Download or read book The Effect of Dietary Amino Acid Balance on Nitrogen and Lysine Utilization in Lactating Sows written by Lee-Anne Huber and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) concentration and increasing crystalline amino acid (CAA) supplementation, in order to maintain constant daily intakes of Lys and other key amino acids (AA), improves dietary AA balance. The effect of improved dietary AA balance on lactation performance, nitrogen (N) and AA utilization efficiency, and AA fates must be determined for precise lactating sow diet formulation and to meet specific production objectives. Performance, N balance, mammary biopsy, and isotope tracer studies were conducted to determine the effects of improving dietary AA balance on sow and litter lactation performance, N and Lys utilization efficiencies for milk production, mRNA abundance of mammary AA (Lys) transporters, and the partitioning of dietary AA between maternal and milk protein pools. Litter growth rates and milk protein production increased with improved AA balance, at the expense of maternal N retention, particularly in peak lactation. At identical Lys intakes, there was minimal improvement in Lys utilization efficiency for milk production with improved dietary AA balance, and there were no corresponding changes in the expression of mRNA for several Lys transporters within the mammary gland. Whole-body protein turnover and tissue-specific fractional rates of protein synthesis were not influenced by dietary AA balance. Feeding lactating sows reduced CP diets with increased inclusion of CAA, to improve AA balance and to meet the requirements of limiting AA, is a feasible way to improve the utilization of N and AA for milk protein production and decrease N losses to the environment, without negatively impacting sow and litter lactation performance. Amino acid and N requirements differ from those estimated by the NRC (2012) model and among genotypes and parity of sows. The utilization efficiencies of N and AA may change across a lactation period. All of these factors should be considered when planning future research and formulating lactating sow diets.

Download or read book Impact of a Near Ideal Amino Acid Profile on the Efficiency of Nitrogen and Energy Utilization in Lactating Sows written by Sai Zhang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improving dietary amino acid (AA) and energy efficiency in lactating sows is a potential nutritional approach to mitigate impacts of swine production on the environment. In addition, greater metabolic rate during lactation renders sows prone to heat stress (HS), therefore strategies to lessen metabolic heat production will improve sow welfare in particular given the foreseeable increase in global warming. The main hypothesis of this dissertation was that feeding a reduced protein diet with near ideal AA profile (NIAA) and a leucine:lysine of 1.14 improves the dietary essential AA (EAA) and energy utilization efficiency for lactation, and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation, compared to feeding diets containing leucine:lysine of 1.63. To test the hypothesis, three diets were formulated iso-calorically (2,580 kcal/kg net energy), including 1) control diet with a 1.63 leucine:lysine (CON; 18.75% CP), 2) reduced CP diet with 1.14 leucine:lysine referred to as optimal (OPT; 13.75% CP) and formulated to contain a NIAA by supplementation with the limiting AA in their crystalline form to meet their minimum requirements (i.e., L-Lysine (Lys), L-Valine (Val), L-Threonine (Thr), L-Phenylalanine (Phe), DL-Methionine (Met), L-Isoleucine (Ile), L-Histidine (His), and L-Tryptophan (Trp); and 3) OPT diet with L-Leucine (Leu) supplementation to achieve CON Leu:Lys of 1.63 (OPTLEU; 14.25% CP). The overall objective was to determine the efficiency of individual EAA and energy for lactation in sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU, and quantify the metabolic heat production of lactating sows fed CON and OPT. Three studies were conducted to address the following aims: 1) to estimate maximal biological efficiency value (MBEV) of EAA in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets; 2) to estimate dietary energetic efficiency, energy partitioning and heat production in lactating sows fed CON, OPT and OPTLEU diets; and 3) to measure heat production in lactating sows fed CON and OPT diets and exposed to thermal neutral and HS environments. The first study showed that feeding OPT diet improved utilization efficiency of nitrogen (N) (79.1%), arginine (61.1%), His (78.3%), Ile (65.4%), Leu (75.1%), Met + Cys (78.2%), Phe (53.4%), Phe + Tyr (69.5%) and Trp (70.1%) and maximized the efficiency of Lys (63.2%), Met (67.9%), Thr (71.0%) and Val (57.0%) for milk production over a 21-day lactation period. Leucine reduced Met utilization but did not affect that of N and other EAA. The second experiment demonstrated that feeding OPT led to greater energy utilization for lactation due to less urinary energy and metabolic heat loss, and triggered dietary energy deposition into milk at the expense of maternal lipid mobilization. A Leu:Lys of 1.63 compared to 1.14 reduced dietary energy utilization for lactation by directing dietary energy away from the mammary gland and towards maternal pool, in part explaining the efficacy of a NIAA diet over CON. Sows fed OPT diet produced less metabolic heat and had lower body temperature when exposed to HS conditions compared to CON fed sows. In conclusion, feeding a diet with NIAA profile containing Leu:Lys of 1.14 improves dietary EAA and energy utilization efficiency for lactation, and reduces the metabolic heat associated with lactation compared to feeding a diet with Leu:Lys of 1.63 and meeting SID Lys requirement with feed ingredients as the sole source of Lys. This improvement is in part due to a lower dietary Leu:Lys. Feeding lactating sows with reduced CP diets with crystalline AA supplementation to attain NIAA profile is a feasible strategy to improve efficiency of N and energy utilization, and to mitigate the impacts of HS on lactating sows and of swine production on the environment.

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Swine written by and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each of these popular handbooks contains comprehensive information on the nutritional needs of domestic animals and includes extensive tabular data. All are paperback and 8 1/2 x 11. Some books come with diskettes or Cds that allow users to predict nutrient requirements of specific animals under various conditions and at various life stages.

Download or read book The gestating and lactating sow written by Chantal Farmer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-04 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The last book on the lactating sow was published over 15 years ago. This new book brings us up to date in current knowledge on the gestating and lactating sow. It covers new and important topics such as conditioning of gilts for optimal reproductive performance, feeding high fibre diets to gestating sows and providing various fat sources in gestation and lactation. It also describes the several key success factors to group-housing systems in gestation, which is a must due to the current move towards group-housing. The new concept of transition feeding for sows is discussed, as well as the factors involved in mammary development of gilts and sows, both of which are instrumental for maximum colostrum and/or milk yields. The impact of the human-animal interactions on sow welfare and performance is discussed with focus on new handling practices that could be developed to overbalance the negative interactions inherent to pig management systems. Updates on must-have topics, such as amino acid and energy requirements of sows, colostrum and milk yield and composition, and sow health are also provided. The subjects covered in this book will assist animal scientists, nutritionists, veterinarians and swine producers in learning the most recent information on relevant and current topics affecting sow production, and in knowing which areas are in need of further research efforts.

Download or read book Nutritional and Endocrine Effects on the Efficiency of Lysine and Protein Use in Growing Pigs written by Key Ung Lee and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Absorption and Utilization of Amino Acids written by Mendel Friedman and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing 45 papers written by outstanding international authors from 14 countries, this three-volume compendium brings together the elements needed to understand the factors which influence the utilization of amino acids. The wide-ranging topics include descriptions of metabolic pathways and mechanisms of the biological utilization of amino acids, as well as factors that influence amino acid bioavailability in enteral and parenteral nutrition. The use of amino acids to improve the quality and safety of the diet is presented. Also discussed are amino acid precursors of biogenic amines and the role of amino acids in atherosclerosis, cancer, and immunity. Scientists from many disciplines will benefit from this broad overview.

Download or read book Impact of Dietary Lysine During Lactation on Lactation and Subsequent Reproductive Performance of Sows written by Hong Yang and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Impacts of Reducing Dietary Crude Protein with Crystalline Amino Acid Supplementation on Lactating Sow Performance Nitrogen Utilization and Heat Production written by David Paul Chamberlin and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Digestive Physiology of Pigs written by J. E. Lindberg and published by CABI. This book was released on 2001-06-26 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together edited and revised papers presented at the 8th Symposium on Digestive Physiology of Pigs held in Uppsala in June, 2000. It contains more than 100 papers from leading scientists from around the world in this subject area.Among other features it contributes to the development of the the science relating to the effects of nutrition on gut physiology. It also creates a platform for future research, that will increase knowledge of how to optimize the nutrition of the pig and to help prevent diet-related gastrointestinal conditions.

Download or read book Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-02-01 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the years since the third edition of this indispensable reference was published, a great deal has been learned about the nutritional requirements of common laboratory species: rat, mouse, guinea pig, hamster, gerbil, and vole. The Fourth Revised Edition presents the current expert understanding of the lipid, carbohydrate, protein, mineral, vitamin, and other nutritional needs of these animals. The extensive use of tables provides easy access to a wealth of comprehensive data and resource information. The volume also provides an expanded background discussion of general dietary considerations. In addition to a more user-friendly organization, new features in this edition include: A significantly expanded section on dietary requirements for rats, reporting substantial new findings. A new section on nutrients that are not required but that may produce beneficial results. New information on growth and reproductive performance among the most commonly used strains of rats and mice and on several hamster species. An expanded discussion of diet formulation and preparationâ€"including sample diets of both purified and natural ingredients. New information on mineral deficiency and toxicity, including warning signs. This authoritative resource will be important to researchers, laboratory technicians, and manufacturers of laboratory animal feed.

Download or read book Some Effects of Level of Dietary Protein on Lysine Metabolism of Growing Pigs written by Robert Frank Klay and published by . This book was released on 1964 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Feed efficiency in swine written by John F. Patience and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-10-15 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'Feed efficiency in swine' has been prepared as a comprehensive treatise on the current state of our understanding of this topic which is so important to the pork industry. Each chapter is written by international authorities who understand both the science and application of their topic area. The book provides detailed insight into the many factors affecting feed efficiency, ranging from diet processing to herd health, from nutrition to physiology and from day-to-day barn management to the adoption of advanced technologies. The authors explain such practical aspects as the challenge of interpreting feed efficiency information obtained on farm or the role of liquid feeding. The authors also delve into more scientific topics such as amino acid or energy metabolism or animal physiology. This book is written for people who have a technical interest in pork production, including nutritionists, geneticists, farm management specialists, veterinarians, other academics and, of course, pork producers.

Download or read book Interrelations Between Dietary Energetics and Nitrogen Efficiency Using Essential Amino Acid Balancing in Lactating Dairy Cattle written by Paul Andrew LaPierre and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improvements in nitrogen (N) utilization as it pertains to ruminant animals has been a long-held focus of many nutritionally based research programs. Traditional evaluation of this metric uses the relationship of a ruminant's productive N output, calculated as a sum of milk protein, lean muscle gain, and fetal growth in the event of pregnancy, relative to the intake of dietary CP or metabolizable supply (MP); however, the consideration of an animal's energetic status relative to N supply is often overlooked when optimizing N and amino acid (AA) use efficiency. Nonetheless, efforts have been made to incorporate the use of this relationship within the most recent version of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS v.7). Findings recommend an optimal supply of each essential AA (EAA) relative to metabolizable energy (ME) which should be fed to maximize EAA efficiency without compromising lactation performance. The work described in this dissertation looks to explore these relationships under different conditions of nutrient supply to cattle. The first objective was to evaluate variation within the dataset used to calculate the optimized supply of EAA relative to ME. This was accomplished in the first study in which three diets varying in EAA supply relative to ME were fed in a longitudinal feeding trial and tested lactation performance and EAA efficiency of use. Cattle fed the diet which met the optimum supply of EAA relative to ME (NEU diet) were able to improve milk volume and energy corrected milk (ECM) yield while having the highest N use efficiency (NUE; 0.343) over the other diets fed. This work is in support of the previously optimized supply and was used to test the second objective of this dissertation, which included an evaluation of NUE when different levels of glucogenic nutrients and EAA are supplied.ii The second feeding trial used a 2 x 2 factorial design, with two levels of dietary starch and two levels of EAA supply. Results suggested improvements in the milk protein output when cattle were fed more glucogenic nutrients; however, ECM yield was not different among diets due to improvements in milk fat yield for diets that were fed more lipogenic nutrients in substitution of glucogenic nutrients. Further changes in dry matter intake (DMI), due to shifts in rumen uNDF pool size, skewed feed efficiency results which might have altered the NUE of these diets unintentionally. Future work is required to avoid these unintended consequences and allow for the appropriate testing of varied glucogenic and lipogenic nutrient supplies. Lastly, this dissertation assessed previously recommended EAA supply relative to ME using optimized values for the efficiency of EAA use. This was performed by constructing a dataset from CNCPS v.7 predictions of the feeding trials described previously. Logistic models were fitted to describe the relationship between EAA supplied and CNCPS v.7 predictions for EAA requirements so that the optimized efficiency of use for these EAA could be ascertained. Once identified, loglogistic models were fitted to describe the relationship between EAA efficiency of use and the supply of EAA relative to ME and make predictions on the optimum supply of EAA relative to ME. Findings indicate similar results for the optimum efficiency of use and subsequent supply relative to ME for most EAA. Of importance was the ability to predict the optimum supply of Met and Lys to within 0.03 g/Mcal ME when these rederived numbers were compared to previous recommendations. Collectively, AA balancing can prove to be a useful tool in improving the productive efficiency of a herd and recommendations for the optimal supply of EAA relative to ME should be followed given their repeatability in different datasets used to calculate them.

Download or read book Effects of Dietary Leucine Supplementation on Whole body Nitrogen Utilization and Tissue Protein Synthesis in Pigs written by Marko Rudar and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pigs raised under commercial conditions are routinely exposed to pathogens that cause immune system stimulation (ISS). During ISS, a diet can be provided to pigs that blunts the negative impact of ISS on whole-body amino acid (AA) metabolism and body protein deposition (PD). Dietary Leu supplementation may be beneficial due to its regulatory effects on skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation, but its anabolic properties may be tempered by ISS. The research objectives of this thesis were to determine the effects of increasing the SID Leu: Lys ratio and ISS on whole-body nitrogen (N) utilization, whole-body protein turnover, and tissue protein synthesis in starter pigs. Whole-body N utilization and protein turnover were evaluated with an N-balance and continuous infusion of 15N-Gly. Protein deposition in pigs before ISS was affected by Leu in a dose-dependent manner: increasing the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Leu: Lys ratio (% Lys) to 150 reduced PD, which appeared to be reversed by further increasing the SID Leu: Lys ratio to 200. Moreover, a linear decrease in whole-body protein synthesis and degradation was observed with increasing SID Leu: Lys before ISS. Although whole-body protein synthesis and PD were reduced during ISS, there was no effect of Leu on whole-body protein synthesis, degradation, or PD. Given the high energetic cost of protein synthesis, and the relationship between protein turnover and a minimum level of AA catabolism, it can be implied that dietary Leu supplementation improves the efficiency of using energy for PD in healthy pigs. Liver and skeletal muscle protein syntheses were determined with a flooding dose of L-[ring-2H5]-Phe. The ISS-induced increase in liver protein synthesis was reversed with increasing SID Leu: Lys, whereas skeletal muscle protein synthesis was increased with increasing SID Leu: Lys. The Leu-induced alterations of liver protein and skeletal muscle protein synthesis may facilitate AA utilization in skeletal muscle for PD. Since dietary Leu supplementation did not affect PD during ISS, the optimum SID Leu: Lys ratio to minimize visceral PD and maximize skeletal muscle PD should be considered in order to optimize AA nutrition for diseased pigs.

Download or read book The Effects of Dietary Lysine Arginine and Glycine on Growth and Nitrogen Metabolism in the Chicken written by Ramaswamy Kadirvel and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Nitrogen and Energy Metabolism of Sows During Several Reproductive Cycles in Relation to Nitrogen Intake written by H. Everts and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: . For feeding closer to the requirements at least two diets are needed: one diet with a low nitrogen content during pregnancy and an other diet with a higher nitrogen level during lactation. The consequences of such a feeding strategy were investigated. A lower nitrogen supply during pregnancy had no effect on the development of the products of conception, but the development of the maternal protein mass was reduced during the first reproductive cycle. In the second and third parity a compensatory effect was observed. The nitrogen excretion decreased with about 35 % during pregnancy. Sow with a higher lysine supply during lactation mobilized a less nitrogen and more fat during lactation. The nitrogen excretion per sow per year can be reduced with about 25 %. However, the efficiency of the utilization of dietary nitrogen into retained nitrogen remained at a relatively low level. For an further improvement of the efficiency of the utilization of dietary nitrogen into retained nitrogen a multiphase feeding strategy in combination with a restricted development of the live weight of sows is proposed.

Download or read book Amino Acids written by Guoyao Wu and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-09-26 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following its predecessor, the second edition of Amino Acids: Biochemistry and Nutrition presents exhaustive coverage of amino acids in the nutrition, metabolism and health of humans and other animals. Substantially revised, expanded and updated to reflect scientific advances, this book introduces the basic principles of amino acid biochemistry and nutrition, while highlighting the current knowledge of the field and its future possibilities. The book begins with the basic chemical concepts of amnio acids, peptides and proteins, and their digestion and absorption. Subsequent chapters cover cell-, tissue-, and species-specific synthesis and catabolism of amino acids and related bioactive metabolites, and the use of isotopes to study amino acids metabolism in cells and the body. The book details protein turnover, physiological functions of amino acids, as well as both the regulation and inborn errors of amino acid metabolism. The book concludes with a presentation on human and animal dietary requirements of amino acids and evaluates dietary protein quality. Features: Encompasses a comprehensive coverage of basic to applied concepts in amino acid metabolism in humans and other animals. Highlights important roles of dietary amino acids and protein intake in growth, physical performance and health, including sarcopenia mitigation and immunity. Discusses concerns over the excess intakes of amino acids or protein in the development of diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, diabetes and cancers, as well as bone integrity Each chapter contains select references to provide comprehensive reviews and original experimental data on the topics discussed. Each chapter is backed by original experimental data on various topics discussed and contains select references to aid the reader further in research. Written by Distinguished Professor of Animal Nutrition, Guoyao Wu, Ph.D., this book is an authoritative reference for students and researchers in both biomedicine and agriculture.