caption of Chapter 2) in order to illustrate the meaning of longitudinal and cross sections. Later, it was decided that even this cursory treatment of the spinal cord went beyond the scope of this text, and a carrot was substituted as the model. The organization of the sensory and motor systems and of the peripheral nervous system have received similar coverage. Thus, this is not a traditional text, and as a potential reader, you may be led to ask, "What's in this book for me?" This book is directed primarily toward those students of behavior who are either bored or frightened by the medically oriented texts that are replete with clinical signs, confusing terminology, and prolix descriptions of the human brain, an organ which is never actually seen in their laboratories. I should hasten to add, however, that this text may also serve some purpose for those who read and perhaps even enjoy the traditional texts.
Download or read book Basic Limbic System Anatomy of the Rat written by Leonard W. Hamilton and published by Springer. This book was released on 1976 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: If this were a traditional textbook of neuroanatomy, many pages would be devoted to a description of the ascending and descending pathways of the spinal cord and several chapters to the organization of the sensory and motor systems, and, perhaps, a detailed discussion of the neurological deficits that follow various types of damage to the nervous system would also be included. But in the first draft of this book, the spinal cord was mentioned only once (in a figure caption of Chapter 2) in order to illustrate the meaning of longitudinal and cross sections. Later, it was decided that even this cursory treatment of the spinal cord went beyond the scope of this text, and a carrot was substituted as the model. The organization of the sensory and motor systems and of the peripheral nervous system have received similar coverage. Thus, this is not a traditional text, and as a potential reader, you may be led to ask, "What's in this book for me?" This book is directed primarily toward those students of behavior who are either bored or frightened by the medically oriented texts that are replete with clinical signs, confusing terminology, and prolix descriptions of the human brain, an organ which is never actually seen in their laboratories. I should hasten to add, however, that this text may also serve some purpose for those who read and perhaps even enjoy the traditional texts.
Download or read book Basic Limbic System Anatomy of the Rat written by Leonard Hamilton and published by . This book was released on 1977-01-01 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
