Download or read book The Efficiency of Race Neutral Alternatives to Race Based Affirmative Action written by Glenn Ellison and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Several public K-12 and university systems have recently shifted from race-based affirmative action plans to race-neutral alternatives. This paper explores the degree to which race-neutral alternatives are effective substitutes for racial quotas using data from the Chicago Public Schools (CPS), where a race-neutral, place-based affirmative action system is used for admissions at highly competitive exam high schools. We develop a theoretical framework that motivates quantifying the efficiency cost of race-neutral policies by the extent admissions decisions are distorted more than needed to achieve a given level of diversity. According to our metric, CPS's race-neutral system is 24% and 20% efficient as a tool for increasing minority representation at the top two exam schools, i.e. about three-fourths of the reduction in composite scores could have been avoided by explicitly considering race. Even though CPS's system is based on socioeconomic disadvantage, it is actually less effective than racial quotas at increasing the number of low-income students. We examine several alternative race-neutral policies and find some to be more efficient than the CPS policy. What is feasible varies with the school's surrounding neighborhood characteristics and the targeted level of minority representation. However, no race-neutral policy restores minority representation to prior levels without substantial inefficiency, implying significant efficiency costs from prohibitions on affirmative action policies that explicitly consider race

Download or read book Affirmative Action and Its Race Neutral Alternatives written by Zachary Bleemer and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As affirmative action loses political feasibility, many universities have implemented race-neutral alternatives like top percent policies and holistic review to increase enrollment among disadvantaged students. I study these policies' application, admission, and enrollment effects using University of California administrative data. UC's affirmative action and top percent policies increased underrepresented minority (URM) enrollment by over 20 percent and less than 4 percent, respectively. Holistic review increases implementing campuses' URM enrollment by about 7 percent. Top percent policies and holistic review have negligible effects on lower-income enrollment, while race-based affirmative action modestly increased enrollment among very low-income students. These findings highlight the enrollment gaps between affirmative action and its most common race-neutral alternatives and reveal that available policies do not substantially affect universities' socioeconomic composition.

Download or read book Achieving Diversity written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Color blind Affirmative Action written by Roland G. Fryer and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents a conceptual framework for understanding the consequences of the widespread adoption of race-neutral alternatives' to conventional racial affirmative action policies in college admissions. A simple model of applicant competition with endogenous effort is utilized to show that, in comparison to color-conscious affirmative action, these color-blind alternatives can significantly lower the efficiency of the student selection process in equilibrium. We examine data on matriculates at several selective colleges and universities to estimate the magnitudes involved. It is shown that the short-run efficiency losses of implementing color-blind affirmative action (in our sample) are four to five times as high as color-conscious affirmative action.

Download or read book Affirmative Action and Racial Equity written by Uma M. Jayakumar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-12 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The highly anticipated U.S. Supreme Court decision in Fisher v. University of Texas placed a greater onus on higher education institutions to provide evidence supporting the need for affirmative action policies on their respective campuses. It is now more critical than ever that institutional leaders and scholars understand the evidence in support of race consideration in admissions as well as the challenges of the post-Fisher landscape. This important volume shares information documented for the Fisher case and provides empirical evidence to help inform scholarly conversation and institutions’ decisions regarding race-conscious practices in higher education. With contributions from scholars and experts involved in the Fisher case, this edited volume documents and shares lessons learned from the collaborative efforts of the social science, educational, and legal communities. Affirmative Action and Racial Equity is a critical resource for higher education scholars and administrators to understand the nuances of the affirmative action legal debate and to identify the challenges and potential strategies toward racial equity and inclusion moving forward.

Download or read book Not All Black and White written by Christopher F. Edley and published by Macmillan. This book was released on 1998-03-04 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Christopher Edley, who served as point man for President Clinton's review of affirmative action, offers a spirited, lively analysis of one of the most vexing and contented issues in politics today. As he did for the President, so here, in a cogent, persuasive book for general readers and serious voters, Edley considers all the relevant legal data, social-science evidence, public-policy developments, and private-sector practice, then makes his eloquent, powerful case.

Download or read book Race Class and Affirmative Action written by Sigal Alon and published by Russell Sage Foundation. This book was released on 2015-11-17 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: No issue in American higher education is more contentious than that of race-based affirmative action. In light of the ongoing debate around the topic and recent Supreme Court rulings, affirmative action policy may be facing further changes. As an alternative to race-based affirmative action, some analysts suggest affirmative action policies based on class. In Race, Class, and Affirmative Action, sociologist Sigal Alon studies the race-based affirmative action policies in the United States. and the class-based affirmative action policies in Israel. Alon evaluates how these different policies foster campus diversity and socioeconomic mobility by comparing the Israeli policy with a simulated model of race-based affirmative action and the U.S. policy with a simulated model of class-based affirmative action. Alon finds that affirmative action at elite institutions in both countries is a key vehicle of mobility for disenfranchised students, whether they are racial and ethnic minorities or socioeconomically disadvantaged. Affirmative action improves their academic success and graduation rates and leads to better labor market outcomes. The beneficiaries of affirmative action in both countries thrive at elite colleges and in selective fields of study. As Alon demonstrates, they would not be better off attending less selective colleges instead. Alon finds that Israel’s class-based affirmative action programs have provided much-needed entry slots at the elite universities to students from the geographic periphery, from high-poverty high schools, and from poor families. However, this approach has not generated as much ethnic diversity as a race-based policy would. By contrast, affirmative action policies in the United States have fostered racial and ethnic diversity at a level that cannot be matched with class-based policies. Yet, class-based policies would do a better job at boosting the socioeconomic diversity at these bastions of privilege. The findings from both countries suggest that neither race-based nor class-based models by themselves can generate broad diversity. According to Alon, the best route for promoting both racial and socioeconomic diversity is to embed the consideration of race within class-based affirmative action. Such a hybrid model would maximize the mobility benefits for both socioeconomically disadvantaged and minority students. Race, Class, and Affirmative Action moves past political talking points to offer an innovative, evidence-based perspective on the merits and feasibility of different designs of affirmative action.

Download or read book The U S Department of Education s Race neutral Alternatives in Postsecondary Education Innovative Approaches to Diversity written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Direct Measures written by Daria Roithmayr and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This essay proposes an alternative form of affirmative action in legal education, one which does not rely on racial classifications, but nevertheless achieves many of the same goals as race-conscious affirmative action. Specifically, I suggest that law schools adopt a quot;direct measuresquot; program that would grant admissions preferences on the basis of three criteria: (1) whether the applicant has experienced the effects of racial discrimination; (2) whether the applicant is likely to contribute a perspective or viewpoint on racial justice that is currently not well-represented in the classroom; and (3) whether the applicant is likely to provide legally undeserved communities with services and resources. This program relies on race-neutral criteria to directly measure those qualities for which law schools have traditionally used race as a predictor. By relying on these race-neutral criteria, the program bypasses the constitutionally problematic use of race as a proxy, and directly measures whether applicants have these experiences, viewpoints and commitments without regard to racial identity. Justice Scalia himself has argued that programs targeting identified victims of discrimination do not constitute racial preferences, even if the majority of their beneficiaries are people of color, so long as they do not use racial identity as a proxy for identifying those victims. Nor is it a problem that the direct measures preferences target victims of discrimination. Indeed, in past equal protection cases, the Court has defined racial identity very narrowly, in a way that discounts any historical link between discrimination and a particular racial identity.The essay anticipates and answers the argument that the program constitutes an impermissible attempt to create a racial classification under the pretext of a race-neutral program. Again, Scalia and the other conservative members of the Court have declared that remedying discrimination is a wholly legitimate and even desirable goal, not to mention a constitutional one, so long as government does not use racial classifications to achieve those goals. Recent voter redistricting cases make clear that so long as a program is targeted to capture theoretically race-neutral qualities (like political party affiliation), the program is constitutional even if there is significant historical overlap between those qualities and racial identity.

Download or read book For Discrimination written by Randall Kennedy and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2015-06-09 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive reckoning with one of America’s most explosively contentious and divisive issues—from “one of our most important and perceptive writers on race and the law.... The mere fact that he wrote this book is all the justification necessary for reading it.”—The Washington Post What precisely is affirmative action, and why is it fiercely championed by some and just as fiercely denounced by others? Does it signify a boon or a stigma? Or is it simply reverse discrimination? What are its benefits and costs to American society? What are the exact indicia determining who should or should not be accorded affirmative action? When should affirmative action end, if it must? Randall Kennedy gives us a concise and deeply personal overview of the policy, refusing to shy away from the myriad complexities of an issue that continues to bedevil American race relations.

Download or read book Controversies in Affirmative Action written by James A. Beckman and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2014-07-23 with total page 1117 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging and eclectic collection of essays from leading scholars on the subject, which looks at affirmative action past and present, analyzes its efficacy, its legacy, and its role in the future of the United States. This comprehensive, three-volume set explores the ways the United States has interpreted affirmative action and probes the effects of the policy from the perspectives of economics, law, philosophy, psychology, sociology, political science, and race relations. Expert contributors tackle a host of knotty issues, ranging from the history of affirmative action to the theories underpinning it. They show how affirmative action has been implemented over the years, discuss its legality and constitutionality, and speculate about its future. Volume one traces the origin and evolution of affirmative action. Volume two discusses modern applications and debates, and volume three delves into such areas as international practices and critical race theory. Standalone essays link cause and effect and past and present as they tackle intriguing—and important—questions. When does "affirmative action" become "reverse discrimination"? How many decades are too many for a "temporary" policy to remain in existence? Does race- or gender-based affirmative action violate the equal protection of law guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment? In raising such issues, the work encourages readers to come to their own conclusions about the policy and its future application.

Download or read book Following Fisher written by Eang L. Ngov and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Affirmative action has been at the forefront of educational policies and to this day continues to enliven debates. For decades, schools have litigated over whether affirmative action can be used to create a diverse student body. Now, the litigation has shifted to whether affirmative action policies are narrowly tailored. The Supreme Court's most recent affirmative action case, Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, requires that schools prove that there are no workable race neutral alternatives in order to demonstrate that their affirmative action programs are narrowly tailored. This article examines the available race neutral alternatives: percentage plans; socioeconomic based admissions policies; elimination of legacy and development admission preferences; recruitment, retention, and financial aid programs; and community outreach. After evaluating their effectiveness, this article concludes that these programs are workable race neutral alternatives that higher education institutions must consider before they resort to using race as a factor in admissions.

Download or read book Debating Affirmative Action written by Nicolaus Mills and published by Delta. This book was released on 1994 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's leading commentators in government, business, and academia identify important ambiguities in the complex issue over race and gender equality.

Download or read book Equal Opportunity in Higher Education written by Eric Grodsky and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely book examines issues pertaining to equal opportunity--affirmative action, challenges to it, and alternatives for improving opportunities for underrepresented groups--in higher education today. Its starting point is California's Proposition 209, which ended race-based affirmative action in public education and the workplace in 1996. The book carefully considers how Proposition 209 reflects national trends that have changed higher education policy and practice, from administrators to student diversity to standards. With a roster of leading scholars and administrators--including Chancellor Robert Birgeneau of the University of California, Berkeley, and President Mary Sue Coleman of the University of Michigan--Equal Opportunity in Higher Education is a crucial assessment of one of the most important issues facing higher education. "With over a decade of data on which to draw, this volume brings together analysts from academic institutions, researchers in the University of California and community college systems, and policy makers to reflect on what we have learned about the impacts of removing affirmative action and of new policy directions for the future. In a time of great economic uncertainty, it is easy to lose sight of the complex questions of equal access with which many state postsecondary systems struggle." --from the introductory chapter by Christopher Edley Jr., dean, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law "A comprehensive examination of the consequences and implications of challenges to affirmative action for racial equity and diversity in public higher education. Although focused on California's Proposition 209, the volume offers useful insights for public and institutional policy makers in other states, as well as for education researchers." -- Laura W. Perna, professor, Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania "A thorough and masterful treatment of an important and complex subject. What it chronicles is the first step in the gradual asphyxiation of race-based affirmative action. The book represents an extraordinary blending of social science, legal, and policy perspectives. It illustrates a skillful use of administrative data by an impressive array of scholars and day-to-day practitioners. There are important lessons here, not only for higher education but for the broader American public." -- Thomas J. Espenshade, professor of sociology, Princeton University "The book does a nice job juxtaposing research with important perspectives on policy to give a rich, insightful examination of what happens when universities are not allowed to use race in their deliberations. Of course, the answer is complicated given the complex nature of race in America and the admissions process. This type of nuanced analysis is needed in what are sure to be future debates about affirmative action." -- Bridget Terry Long, professor of education and economics, Harvard Graduate School of Education Eric Grodsky is associate professor of sociology at the University of Minnesota. Michal Kurlaender is associate professor of education at the University of California, Davis.

Download or read book Affirmative Action written by Leora Maltz and published by Greenhaven Press, Incorporated. This book was released on 2005 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supporters believe that affirmative action policies are necessary to counter the lingering effects of slavery and segregation in schools and on the job. Critics insist that the programs are ineffective and harmful to whites and minorities alike. This anthology explores the contentious debate over how best to achieve equality in education and employment.

Download or read book The Future of Affirmative Action written by Richard D. Kahlenberg and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the United States experiences dramatic demographic change--and as our society's income inequality continues to rise--promoting racial, ethnic, and economic inclusion at selective colleges has become more important than ever. At the same time, however, many Americans--including several members of the U.S. Supreme Court--are uneasy with explicitly using race as a factor in college admissions. The Court's decision in Fisher v. University of Texas emphasized that universities can use race in admissions only when "necessary," and that universities bear "the ultimate burden of demonstrating, before turning to racial classifications, that available, workable race-neutral alternatives do not suffice." With race-based admission programs increasingly curtailed, The Future of Affirmative Action explores race-neutral approaches as a method of promoting college diversity after Fisher decision. The volume suggests that Fisher might on the one hand be a further challenge to the use of racial criteria in admissions, but on the other presents a new opportunity to tackle, at long last, the burgeoning economic divisions in our system of higher education, and in society as a whole. Contributions from: Danielle Allen (Princeton); John Brittain (University of the District of Columbia) and Benjamin Landy (MSNBC.com); Nancy Cantor and Peter Englot (Rutgers-Newark); Anthony P. Carnevale, Stephen J. Rose, and Jeff Strohl (Georgetown University); Dalton Conley (New York University); Arthur L. Coleman and Teresa E. Taylor (EducationCounsel LLC); Matthew N. Gaertner (Pearson); Sara Goldrick-Rab (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Scott Greytak (Campinha Bacote LLC); Catharine Hill (Vassar); Richard D. Kahlenberg (The Century Foundation); Richard L. McCormick (Rutgers); Nancy G. McDuff (University of Georgia); Halley Potter (The Century Foundation); Alexandria Walton Radford (RTI International) and Jessica Howell (College Board); Richard Sander (UCLA School of Law); and Marta Tienda (Princeton).

Download or read book Race and Representation written by Robert Post and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An exploration of one of the most debated--and divisive--issues in American society today.Why has affirmative action become the lightning rod for conflicts over racial inequality in the United States? Have color-blind legal and political doctrines intensified or ameliorated America's racial divisions? Race and Representation invites the reader to enter a debate on a matter of the greatest moment for American universities, politics, and public life. Focusing on the politically driven decision of California's governor and the Board of Regents of the University of California to end affirmative action at the university, the subsequent enactment of an amendment to the California Constitution prohibiting the state from engaging in affirmative action, and court decisions in Texas that used the federal Constitution to prohibit affirmative action at state universities, the contributors to this volume incisively assess the current state of the tumultuous controversy over affirmative action.