Download or read book Central Bank Balances and Reserve Requirements written by Mr.Simon Gray and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2011-02-01 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most central banks oblige depository institutions to hold minimum reserves against their liabilities, predominantly in the form of balances at the central bank. The role of these reserve requirements has evolved significantly over time. The overlay of changing purposes and practices has the result that it is not always fully clear what the current purpose of reserve requirements is, and this necessarily complicates thinking about how a reserve regime should be structured. This paper describes three main purposes for reserve requirements - prudential, monetary control and liquidity management - and suggests best practice for the structure of a reserves regime. Finally, the paper illustrates current practices using a 2010 IMF survey of 121 central banks.

Download or read book Negative Interest Rates written by Luís Brandão Marques and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper focuses on negative interest rate policies and covers a broad range of its effects, with a detailed discussion of findings in the academic literature and of broader country experiences.

Download or read book Financial Reforms and Interest Rate Spreads in the Commercial Banking System in Malawi written by Montfort Mlachila and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2002 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Financial Intermediation in the Pre consolidated Banking Sector in Nigeria written by Heiko Hesse and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper uses unique bank-by-bank balance sheet and income statement information to investigate the intermediation efficiency in the Nigerian pre-consolidated banking sector during 2000-05. The author analyzes whether the Central Bank of Nigeria's policy of recent banking consolidation can be justified and rationalized by looking at the determinants of spreads. A spread decomposition and panel estimations show that the reform of the banking sector could be the first step to raise the intermediation efficiency of the Nigerian banking sector. The author finds that larger banks have enjoyed lower overhead costs, increased concentration in the banking sector has not been detrimental to the spreads, both increased holdings of liquidity and capital might have led to lower spreads in 2005, and a stable macroeconomic environment is conducive to a more efficient channeling of savings to productive investments.

Download or read book IMF Staff Papers Volume 51 No 1 written by International Monetary Fund. Research Dept. and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2004-04-20 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This first issue of Volume 51 for 2004 includes a new paper by Peter B. Clark and Jacques J. Polak, along with a tribute from the Editor to Mr. Polak in honor of his 90th birthday. This issue also launches a new featured section, "Data Issues," which will be devoted in future issues to on-going discussions of the latest in econometric and statistical tools for economists, data puzzles, and other related topics of interest to researchers.

Download or read book International Journal of Economics and Business Studies Volume 1 Number 1 written by and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2011-06-17 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: CONTENTS: 1.Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Rate Margins in Swaziland by Sibusiso M. Khumaloand, Yinusa D. Olalekan & Francis Nathan Okurut 2. New Banking Technology and Service Quality in Indian Public Sector Banks: A Micro Level Study by A. Abdul Raheem & M. Krishnamoorthy 3. Supply Response of Perennial Crops: A Case of Balochistan Apricots by Mohammad Pervez Wasim 4. Government Debt and Long-Term Interest Rate: Application of an Extended Open-Economy Loanable Funds Model to South Africa by Yu Hsing Click here to download full PDF edition of this issue (free limited time open access) Go to Journal Homepage Go to Series editor website About the Journal International Journal of Economics and Business Studies (IJEBS) is a peer-reviewed journal, which is intended not only to promote the discussion on challenging economic and business issues at applied and policy levels but also to disseminate research information and knowledge in latest developments in business and economics. The main objective of IJEBS is to provide an intellectual platform for researchers, in which research in alternative paradigms for business and economic inquiry could be analysed and discussed. The journal provides opportunities for economists and business related professionals in a global realm to publish their paper in one source. The International Journal of Economics and Business Studies is also indented to bring together academicians and professionals from all related business and economics fields to interact with academics inside and outside their own particular disciplines.

Download or read book Expanding Access to Financial Services in Malawi written by Kiendel Burritt and published by UN. This book was released on 2006 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report assesses the achievements and challenges for microfinance service delivery in Malawi, with particular attention to rural and agricultural markets. It identifies key elements that influence the development of Malawi's financial system, and provides some recommendations and opportunities for investors, donors, government and private sector entities to support the development of an inclusive financial system.

Download or read book Monetary Policy Implementation Operational Issues for Countries with Evolving Monetary Policy Frameworks written by Nils Mæhle and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper discusses operational issues for countries that want to reform their monetary policy frameworks. It argues that stabilizing short-term interest rates on a day-to-day basis has significant advantages, and thus that short-term interest rates, not reserve money, in most cases should be the daily operating target, including for countries relying on a money targeting policy strategy. The paper discusses how a policy formulation framework based on monetary aggregates can be combined with an operational framework that ensures more stable and predictable short-term rates to enhance policy transmission. It also discusses how to best configure an interest-rate-based operational framework when markets are underdeveloped and liqudity management capacity is weak.

Download or read book Global Waves of Debt written by M. Ayhan Kose and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 403 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The global economy has experienced four waves of rapid debt accumulation over the past 50 years. The first three debt waves ended with financial crises in many emerging market and developing economies. During the current wave, which started in 2010, the increase in debt in these economies has already been larger, faster, and broader-based than in the previous three waves. Current low interest rates mitigate some of the risks associated with high debt. However, emerging market and developing economies are also confronted by weak growth prospects, mounting vulnerabilities, and elevated global risks. A menu of policy options is available to reduce the likelihood that the current debt wave will end in crisis and, if crises do take place, will alleviate their impact.

Download or read book Financial Sector Reforms and Bank Performance in Ghana written by T. O. Antwi-Asare and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Determinants of Commercial Bank Interest Margins and Profitability written by Asl? Demirgüç-Kunt and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998 with total page 52 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: March 1998 Differences in interest margins reflect differences in bank characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, existing financial structure and taxation, regulation, and other institutional factors. Using bank data for 80 countries for 1988-95, Demirgüç-Kunt and Huizinga show that differences in interest margins and bank profitability reflect various determinants: * Bank characteristics. * Macroeconomic conditions. * Explicit and implicit bank taxes. * Regulation of deposit insurance. * General financial structure. * Several underlying legal and institutional indicators. Controlling for differences in bank activity, leverage, and the macroeconomic environment, they find (among other things) that: * Banks in countries with a more competitive banking sector-where banking assets constitute a larger share of GDP-have smaller margins and are less profitable. The bank concentration ratio also affects bank profitability; larger banks tend to have higher margins. * Well-capitalized banks have higher net interest margins and are more profitable. This is consistent with the fact that banks with higher capital ratios have a lower cost of funding because of lower prospective bankruptcy costs. * Differences in a bank's activity mix affect spread and profitability. Banks with relatively high noninterest-earning assets are less profitable. Also, banks that rely largely on deposits for their funding are less profitable, as deposits require more branching and other expenses. Similarly, variations in overhead and other operating costs are reflected in variations in bank interest margins, as banks pass their operating costs (including the corporate tax burden) on to their depositors and lenders. * In developing countries foreign banks have greater margins and profits than domestic banks. In industrial countries, the opposite is true. * Macroeconomic factors also explain variation in interest margins. Inflation is associated with higher realized interest margins and greater profitability. Inflation brings higher costs-more transactions and generally more extensive branch networks-and also more income from bank float. Bank income increases more with inflation than bank costs do. * There is evidence that the corporate tax burden is fully passed on to bank customers in poor and rich countries alike. * Legal and institutional differences matter. Indicators of better contract enforcement, efficiency in the legal system, and lack of corruption are associated with lower realized interest margins and lower profitability. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to study bank efficiency.

Download or read book ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OF BUSINESS written by VEENA KESHAV PAILWAR and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2011-12-16 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since liberalization, Indian economy is going through some dynamic changes. From a primarily closed agrarian economy, India has become service-oriented open economy, becoming more and more susceptible to economic fluctuations. This comprehensive book, in its third edition, continues to equip the readers with the necessary skills to assess and analyze the evolving economic scenario in India and world over. The new edition has been thoroughly revised and updated to incorporate the recent changes taking place in Indian and global economic environment. Every chapter is incorporated with a section on Understanding Economic Environment (UEE), in which the Indian economic environment is compared with the economic environment of its neighbouring countries, emerging markets and major players in the world economy. All chapters are well-supported with illustrative examples and cases to provide an analytical insight to the topics. The chapters also include the topic Implications for Managers, in which implications of a particular aspect of an economy are summarized for the managers. Besides, for an easy assessment of the data, most of the quantitative information is presented in a graphical form rather than in the conventional tabular format. Designed primarily as a textbook for the postgraduate students of management and commerce, this book is useful for the practising managers and policy makers as well. KEY FEATURES : Includes illustrations using latest data (upto 2011) Provides several numerical problems to strengthen the quantitative aspect of the subject Each chapter concludes with a Case Analysis to support the chapters with the applicative tools Companion website www.phindia.com/veenapailwar provides useful resources for the teachers as well as for the students and has been updated as per the current edition.

Download or read book Powering the Digital Economy Opportunities and Risks of Artificial Intelligence in Finance written by El Bachir Boukherouaa and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 35 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper discusses the impact of the rapid adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in the financial sector. It highlights the benefits these technologies bring in terms of financial deepening and efficiency, while raising concerns about its potential in widening the digital divide between advanced and developing economies. The paper advances the discussion on the impact of this technology by distilling and categorizing the unique risks that it could pose to the integrity and stability of the financial system, policy challenges, and potential regulatory approaches. The evolving nature of this technology and its application in finance means that the full extent of its strengths and weaknesses is yet to be fully understood. Given the risk of unexpected pitfalls, countries will need to strengthen prudential oversight.

Download or read book An Empirical Analysis of Interest Rate Spread in Kenya written by Rose Ngugi and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 62 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Download or read book Saving for Development written by Inter-American Development Bank and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-08 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why should people - and economies - save? This book on the savings problem in Latin America and the Caribbean suggests that, while saving to survive the bad times is important, saving to thrive in the good times is what really counts. People must save to invest in health and education, live productive and fulfilling lives, and make the most of their retirement years. Firms must save to grow their enterprises, employ more workers in better jobs, and produce quality goods. Governments must save to build the infrastructure required by a productive economy, provide quality services to their citizens, and assure their senior citizens a dignified, worry-free retirement. In short, countries must save not for the proverbial rainy day, but for a sunny day - a time when everyone can bask in the benefits of growth, prosperity, and well-being. This book is open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license.

Download or read book BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT written by VEENA KESHAV PAILWAR and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2014-01-16 with total page 609 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designed primarily as a text for undergraduate and postgraduate students of management and commerce, this comprehensive and well-organized book equips the readers with the knowledge to analyze the domestic and global business environment. The focus of the book is on the assessment of the evolving business scenario using analytical underpinnings and latest data. This book clearly brings out the implications of changes in socio-economic and legal environment of business, and covers business environment by tracking changes in national income, inflation, fiscal deficit, money supply, exchange rate, balance of payment and many other economic variables. Besides, it briefs on legal aspects, deliberates on demographic changes and changes in technical and natural environment of business. Besides students, practising managers and policy makers will also find the book as a useful reference. Key Features • Illustrations using latest data (upto June 2013) • Boxes containing numerical illustrations and technical details • Cases depicting Indian Business Environment and providing glimpses of evolving global business environment • Review questions, numerical problems and case analysis Companion Website: This text is supported by the companion website: www.phindia.com/veenapailwar/ containing useful resources for the teachers and study aids for the students. Instructors’ Resources: To support the teaching efforts the website contains—Answers to the end of the chapter Numerical Problems with explanation; More than 1000 crisp, clear and colourful PowerPoint Slides; and more than 1000 Multiple Choice Questions. Students’ Resources: To strengthen the understanding of the students on the subject the website resources comprise—Interactive Multiple Choice Questions and hints for solving chapter-end Numerical Problems.

Download or read book Financial Crises Explanations Types and Implications written by Mr.Stijn Claessens and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.