Download or read book The Evolution of Dropsonde Derived Kinematic and Thermodynamic Structures in Developing and Non Developing Atlantic Tropical Convective Systems written by Charles Nelson Helms and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The process by which tropical cyclones evolve from loosely organized convective clusters into well organized systems is still poorly understood. Due to the data sparse regions in which tropical cyclones form, observational studies of tropical cyclogenesis are often more difficult than similar studies of land-based phenomena. As a result, many studies of tropical cyclogenesis are limited to either a few case studies or are forced to rely on simulations to examine the genesis process. The recent PREDICT and GRIP field experiments have provided a new opportunity to gain insight into these processes using unusually dense observations in both time and space. The present study aims at using this new data to perform a detailed analysis of the three-dimensional evolution of both kinematic (e.g. vorticity and divergence) and thermodynamic (i.e. temperature and moisture) in both developing and non-developing tropical convective systems in the western Atlantic. By examining these structures relative to one another, the nature of the system evolution can be better understood. In order to better capture the true state of the atmosphere in these systems, a new method of calculating vorticity, divergence, and deformation from non-gridded observations using Green's theorem is also presented. Previous approaches using Green's theorem on a non-uniform data distribution have either used triangular regions, which are easily implemented in computer code, or hand-selected polygonal regions, which are more robust. The method presented here combines both convenience and robustness and is shown to be significantly more accurate than triangle-based methods on a random distribution of observations as well as on flight-path-based distributions. Using this new data and analysis method, five tropical convective systems are analyzed- three non-developing and two developing. Although the analysis includes only a limited number of cases, the results suggest that there is little kinematic difference between the developing and non-developing systems. In most cases, the only significant difference between developing and non-developing systems is in the distribution of humidity. In the developing cases the vorticity maxima are encased in high relative humidity values at all levels. In the non-developing cases the vorticity maximum either extends into regions of dry air or mid-level vorticity generation non-existent, likely due to an excessively dry middle troposphere. Additionally, many of the cases, both developing and non-developing, exhibit evidence of vorticity generation associated, at mid-levels, with a mesoscale convective system and, at low-levels, with deep convective activity.
Download or read book What are the potential causes of incorrect predictions of tropical cyclone intensification in medium range ensemble forecasts written by Nico Bauer and published by diplom.de. This book was released on 2022-05-12 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical cyclones (TC) are the most destructive weather phenomena in the world. These storm systems are common in large parts of highly populated tropics and subtropics with favorable atmospheric conditions. Society’s vulnerability to them and the associated annual economic costs have risen steadily: mean worldwide insured losses averaged 75 billion USD per year in the 10 years between 2009 and 2019. Cinco et al. (2016) analyzed TC data and observed that in the period from 1951 to 2013, an average of 19.4 TCs entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility in the Western North Pacific, and nine TCs moved over the islands. Consequently, the Philippines have the highest number of landfalling storms and the highest rate of severe TC worldwide. In turn, the TCs that move over the islands into the South China Sea frequently affect the coast of Vietnam. Through a spatial assessment of TC vulnerability, Nguyen et al. (2019) have demonstrated a high or very high susceptibility in most parts of coastal Vietnam. The most extreme event over the WNP in the last century was Typhoon Haiyan, which caused 6,300 deaths and widespread economic and socioeconomic damage. This significant susceptibility implies the high importance of improving weather forecast models for greater predictive capability. In recent decades, the quality of forecasting tropical cyclone tracks has increased steadily at the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast and other numerical weather prediction centers. Nevertheless, intensity predictions still present more significant challenges.
Download or read book Atmospheric Rivers written by F. Martin Ralph and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the standard reference based on roughly 20 years of research on atmospheric rivers, emphasizing progress made on key research and applications questions and remaining knowledge gaps. The book presents the history of atmospheric-rivers research, the current state of scientific knowledge, tools, and policy-relevant (science-informed) problems that lend themselves to real-world application of the research—and how the topic fits into larger national and global contexts. This book is written by a global team of authors who have conducted and published the majority of critical research on atmospheric rivers over the past years. The book is intended to benefit practitioners in the fields of meteorology, hydrology and related disciplines, including students as well as senior researchers.
Download or read book Atmospheric Satellite Observations written by Xiaolei Zou and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-03-05 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Atmospheric Satellite Observations: Variation Assimilation and Quality Assurance provides an invaluable reference for satellite data assimilation. Topics covered include linear algebra, frequently used statistical methods, the interpolation role of function fitting, filtering when dealing with real observations, minimization in data assimilation systems, 3D-Var and the inverse problem it solves, 4D-Var and adjoint techniques, and much more. The book concludes with satellite observation of hurricanes. - Contains mathematical concepts from several branches of study, including calculus, linear algebra, probability theory, functional analysis, and minimization - Illustrates quality assurance for satellite observations using real data examples - Includes a dedicated chapter on how different satellite instruments see hurricanes - Reviews theory, system development, and the numerical experiments of three- and four-dimensional variational data assimilation (3D-Var/4D-Var)
Download or read book Convection in Liquids written by J.K. Platten and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-12-14 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both of the authors of this book are disciples and collaborators of the Brussels school of thermodynamics. Their particular domain of competence is the application of numerical methods to the many highly nonlinear problems which have arisen in the context of recent developments in the thermodynamics of irreversi ble processes: stability of states far from equilibrium, search for marginal critical states, bifwrcation phenomena, multiple stationnary states, dissipative structures, etc. These problems cannot in general be handled using only the clas sical and mathematically rigorous methods of the theory of differential, partial differential, and int~grodifferential equations. The present authors demonstrate how approximate methods, re lyi ng usually on powerful computers, lead to significant progress in these areas, if one is prepa red to accept a certain lack of rigor, such as, for example, the lack of proof for the convergence of the series used in the context of problems which are not self adjoint, nor even linear. The results thus obtained must consequently be submit ted to an exacting confrontation with experimental observations. - Even though, the '1 imited information obtained concerning the, often unsuspec ted, mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena is both precious and frequently sufficient. This information results from the properties of the trial functions best suited to the constraints of the problem such as the initial, boundary, and "feedback" conditions, and the analysis of their behavior in the course of the evolution of the system.
Download or read book Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes written by Paul Markowski and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mesoscale Meteorology in Mid-Latitudes presents the dynamics of mesoscale meteorological phenomena in a highly accessible, student-friendly manner. The book's clear mathematical treatments are complemented by high-quality photographs and illustrations. Comprehensive coverage of subjects including boundary layer mesoscale phenomena, orographic phenomena and deep convection is brought together with the latest developments in the field to provide an invaluable resource for mesoscale meteorology students. Mesoscale Meteorology in Mid-Latitudes functions as a comprehensive, easy-to-use undergraduate textbook while also providing a useful reference for graduate students, research scientists and weather industry professionals. Illustrated in full colour throughout Covers the latest developments and research in the field Comprehensive coverage of deep convection and its initiation Uses real life examples of phenomena taken from broad geographical areas to demonstrate the practical aspects of the science
Download or read book The Impact of Thermally Forced Nonperiodic Internal Gravity Waves on Convective Development written by Daniel Lee Weekley and published by . This book was released on 2001-09 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thermal forcing in the upper troposphere resulting from deep convection produces internal gravity-wave like disturbances called buoyancy bores. Although they propagate in a manner similar to gravity waves, their structure in time and space is nonperiodic; they travel as a pulse, propagating radially in all directions from the source of thermal forcing. The passage of these bores through the troposphere causes vertical displacements throughout the column in which they occupy. The actual displacements depend upon the vertical structure, or mode, of the bore. Some bores cause local subsidence, while other bores are characterized low-level ascent and upper-level subsidence. Based upon idealized simulations, theories about the contribution of bores to the suppression or enhancement of convection differ. One holds that bores are capable of suppressing convection away from a mesoscale convective system (MCS) while another holds that low-level convergence is supported by bores near an MCS. This paper investigates buoyancy bore behavior in a mesoscale model simulation using initial and boundary conditions from an actual convective outbreak in the central plains of the United States. Despite low-level forcing produced by colliding outflow boundaries on this day, convection failed to initiate between two MCSs due to mid- to upper-level subsidence. Through manipulation of the convective parameterization scheme within the model, the initiation and suppression of convective heating regions is explicitly controlled. This technique of manual convective initiation allows for a better isolation of the specific sources of thermal forcing. Once the behavioral characteristics of buoyancy bores are ascertained, an analysis of buoyancy bore behavior during the simulated convective outbreak is conducted. The bores suspected of enhancing low-level convergence near MCSs never manifest themselves in the simulations.
Download or read book Divine Wind written by Kerry Emanuel and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2005-09-01 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Imagine standing at the center of a Roman coliseum that is 20 miles across, with walls that soar 10 miles into the sky, towering walls with cascades of ice crystals falling along its brilliantly white surface. That's what it's like to stand in the eye of a hurricane. In Divine Wind, Kerry Emanuel, one of the world's leading authorities on hurricanes, gives us an engaging account of these awe-inspiring meteorological events, revealing how hurricanes and typhoons have literally altered human history, thwarting military incursions and changing the course of explorations. Offering an account of the physics of the tropical atmosphere, the author explains how such benign climates give rise to the most powerful storms in the world and tells what modern science has learned about them. Interwoven with this scientific account are descriptions of some of the most important hurricanes in history and relevant works of art and literature. For instance, he describes the 17th-century hurricane that likely inspired Shakespeare's The Tempest and that led to the British colonization of Bermuda. We also read about the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, by far the worst natural calamity in U.S. history, with a death toll between 8,000 and 12,000 that exceeded the San Francisco earthquake, the Johnstown Flood, and the Okeechobee Hurricane co Boasting more than one hundred color illustrations, frommbined. Boasting more than one hundred color illustrations, from ultra-modern Doppler imagery to classic paintings by Winslow Homer, Divine Wind captures the profound effects that hurricanes have had on humanity. Its fascinating blend of history, science, and art will appeal to weather junkies, science buffs, and everyone who read Isaac's Storm.
Download or read book Global Perspectives On Tropical Cyclones From Science To Mitigation written by Johnny C L Chan and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010-04-30 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a completely rewritten, updated and expanded new edition of the original Global Perspectives on Tropical Cyclones published in 1995. It presents a comprehensive review of the state of science and forecasting of tropical cyclones together with the application of this science to disaster mitigation, hence the tag: From Science to Mitigation.Since the previous volume, enormous progress in understanding tropical cyclones has been achieved. These advances range from the theoretical through to ever more sophisticated computer modeling, all underpinned by a vast and growing range of observations from airborne, space and ocean observation platforms. The growth in observational capability is reflected by the inclusion of three new chapters on this topic. The chapter on the effects of climate change on tropical cyclone activity is also new, and appropriate given the recent intense debate on this issue. The advances in the understanding of tropical cyclones which have led to significant improvements in forecasting track, intensity, rainfall and storm surge, are reviewed in detail over three chapters. For the first time, a chapter on seasonal prediction is included. The book concludes with an important chapter on disaster mitigation, which is timely given the enormous loss of life in recent tropical cyclone disasters.World Scientific Series on Asia-Pacific Weather and Climate is indexed in SCOPUS.
Download or read book The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement ARM Program written by D. D. Turner and published by . This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Vertical Motion Structure in Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems written by Robert Cifelli and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Cyclones written by Kazuyoshi Oouchi and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is edited for the young researchers and students who are interested in overviewing and knowing the specific progress of tropical cyclone research. This book is devoted to either an up-to-date review or report of new research on the tropical cyclone, encompassing the problems of the genesis, development, climate control of tropical cyclone in terms of wide-ranging scales based on every types of method - theoretical, modelling, and observational analysis. Not only comprehensive climate model but stand-alone theoretical and conceptual modelling researches will continue to play important role in illustrating the essential physics of tropical cyclone, and observational studies will support their specific features.
Download or read book The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models written by Kerry Emanuel and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-30 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents descriptions of numerical models for testing cumulus in cloud fields. It is divided into six parts. Part I provides an overview of the problem, including descriptions of cumulus clouds and the effects of ensembles of cumulus clouds on mass, momentum, and vorticity distributions. A review of closure assumptions is also provided. A review of "classical" convection schemes in widespread use is provided in Part II. The special problems associated with the representation of convection in mesoscale models are discussed in Part III, along with descriptions of some of the commonly used mesoscale schemes. Part IV covers some of the problems associated with the representation of convection in climate models, while the parameterization of slantwise convection is the subject of Part V.
Download or read book Radio Meteorology written by Bradford R. Bean and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Synoptic Dynamic Meteorology and Weather Analysis and Forecasting written by Lance Bosart and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-01-06 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This long-anticipated monograph honoring scientist and teacher Fred Sanders includes 16 articles by various authors as well as dozens of unique photographs evoking Fred's character and the vitality of the scientific community he helped develop through his work. Editors Lance F. Bosart (University at Albany/SUNY) and Howard B. Bluestein (University of Oklahoma at Norman) have brought together contributions from luminary authors-including Kerry Emanuel, Robert Burpee, Edward Kessler, and Louis Uccellini-to honor Fred's work in the fields of forecasting, weather analysis, synoptic meteorology, and climatology. The result is a significant volume of work that represents a lasting record of Fred Sanders' influence on atmospheric science and legacy of teaching.
Download or read book A Case Study of a Quasi Stationary Tropical Convective Line written by Jeffrey Lynn Peters and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An extreme case of a convectively dominated tropical convective system was investigated. Of particular interest is the observation that the nimbostratus anvil produced by the convective line was an order of magnitude smaller than most of the nimbostratus anvils, observed during GATE. Flight level data from the NCAR Electra was composited to examine the thermodynamic and kinematic structure of the convective line, of the environment, and of the wake. The boundary layer structure was studied using bulk aerodynamic surface fluxes and eddy correlation turbulence statistics. The review of the environmental thermodynamics showed that these factors did not control the velocity of the convective line or the production of nimbostratus anvil. The study of the kinematic structure and a review of previous studies determined that the ability of a convective line to produce nimbostratus anvil is a function of horizontal moisture advection from the convective region into the mesoscale stratiform anvil region. The advection of moisture into the mesoscale stratiform anvil region is controlled both directly and indirectly via across line shear and line speed. The bulk aerodynamic surface fluxes gave a wake recovery time on the order of 10 hours, and eddy correlation turbulence statistics were found to provide insight into the boundary layer forcing and turbulence structure. Theses. (jhd).
Download or read book Interpreting Multivariate Data written by Vic Barnett and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
