Download or read book The Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus Genome written by Cameron Nugent and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The genomic evolution of vertebrates has been influenced by the occurrence of whole genome duplications (WGD), which drastically alter the genomic landscape by producing duplicate copies of every chromosome. Diploidization is the fundamental process that follows WGD, during which duplicated (4N) chromosomes evolve into two distinct diploid (2N) pairs through mutations, deletions and rearrangements. The salmonid specific fourth round (Ss4R) of WGD occurred ~88-103 m.y.a. and the genomes of extant species have yet to fully diploidize. Salmonid diploidization is a variable and non-random process that is influenced by genomic architecture. Larger chromosomes (that have arisen through fusions) can form multivalents and undergo recombination, which stifles diploidization. The Ss4R's effect on the evolution of duplicated fitness related loci is so far poorly characterized. I characterized the genomic architecture of Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus), a salmonid species whose genome is in the midst of diploidization and examined the relationship between genomic architecture and diploidization. An Arctic charr linkage map was constructed and chromosome arms sharing a pre-WGD ancestor (homeologous pairs) were identified. For homeologous pairs where neither arm has undergone a fusion event, diploidization has proceeded more rapidly. The evolution of quantitative trait loci (QTL, loci that correlate with variation in a quantitative trait in the phenotype of a population of organisms) in a diploidizing genome was explored through the development of an Arctic charr genotyping array. The array was used in genome-wide association analysis to identify the genetic basis of fork length, body mass and sexual maturation. Comparison with previous QTL studies showed that the genetic architecture of body mass is similar across divergent strains of Arctic charr. Comparison with body mass QTL from other salmonids suggested that conservation of QTL on duplicated chromosomes is not prevalent and that divergence of function may have occurred. Through characterization of the Arctic charr genome and investigating the evolutionary mechanisms that have shaped it, I have added to the understanding of the interplay of genomic architecture and diploidization and its effect on the evolution of phenotypes.
Download or read book Evolutionary Significance of Genomic and Morphological Variation in Icelandic Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus written by Eva Küttner and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Developing Broodstock of Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus L written by Amit Kumar Goel and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most of the economically important traits in animal breeding programs are quantitative in nature. Detecting major genes and/or blocks of genes influencing these traits has been made possible by the availability of hypervariable DNA markers. In this study, phenotypic variations related to growth and body girth in the two domesticated strains of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus L.) at Icy Waters Ltd. (Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada) were examined and then quantitative trait loci for growth were identified using a genome wide scan approach. Twelve crosses involving the pure strains (Tree River and Yukon GoldTM), the reciprocal hybrids, and the reciprocal backcrosses were set up with ten families per cross. After 18 months of rearing in the hatchery environment under identical culture conditions, it was observed that backcrosses with a 75% Tree River genome contribution ((YGfxTRm)fxTRm) grew fastest and possessed greatest variance. A total of 198 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers, from various salmonid species, covering 41 linkage groups on the current Arctic charr linkage map were tested for a genome scan. Sixty two highly polymorphic markers were chosen to perform a genome wide scan on a full-sib backcross family, namely 6-10, to detect genetic factors responsible for the variation of growth in Arctic charr. These markers cover 28 of the 46 linkage groups in the currently available, low-resolution genetic map of Arctic charr. Results from a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) indicate a significant association (0.001
Download or read book Biology of the Arctic Charr written by Lionel Johnson and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 612 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes papers on the following: taxonomy, habitat and species interactions, life history and bioenergetics, management and utilization, parasites, aquaculture, eutrophication and other habitat changes, and the interaction between charr and humans.
Download or read book A Molecular Genetic Examination of the Polymorphic Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus of Thingvallavatn Iceland microform written by John Volpe and published by National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada. This book was released on 1995 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Genomics in Aquaculture to Better Understand Species Biology and Accelerate Genetic Progress written by José Manuel Yáñez and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From a global perspective aquaculture is an activity related to food production with large potential for growth. Considering a continuously growing population, the efficiency and sustainability of this activity will be crucial to meet the needs of protein for human consumption in the near future. However, for continuous enhancement of the culture of both fish and shellfish there are still challenges to overcome, mostly related to the biology of the cultured species and their interaction with (increasingly changing) environmental factors. Examples of these challenges include early sexual maturation, feed meal replacement, immune response to infectious diseases and parasites, and temperature and salinity tolerance. Moreover, it is estimated that less than 10% of the total aquaculture production in the world is based on populations genetically improved by means of artificial selection. Thus, there is considerable room for implementing breeding schemes aimed at improving productive traits having significant economic impact. By far the most economically relevant trait is growth rate, which can be efficiently improved by conventional genetic selection (i.e. based on breeding values of selection candidates). However, there are other important traits that cannot be measured directly on selection candidates, such as resistance against infectious and parasitic agents and carcass quality traits (e.g. fillet yield and meat color). However, these traits can be more efficiently improved using molecular tools to assist breeding programs by means of marker-assisted selection, using a few markers explaining a high proportion of the trait variation, or genomic selection, using thousands of markers to estimate genomic breeding values. The development and implementation of new technologies applied to molecular biology and genomics, such as next-generation sequencing methods and high-throughput genotyping platforms, are allowing the rapid increase of availability of genomic resources in aquaculture species. These resources will provide powerful tools to the research community and will aid in the determination of the genetic factors involved in several biological aspects of aquaculture species. In this regard, it is important to establish discussion in terms of which strategies will be more efficient to solve the primary challenges that are affecting aquaculture systems around the world. The main objective of this Research Topic is to provide a forum to communicate recent research and implementation strategies in the use of genomics in aquaculture species with emphasis on (1) a better understanding of fish and shellfish biological processes having considerable impact on aquaculture systems; and (2) the efficient incorporation of molecular information into breeding programs to accelerate genetic progress of economically relevant traits.
Download or read book A Bibliography of the Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus L Complex written by K. E. Marshall and published by . This book was released on 1985 with total page 24 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book The Evolution of Phenotypic Divergence in Icelandic Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus written by Matthew Brachmann and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of ecological speciation involves the divergence single populations into distinct species through ecologically based divergent selection. I studied the interacting developmental, genetic, and ecological mechanisms that underlie ecological speciation in populations of Icelandic Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) that vary in phenotypic divergence. Arctic charr diverged into benthic and pelagic resource-based morphs after recolonization of post-glacial lakes within the last 10,000 years from a single glacial refugium. First, I assessed the role of allometric covariation between body shape and size as a source of developmental bias. I found evidence for a common pattern of phenotypic divergence across a benthic-pelagic ecological axis, which is strongly shaped by allometric effects that may facilitate rapid evolutionary responses to selection. Second, I assessed whether the requirements for adaptive divergence as the result of ecological opportunity by testing for relationships among body shape and size, resource use, and gene flow. Significant relationships between resource use and body shape and size are consistent with the existence of performance trade-offs between benthic and pelagic environments. Benthic and pelagic morphs across populations showed similar differences in resource use likely arising from a common utilization of niche space. Resource use predicted benthic and pelagic ancestry suggesting a causal link between divergence in resource use and reductions in gene flow between morphs. Lastly, I investigated the genomic consequences of adaptive divergence between sympatric morphs and reconstructed the divergence history of populations to interpret the causes of genomic patterns. Models of sympatric divergence with continuous gene flow and allopatric divergence followed by secondary contact were both supported indicating that the evolutionary history of this species is more complex than originally thought. Phenotypic and ecological variation was associated with genomic differentiation between sympatric morphs and the formation of many narrow genomic regions of differentiation, which are related to both phenotypic and ecological variation in divergent populations. This suggests that divergent selection has resulted in the genomic differentiation of sympatric morphs. Overall, my study suggests that adaptive divergence in response to environmental heterogeneity promotes parallel phenotypic specialization on resources which may lead to genomic differentiation and ultimately ecological speciation with gene flow.
Download or read book Growth and Size Variation in Saimaa Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus written by Teija Seppä and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Genetic and Morphological Variation in Polymorphic Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus from Icelandic Lakes written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Feeding and Growth of Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus L written by Gordon P. Deveau and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Growth and Biochemical Phenotypes of Cultured Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus L written by Jean C. Tompkins and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus in Windermere Cumbria written by E. Baroudy and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Bibliography of the Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus l Complex 1985 1990 written by Canada. Department of Fisheries and Oceans and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Identification of Genes Involved in Heat Stress in Arctic Charr written by Nicole Lisa Quinn and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I set out to identify candidate genes that can be used to develop genetic markers associated with Upper Temperature Tolerance (UTT) for use in a genomics-assisted broodstock program for Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and for examining wild populations at risk due to climate change. This was accomplished using genomic resources available for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), which allowed me to identify and examine genomic regions and specific genes of interest. In addition, I conducted expression profiling of Arctic charr exposed to acute and chronic thermal stress. Using comparative genomics, I identified several Atlantic salmon fingerprint scaffolds containing markers associated with UTT in Arctic charr and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). One of these was fully sequenced using 454 GS FLX next-generation sequencing and annotated, which identified nine genes in the putative Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) region of the Atlantic salmon genome. This analysis also provided evidence that the 454 sequencing technology was suitable for partial assembly and gene annotation, but not for de novo whole genome sequencing of a complex salmonid genome. Next, I conducted expression profiling of phenotypically tolerant and intolerant Arctic charr. The differentially expressed genes were compared with those identified within the UTT QTL sequenced previously, which suggested COUP-TFII as a particularly interesting candidate gene. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) and hemoglobins were also significantly associated with acute thermal stress. Concurrently, I performed expression profiling of Arctic charr exposed to moderate, chronic temperature stress that mimicked a more realistic situation. Again, Hsps were identified in the thermal stress response, as well as ribosomal proteins, which were up-regulated throughout the exposure and the recovery period. Finally, I identified and fully annotated all of the hemoglobin genes in Atlantic salmon. This identified substantially more hemoglobin genes in this species than in any other fish analyzed to date, and included several non-Bohr beta hemoglobins, which may be used in emergency response situations. Combined, the findings of my research have substantial implications for developing a temperature tolerant Arctic charr broodstock and for examining wild populations of salmonids for responses to temperature stress brought by climate change.
Download or read book Using Major Histocompatibility Genes Polymorphism to Identify Arctic Charr Salvelinus Alpinus Populations written by Pablo Conejeros and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Aquaculture Genome Technologies written by Zhanjiang (John) Liu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2008-02-28 with total page 579 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genomics is a rapidly growing scientific field with applications ranging from improved disease resistance to increased rate of growth. Aquaculture Genome Technologies comprehensively covers the field of genomics and its applications to the aquaculture industry. This volume looks to bridge the gap between a basic understanding of genomic technology to its practical use in the aquaculture industry.
