Download or read book Cocoa Production and Processing Technology written by Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-02-21 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the largest food commodities exported from the developing countries to the rest of the world, cocoa has gained increasing attention on the global market—raising many questions about its quality, sustainability and traceability. Cocoa Production and Processing Technology presents detailed explanations of the technologies that could be employed to assure sustainable production of high-quality and safe cocoa beans for the global confectionary industry. It provides overviews of up-to-date technologies and approaches to modern cocoa production practices, global production and consumption trends as well as principles of cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture. The book covers the origin, history and taxonomy of cocoa, and examines the fairtrade and organic cocoa industries and their influence on smallholder farmers. The chapters provide in-depth coverage of cocoa cultivation, harvesting and post-harvest treatments with a focus on cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations and their influence on quality, post-harvest pre-treatments, fermentation techniques, drying, storage and transportation. The author provides details on cocoa fermentation processes as well as the biochemical and microbiological changes involved and how they influence flavour. He also addresses cocoa trading systems, bean selection and quality criteria, as well as industrial processing of fermented and dried cocoa beans into liquor, cake, butter and powder. The book examines the general principles of chocolate manufacture, detailing the various stages of the processes involved, the factors that influence the quality characteristics and strategies to avoid post-processing quality defects. This volume presents innovative techniques for sustainability and traceability in high-quality cocoa production and explores new product development with potential for cost reduction as well as improved cocoa bean and chocolate product quality.

Download or read book The cocoa coast The board managed cocoa sector in Ghana written by Kolavalli, Shashidhara and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-02-07 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After almost 20 years of declining cocoa production, Ghana has been able in the last decade to increase the share of export prices going to producers and more than double production. Contrary to Washington Consensus prescriptions, these accomplishments were achieved through reforms that did not include market liberalization. In The Cocoa Coast: The Board-Managed Cocoa Sector in Ghana, the authors identify factors that have contributed to Ghana’s success in cocoa production. These include the accountability of the government for the sector’s performance (cocoa-sector performance being seen as a key dimension of economic management), its interest in maintaining the ability to raise funds globally as a reliable supplier of high-quality cocoa, and its policy of retaining a portion of producer revenues to promote the adoption of yield-enhancing measures. The authors also suggest how Ghana can improve the efficiency of the cocoa sector through measures such as increased transparency and curtailing services that would be better provided by the private sector. The Cocoa Coast will be a valuable resource for policy makers, development specialists, and others interested in different national development paths.

Download or read book The cocoa coast The board managed cocoa sector in Ghana Synopsis written by Kolavalli, Shashidhara and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2017-09-28 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After almost 20 years of declining cocoa production, Ghana has been able in the last decade to increase the share of export prices going to producers, more than doubling production. Contrary to Washington Consensus prescriptions, these accomplishments were achieved through reforms but without liberalization of domestic and export marketing. The Cocoa Coast: The Board-Managed Cocoa Sector in Ghana seeks to understand the success of a sector that was not liberalized. The authors identify three major reasons for Ghana’s success in cocoa production. First, cocoa producers receive an increasing share of export prices, because of factors including a stakeholder-advised process for determining producer prices that also pays explicit attention to discouraging smuggling of cocoa to neighboring countries and the popular perception that cocoa performance is tied to the country’s general economic performance. Second, the Ghana Cocoa Board (COCOBOD) has a policy of retaining a portion of producer revenues to promote the adoption of yield-enhancing measures. Third, centralized marketing and maintenance of the high export quality for which Ghana is known enables the country to offer stable prices to producers and opportunities for local businesses to participate in the sector and retain some power in the global value chain.

Download or read book Cocoa written by Kristy Leissle and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-12 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chocolate has long been a favorite indulgence. But behind every chocolate bar we unwrap, there is a world of power struggles and political maneuvering over its most important ingredient: cocoa. In this incisive book, Kristy Leissle reveals how cocoa, which brings pleasure and wealth to relatively few, depends upon an extensive global trade system that exploits the labor of five million growers, as well as countless other workers and vulnerable groups. The reality of this dramatic inequity, she explains, is often masked by the social, cultural, emotional, and economic values humans have placed upon cocoa from its earliest cultivation in Mesoamerica to the present day. Tracing the cocoa value chain from farms in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean, through to chocolate factories in Europe and North America, Leissle shows how cocoa has been used as a political tool to wield power over others. Cocoa's politicization is not, however, limitless: it happens within botanical parameters set by the crop itself, and the material reality of its transport, storage, and manufacture into chocolate. As calls for justice in the industry have grown louder, Leissle reveals the possibilities for and constraints upon realizing a truly sustainable and fulfilling livelihood for cocoa growers, and for keeping the world full of chocolate.

Download or read book The Nigerian Cocoa Industry and the International Economy in the 1930s written by Olisa Muojama and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2018-07-27 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Periodic cycles and waves are characteristics of global capitalism. The contraction in world trade during the Great Depression of the 1930s stands out as the strongest adverse shock to international trade in modern history. This book uses the Nigerian cocoa industry’s encounter with the world economy of the 1930s to knit together a gamut of themes ranging from the social formations of production to the forces of demand and supply, and price fluctuations and stabilization, as well as the protest movements against monopoly capitalism. It examines the Nigerian cocoa industry within the international economy of the inter-war years, in order to demonstrate how the dynamics of the international capitalism of the 1930s such as the Great Depression and the fluctuations in commodity prices affected the cocoa industry and the peasant cocoa producers in colonial Nigeria. It provides an interesting case study of the impact of international capitalism on the periphery economy, as well as the consequences of economic dependence on the external market. This book will be an indispensable resource for historians, economists, anthropologists and the general reader with an interest in the areas of international political economy, depression economics, world commodity trade, and agriculture and its related industries.

Download or read book The Cocoa Coast written by Shashi Kolavalli and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Sustainability in the Cocoa Sector Review Challenges and Approaches written by Reinhard Matissek and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cocoa industry is suffering from a number of interconnected problems: Be this the over-aged tree stocks, the repercussions of disease and pest infestation, the political instability in West Africa, a lack of agricultural professionalism, an absence of infrastructure, or the shortcomings of the educational and financial systems in the cocoa-growing regions. A further problem is exploitative child labor on cocoa farms. Instead of continuing to wait for an international, legally-binding solution, numerous private and multi-stakeholder initiatives have been formed within the cocoa sector aimed at creating greater economic wealth and fairness, social justice in the producing countries, as well as social responsibility and ecological sustainability along the global value-added chain. To this end, sustainability standards are increasingly being applied in cocoa production. As demand for raw cocoa will continue to rise - training, improved production methods, rising productivity and promotion of diversification guarantee that cocoa of a consistently high quality and in quantities to meet market needs is offered by farmers in the future, thus also securing their long-term livelihoods.

Download or read book Report of the Cocoa Industry Board written by Jamaica. Cocoa Industry Board and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Risks of Inclusion written by Anna Laven and published by Kit Pub. This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a detailed description and analysis of upgrading opportunities for small-scale cocoa farmers in Ghana. It shows how and why producers do, or do not, benefit from being inserted in a global value chain that is increasingly driven by multinational cocoa processors and chocolate manufacturers. The study contributes to the recent discussions on hybrid governance structures, in which both public and private actors play a role. Ghana provides a unique case because, unlike in other West African countries, its cocoa sector is only partially liberalized. The state still plays a strong role in the cocoa market. As "balancer", the state mitigates some of the risks involved in cocoa production for producers and international buyers of cocoa. However, the state is also a "bottleneck", as it prevents other public, private and civil actors from playing a more active role in the supply chain. The study explores the processes of in- and exclusion of cocoa farmers in value chains and highlights two risks of inclusion. First, for producers the arrangements within the chain are sub-optimal, and do not create incentives for farmers to behave as entrepreneurs. Moreover, farmers do not benefit equally from the arrangements in place. Second, the state is inward oriented and lacks an adaptive approach to global market changes, which entails a risk for the sector as a whole.

Download or read book Cocoa Cycles written by François Ruf and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 1995-06-30 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The cyclical boom-to-recession nature of the economics of cocoa supply is a major problem for the international cocoa industry - and especially for countries whose economies depend on cocoa exports. Only through an understanding of the dynamics of cocoa cycles can policy decisions be made through the various phases of supply cycles. Based on a major international cocoa conference, this book presents seventeen edited papers from leading experts, making a major contribution to that understanding. It explains the powerful economic, social and political factors which impact on the cocoa economy. It shows the laws of cocoa supply are closely linked to environmental, ecological and institutional factors.

Download or read book The cocoa sector written by World Bank and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Price Incentive to Smuggle and the Cocoa Supply in Ghana 1950 96 written by Mr.Ales Bulir and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 1998-06-01 with total page 27 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the early 1960s to the early 1980s, the officially recorded production of cocoa in Ghana declined by 60 percent. During the 1983–95 Economic Recovery Program, however, cocoa production doubled. Although these developments have inspired much empirical research, most of the studies have been unable to explain the medium-term persistence of cocoa output to remain below its estimated capacity level. The paper argues that the price incentive to smuggle can explain as much as one-half of the observed decline in output and the subsequent recovery. A cointegration analysis and a dynamic error-correction model of cocoa supply support the analysis.

Download or read book Background Paper The cocoa sector written by World Bank and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book The Cocoa Plantations America S Chocolate Secret Forced Child Labor Rape Sodomy Abuse of Children Child Sex Trafficking Child Organ Trafficking Child Sex Slaves written by Raymond C. Christian and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2015-08-22 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children working the cocoa plantations for Americas chocolate. Would you ever dream of such abuse happening to five-year-old boys and girls, children being worked worse than animals on the cocoa plantations to get the cocoa bean, the main ingredient in chocolate, to America. The cocoa beans are covered with the blood, sweat, and tears of five-year-old children sold for slave labor to work on the cocoa plantations. Everyone has limited freedoms, even in America. We protect our children. They dont have to work on cocoa plantations like five-year-old children in Africa. What should we do about the children who are being abused? Laws are in place. The International Labor Organization, Convention laws, and the Convention of the Rights of the Child, these laws are not being enforced. American people want chocolate but are not aware of the abuse taking place on the Ivory Coast of Africa and Ghana, where 60 percent of the cocoa beans in the world are produced on the cocoa plantations. The cocoa plantations on the Ivory Coast of Africa and Ghana are noted as being the worst form of child slavery in the history of the world. Five-year-old children are working one hundred hours a week. Children are sold into slavery and will never have a childhood or education. Children working to get cocoa beans to America so the chocolate industries can produce chocolate while ignoring the laws in place. Five-year-old children are being raped, sodomized, beaten with bike chains, and possibly murdered trying to escape the cocoa plantations? Chocolate is a trillion-dollar industry. Five-year-old children are being used as child sex slaves, in sex trafficking, and organ trafficking? Why, America, why? Please help the children!

Download or read book Export Tax and Pricing Power written by Mr.Alexei Kireyev and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2010-11-01 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The paper models export taxation of a primary commodity in a large country under two hypotheses about the structure of its export market. The first is perfect competition among exporters, where there is an indefinite number of buyers of the local product and at least a partial pass-through of international prices to local producers. The second is an oligopsony, a market structure in some low-income countries where numerous scattered local producers face a few powerful exporters that can influence domestic prices. For both hypotheses, export taxation can be justified on efficiency grounds only for the country that adopts the tax. Designed correctly, a low export tax may be welfare-enhancing for that country but will always be welfare-reducing for its trading partners. The models of export taxation for both hypotheses are calibrated for the illustrative case of cocoa exports from Côte d’Ivoire.

Download or read book Bitter Chocolate written by Carol Off and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2017-01-03 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This shocking exposé of the corruption and exploitation at the heart of the multibillion-dollar cocoa industry is “an astounding eye-opener that takes no prisoners” (Quill & Quire, starred review). Bitter Chocolate is both an absorbing social history and a passionate investigation into an industry that has institutionalized abuse as it indulges our whims. Award-winning journalist Carol Off traces the fascinating evolution of chocolate from the sixteenth century banquet table of Montezuma’s Aztec court to the bustling factories of Hershey, Cadbury, and Mars. In what will be a shocking revelation to many, Off exposes how slavery and injustice remain a key aspect of its production even today. In the Ivory Coast, the world’s leading producer of cocoa beans, profits from the multibillion-dollar chocolate industry fuel bloody civil war and widespread corruption. Faced with pressure from a crushing “cocoa cartel” demanding more beans for less money, poor farmers have turned to the cheapest labor pool possible: thousands of indentured children who pick the beans but have never themselves known the taste of chocolate. “Bitter Chocolate is less a book about chocolate than it is a study of racism, imperialism and oppression as told through the lens of a single commodity.” —The Globe and Mail (Toronto)

Download or read book Chocolate Science and Technology written by Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-08-24 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an overview of the science and technology of chocolate manufacture from cocoa production, through the manufacturing processes, to the sensory, nutrition and health aspects of chocolate consumption. It covers cocoa cultivation and production with special attention paid to cocoa bean composition, genotypic variations in the bean, post-harvest pre-treatments, fermentation and drying processes, and the biochemical basis of these operations. The scientific principles behind industrial chocolate manufacture are outlined with detailed explanations of the various stages of chocolate manufacturing including mixing, refining, conching and tempering. Other topics covered include the chemistry of flavour formation and development during cocoa processing and chocolate manufacture; volatile flavour compounds and their characteristics and identification; sensory descriptions and character; and flavour release and perception in chocolate. The nutritional and health benefits of cocoa and chocolate consumption are also addressed. There is a focus throughout on those factors that influence the flavour and quality characteristics of the finished chocolate and that provide scope for process optimization and improvement. The book is designed to be a desk reference for all those engaged in the business of making and using chocolate worldwide; confectionery and chocolate scientists in industry and academia; students and practising food scientists and technologists; nutritionists and other health professionals; and libraries of institutions where food science is studied and researched. an overview of the science behind chocolate manufacture covers the whole process from cocoa production, through manufacturing, to the nutrition and health aspects of chocolate consumption focuses on factors that influence chocolate flavour and quality, and that provide scope for process optimization and improvement.